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Professional Paper No. 44 



c;,riP<!i ^' Descriptive- Geology, 71 
.enei| Q^ Underground Waters, 39 



DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Director 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES 
OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 



BY 



A. C. VEATCH, C. S. SLIGHTER, ISAIAH BOWMAN, 
W. O. CROSBY, AND R. E. HORTON 



^ 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1906 



/ 



Professional Paper No. 44 



<?<.H<"! i ^< Descriptive Geology, 71 
benes ^ q^ Underground Waters, 39 



DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR , 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Director 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES 
OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 



BY 



A. C. VEATCH, C. S. SLIGHTER, ISAIAH BOWMAN, 
W. O. CROSBY, AKD R. E. HORTON 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

19 
CoW I. 



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X 



MAR 32 1905 
i). ot 0. 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Letter of transmittal - 13 

Chapter I. Outlines of the geology of Long Island, by A. C. Veatch 15 

Introduction - - 15 

Topography 15 

Literature — - . - 16 

The basement rocks - - 16 

Cretaceous 18 

Conditions of deposition 18 

Character of deposits _ 18 

Structural relations , 18 

Present distribution , 19 

Stratigraphic succession _ 20 

Relation to adjacent areas. _ 21 

Age of the Raritan formation 25 

Summary ^ 26 

Tertiary - - 26 

General conditions - _ 26 

Eocene erosion 27 

Miocene submergence 27 

Distribution of Miocene deposits 27 

Early Pliocene erosion. 28 

Lafayette submergence 28 

Late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion 28 

Development of topographic features 28 

Wolds and vales 30 

Deflection of the rivers in Hightstown Vale ._ 31 

Quaternary , 33 

Mannetto gravel 33 

Conditions of deposition 33 

Character of deposits 34 

Present distribution 34 

Post-Mannetto and pre-Jameco interval : 34 

Jameco gravel 34 

Conditions of deposition 34 

Character of deposits 34 

Present distribution 35 

Sankaty formation 36 

Conditions of deposition 36 

Character of deposits 36 

Present distribution 36 

Gay Head folding 37 

Description 37 

Cause of folding 38 

Gardiner interval 40 

Tisbury (Manhasset ) gravel. 41 

Conditions of deposition 41 

Character of deposits 41 

Present distribution 41 

3 



CONTENTS. 



Chapter I. Outlines of the geology of Long Island, by A. C. Veatch — Continued. Page. 

Quaternary — Continued. 

Vineyard interval. 43 

Character of surface at beginning of interval 43 

Major drainage. 43 

Keexcavation of north shore valleys 43 

Length of interval 44 

Wisconsin epoch -44 

General conditions of deposition 44 

Character of deposits 45 

Thickness 45 

Development of topographic features 46 

Transportation and deposition 47 

Erosion , ,47 

Folding 47 

Post-Glacial and Recent. 48 

Summary l 48 

Geologic history 48 

Topographic histoiy 50 

CH.4.PTER II. Underground water conditions of Long Island, by A. C. Veatch 53 

General principles 53 

Source of underground water • 53 

Transmission ; 53 

Ground-water table 54 

Requisite conditions for flowing wells. 54 

Conditions on Long Island. . . , 55 

Geologic conditions 55 

Ground-water tables 57 

Perched water tables 57 

The main water table 58 

Springs 58 

Springs dependent on perched water tables '. ; 58 

Springs dependent on the main water table 58 

Mineral springs. , 59 

Streams 60 

Origin .• . 60 

Water powers 60 

Ponds and lakes .• 61 

Ponds and lakes dependent on perched water tables 61 

Ponds and lakes dependent on the main water table . 62 

Artesian and deep wells 63 

Shallow north-shore artesian wells 63 

Cause 63 

Distribution 64 

Predictions 64 

The Jameco artesian wells .■ 64 

Cause 64 

Distribution 65 

Predictions 65 

The Cretaceous artesian wells 65 

Cause '. 65 

Distribution 65 

Predictions r . - 67 

Requisite conditions for successful wells on Long Island 67 

Source of the underground water on Long Island- 67 



CONTENTS. 5 

Chapter II. Underground water conditions of Long Island, by A. C. Veatcli — Continued. Page. 
Conditions on Long Island — Continued. 

Causes producing fluctuations of the ground-water table 69 

Natural causes - - 69 

Rainfall. - 69 

Tides - - 71 

Thermometric and barometric changes 72 

Artificial causes - 73 

Dams. - — 7.3 

Pumping - 73 

Blowing wells 74 

Waterworks 74 

Chapter III. Measurements of velocity of underflow on Long Island, by Charles S. Slichter . 86 

District investigated 86 

Apparatus used 88 

Test wells 88 

Forms of meters .. 90 

Direct-reading meters 90 

Application of principles 92 

Self-recording meter 97 

Principles involved 99 

Results and conclusions 100 

Existence of underflow 100 

EfTect of rainfall on rate of motion of ground water. * 104 

Efl'ect of seepage water from ponds and reservoirs on rate of motion 106 

EfTect of pumping on rate of motion Ill 

Specific capacity 114 

Conclusion 115 

Chapter IV. Well records, compiled by A. C. Veatch and Isaiah Bowman 116 

Introduction 116 

Acknowledgments 116 

Representative wells 118 

Descriptive notes 168 

Chapter V. Results of sizing anci filtration tests, by W. O. Crosby 338 

Sizing tests. 338 

Filtration tests 354 

Chapter VI. The surface streams of Long Island, by R. E. Horton 361 

Character of Long Island streams ... 361 

Utilization of Long Island streams 362 

Water supply of Brooklyn 363 

Gagings of Long Island streams • 365 

East Meadow Brook near Freeport 368 

Newbridge streams near Merrick 370 

Wantagh streams at Wantagh sTO 

Massapequa Creek at Farmingdale and Freeport 371 

Carlls River at Babylon . . 373 

Sampawams Creek 375 

Orowoc and Doxsee creeks, Islip 376 

Connetquot Brook, near Great River 378 

Lake Ronkonkoma and adjacent streams _ 379 

Carmans River (or Connecticut River of Long Island) 380 

Peconic River _ 381 

Hydrologic conditions on Long Island during 1S03 383 

Index -. 387 



TABLES. 



Page. 

I. Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of New Jersey 21 

II. Pleistocene formations on Long Island 33 

in. Tfiir'k."essf of late Pleistocene fioposits in Mell« on the north shore of L(mg Island 42 

IV. Thickness of Wisconsin deposits on Long Island 46 

V. Wells in the Lloyd gravel ^ 65 

VI. Analyses showing difference between water from the Lloyd sand and from the rock wells of 

Connecticut - 68 

VII. The effect of ground-water pumping in diminishing stream flow from 1873 to 1889 in the old 

watershed of the Brooklyn waterworks, comparing five-year periods 73 

VIII. Waterworks systems on Long Island 76 

IX. Station No. 1, Massapequa, Long Island, June 21, 1903: Field record of electric current reading 

in amperes, obtained with direct-reading underflow meter 95 

X. Underflow measurements on Long Island 104 

XI. Representative wells on Long Island 118 

XII. Results of sizing tests 339 

XIII. Results of filtration tests 354 

7 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



/ Page. 

Plate I. ,Map showing data bearing on the position of bed rock in western Long Island, and vicinity 16 
II. Map showing structure of the basal Cretaceous beds on Long Island, and their relation to 

/ the Cretaceous of New Jersey 18 

III. Map showing the distribution of the Cretaceous on western Long Island 20 

IV. A, Mannetto gravel near top of Melville section; B, Cretaceous sand near the base of the Mel- 

ville section - 22 

V. Comparative cross sections of Long Island and New Jersey, along lines shown in fig. 8, show- 
ing relations of the topographic features 30 

VI. Development of the major drainage of the North Atlantic coastal plain 32 

VII.'^ Broken Grounds, near Fresh Pond, Long Island 38 

VIII.'' J. and B, King's sand pit, Hempstead Harbor, showing the Manhasset bowlder bed 40 

IX; A, K portion of the Harbor Hill outwash plain over the Tisbury terrace, south of Huntington, 

N. Y.; 5, A bowldery portion of the Harbor Hill moraine near Creedmoor, N. Y 44 

X. Hooked sand spit at entrance to Smithtown Harbor, Long Island 52 

XI.'^ Cross sections of Long Island, along lines given on PI. XII 58 

XII.'^Map showing position of the main ground-water table on Long Island, on July 1, 1903. . In pocket. 
XIII.' Views showing head developed in the north shore artesian wells: A, At Oyster Bay, Burgess 

well ; B, At Cold Spring Harbor, Jones well 64 

XIV. Head developed by a 40-foot artesian well, near Douglaston, N . Y 66 

XV.- Map of Long Island, showing north shore and Jameco artesian well areas -66 

XVI. Map of Long Island, showing probable Cretaceous artesian well area, and depth of Lloyd 

gravel below sea level 68 

XVII. Fluctuations of the main ground-water table on Long Island 70 

XVIII. Examples of fluctuations due to thermometric and barometric changes 72 

XIX."^ Waterworks systems of Long Island In pocket. 

XX.'^Electrode and perforated brass buckets used in charging wells 90 

XXI; A, Underflow meter showing connections when used as direct reading apparatus; B, Commu- 
tator clock for use with recording ammeter 92 

XXII. A, Commutator clock for use with recording ammeter; B, View of recording ammeter, commu- 
tator clock, and battery box in use in the field 98 

XXIII.'' Charts made by recording ammeter 100 

XXIV.' Map of Long Island, showing locations of wells In pocket. 

XXV.' Plan and longitudinal section of strata encountered in the South Brooklyn sewer tunnel. .'. . 168 

XXVI.' Test borings of Rapid Transit Railroad Commission across East River 170 

XXVIL' Test borings of Rapid Transit Railroad Commission from East River to De Kalb avenue, 

Brooklyn 172 

XXVIIL Map and diagram of borings for Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad tun- 
nel, Thomson avenue to Arch street, Long Island City 182 

XXEK."^ Map and diagram of borings for Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad tun- 
nel. Arch street to Vernon avenue, Long Island City 182 

9 



10 ILLUSTRATIONS. 

?age. 
Plate XXX. Map and diagram of borings for Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad 

tunnel, Vernon avenue to East River, Long Island City 184 

XXXI. Map and diagi-ain of borings for Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad 

tunnel, eastern half of East River 184 

XXXII. Map and diagram of borings for Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad 

tunnel, western half of East River 186 

XXXIII.' Map and diagram of borings for Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad 

tunnel, East River to First avenue, New York City 186 

XXXIV. Record of test i>orings made at Long Island City pumping station No. 3 (No. 99) .... 188 
Fig. 1. Sections from Hud.son River to Long Island, showing the general folded and eroded character 

of the bed rock underlying Long Island " 17 

2. Map showing dip of Cretaceous beds near Setauket, N. Y 19 

3. Section from Delaware River to Pipers Corner, N. J 22 

4. Sketch map showing known distribution of the Miocene near Long Island 27 

5. Stereogram of eastern England showing the development of wolds and vales 28 

6. Diagram showing the three uses of "escarpment" as applied to wold 29 

7. Diagram showing relations of wold, vale, cuesta, and bajada 29 

8. Sketch map showing locations of .sections shown on PI. V 30 

9. Comparative maps, showing deflection of streams in the Hightstown Vale, and the deflection 

which would be produced by the large Texas bars if the land were elevated 32 

10. Section from near Ridgewood, Brooklyn, to Valley Stream, showing position of the Wisconsin, 

Tisbury , Sankaty, Jameco, and Cretaceous beds, and the east side of the Sound River Valley ■ 34 

11. Section near middle of northeast shore of Gardiners Island, New York 35 

12. Section on west side of the hollow which afforded the section in fig. 11, about 200 feet farther 

west 35 

13. Section from Wards Island to Barnums Island, showing fold at Rockaway Ridge (Hewlett), 

and relations of the (1) Sankaty, (2) Jameco, (3) Cretaceous, and (4) "bed rock" 36 

14. Section at Tobacco Point, east side of Gardiners Island, New York : . 37 

15. Section nearCheriy Hill Point, Gardiners Island, showing location of fossil-bearing stratum, . 37 

16. Cross section through Oyster Bay and Center Island, showing relations of clay and water- 

bearing horizons encountered in the Oyster Bay wells to the Cretaceous clays and Lloyd 
gravel in the Center Island wells 38 

17. Cross section at Gay Head, Marthas Vineyard 39 

18. Sections exposed at Browns Point, after storm of October 11 and 12, 1836 39 

19. Diagram illustrating factors giving spring plienomena great power in reexcavating the north 

shore valleys 43 

20. Sketch map showing relative positions of the ice during the Ronkonkoma and Harbor Hill 

stages of the Wisconsin period 44 

21 . Diagram showing ground-water table unaffected by surface features 54 

22. Diagram showing water table cut by valleys 54 

23. Diagram showing common arrangement of factors producing artesian wells 55 

24. Diagrammatic cross section of Long Island, showing general water conditions and cause of flow- 

ing wells -. 56 

25. Diagram showing perched water table on north side of West Hills, and source of Mountain 

Mist Springs 57 

26. Diagrams showing analogy between a well and a channel that cuts the ground-water table... 58 

27. Sketch map showing increase in spring flow along Hempstead Brook. From data collected 

by the Brooklj^n waterworks 59 

28. Sketch map of Long Island, showing distribution of water power developments, 1800-1900. . 60 

29. Lake Success; an example of a kettle-hole lake depending on local impervious strata 61 

30. Diagram showing effect of a pond on the ground-water table , and the consequent decrease in 

spring flow on southern Long Island 62 

31. Diagram showing loss of water by leakage from pond whose surface is above the adjacent 

ground-water table 62 



ILLUSTEATIONS. 11 

Page. 
Fig. 32. Lake Ronkonkoma; an example of a kpttle-hole lake depending on the main ground-water 

table 63 

33. Artesian well or spring (No. 335) at Manhasset, from a drawing by J. H. L'Hommedieu 64 

34. Autograph record of water level in a 386-foot well at Long Beach, N. Y., showing fluctua- 

tions due to tides 70 

35. Record of water level in a 40-foot well of the Citizens' Water Supply Company at Douglaston, 

N. Y., and tidal record in adjacent creek 71 

.36. Diagram showing cone of depression produced by a pumping station, and its effect on a nearby 

pond and well 72 

37 Map of southern Long Island showing location of underflow stations at which determinations of 

the rate of flow of underground water were made 87 

38. Plan of arrangement of test wells used in determining the velocity and direction of motion of 

ground water 88 

39. Diagram showing electric method of determining the velocity of underground water 89 

40. Cune of velocity and underflow measurements, San Gabriel River, California 91 

41. Curves showing the po.ssibility of using direct-reading apparatus when well points are not used. 92 

42. Diagram showing manner in which the electrolyte spreads in passing downstream 93 

43. Diagram showing spread of electrolyte from a well in which the water is moving about twice as 

fast as in fig. 42 94 

44. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Wantagh pumping 

station 98 

45. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Agawam pumping 

station (station 5) 99 

46. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Agawam pumping 

station (station 6 ) 100 

47. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at East Meadow Brook 

and Babylon road (station 7 ) 101 

48. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water near Merrick pumping 

station (station 8) 102 

49. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Cedar Brook 

(.station 10) 103 

50. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Grand avenue and 

Newbridge Brook (station 12) 105 

51. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road 

(station 14) 106 

52. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road 

(station 15) 107 

53. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road 

(station 15x) 108 

54. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water south of Wantagh 

Pond (station 13 ) 109 

55. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Wantagh Pond 

(station 16x ) : 110 

56. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Wantagh Pond 

(station 17 ) ' Ill 

57. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water above Wantagh Pond 

( station 21 ) 112 

58. Map showing locations of stations 5 and 6 with reference to Agawam pumping station and 

East Meadow Pond 113 

59. Vertical section through stations 5 and 7 and test wells in Agawam Pond, shown in fig. .58. . 113 

60. Map showing locations of stations 2, 13, 16, and 17, near Wantagh pumping station and 

Wantagh Pond 114 

61 . Sketch map showing location of deep wells of the Fleischmann Manufacturing Company at 

Long Island City 180 



12 ILLUSTEATIONS. 

Page. 

Fig. 62 Index map showing location of Pis. XXVIII-XXXIII 182 

63. Type of well used at the Montauk waterworks plant, at Dunton, N. Y 213 

64. Sketch map showing location of test borings at Baj'side pumping station. 217 

65. Sketch map giving locations of wells of the Queens County Water Company, shown in fig. 66. . 223 

66. Sections of wells of the Queens County Water Company, by Charles R. Bettes, chief engineer. 225 

67. Sketch map showing location of wells described at Oyster Bay -. 281 

68. Long Island marsh stream valley " 362 

69. Ideal Long Island stream profile 362 

70. Temporary gaging station of the United States Geological Survey, Orowoc Creek, Islip, Long 

Island, June 7, 1903. Plan shows bridge floor removed . 367 

71. Weir on private pond, Cutting Creek, near Great River, Long Island , 378 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



Department of the Interior, 

United States Geological Survey, 

Hydrographic Branch, 
■ Washington, B.C., July 7 , 1904. 
Sir: I transmit herewith the manuscript of a paper entitled "The Underground 
Water Resources of Long Island, New York," by Messrs. A. C. Veatch, Charles S. 
Slichter, Isaiah Bowman, W. O. Crosby, and R. E. Horton. The field work upon 
which the report is based formed a part of a detailed investigation of the geology 
and water resources of the island conducted by Mr. M. L. Fuller, chief of the eastern 
section of the division of hydrology, assisted by Mr. Veatch, to whom was given 
the immediate supervision of problems relating to underground waters. 

The paper deals with an area in which the problems relating to underground 
waters are of great importance, especially as they affect city and town supplies. 
Great interest is manifested in such waters throughout the area, and it is thought 
that the report, which is the result of unusually detailed work, will prove of great 
value to engineers and others who may be interestecj in public or private supplies 
from underground sources. 

A separate report, treating the geology of the island in more detail, has been 
prepared by Mr. Fuller and will soon be transmitted for publication. 
Very respectfully, 

F. H. Newell, 

Chief Engineer. 
Hon. Charles D. Walcott, 

Director United States Geological Survey. 

13 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, 

NEW YORK. 



By A. C. Veatch, Charles S. Slighter, Isaiah Bowman, W. O. Crosby, 

and R. E. Horton. 



CHAPTER I. 

OUTLIISrES OF THE GEOIiOGY OF LONG ISLAIS^D. 

By A. C. Veatch.« 
INTRODUCTION. 

As Long Island is the largest island on the eastern coast of the United States, 
and is of such size, 120 miles long and 23 miles wide, that it is a more or 
less noticeable feature on even very small-scale maps, little need be said of its 
general geographic position. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

In shape Long Island resembles a huge fish, with the head toward New York. 
This rude resemblance caused the early whalers to apply the names North Fluke 
and South Fluke to the two projections which form the tail. 

A range of hills having a relief of from 100 to 200 feet gives topographic expres- 
sion to each of the flukes; and continuing westward, these ranges coalesce north of 
the center of the island near the Suffolk-Nassau county line, where they reach their 
maximum elevation of 420 feet at High Hill. Westward a group of rolling hills, 
occasionally reaching a height of over 300 feet, and not separable into distinct 
lines, continues to the Narrows at Brooklyn. South of these hill ranges the land 
is comparatively level and slopes off gently to the sea or forms more or less elevated 
table-lands between the two lines of hills. The northern shore, skirted by the hills, 
is rugged and precipitous, with long, narrow bays, while the southern shore passes 
gradually from a gently sloping plain into a salt marsh inclosing broad, shallow 
bays, beyond which is a barrier beach. 

« A more detailed report on the geology of Long Island is now in preparation, and the discussion of local data, as 
well as questions of correlation, has therefore been omitted in this outline, which has been condensed from the writer's 
complete report on the geology. 

15 



16 UNDEEGROUND WATEE RESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND. NEW YOKK. 

The hills are veiy irregular and even the plains between the two ranges of 
hills are by no means level, but are pitted by somewhat circular depressions found 
in glaciated regions and commonly called "kettle holes." On Long Island many 
of those contain water, forming charming little lakes and ponds, which add much 
to the picturesqueness of the region. 

In general the topography has a glacial aspect, and the glacial forms are so 
prominent that the fact that the major topographic features are of pre-Glacial 
origin is commonly overlooked. 

LITERATURE. 

The literature dealing with the geology and water resources of Long Island 
is very extensive, and will be presented in detail in a paper on the Geology of Long 
Island, now in preparation. Only a few of the more important titles are presented 
in the accompanying list: 

]\Li.THER, W. W. Geology of the first geological district. Geol. New York, pt. 1, 1843. 
Lewis, E. Ups and downs of Long Island. Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 10, 1877, pp. 434-446. 
Upham, Wakeen. Terminal moraines of the North American ice sheet. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 18, 

1879, pp. 81-92, 197-209. 
Dana, J. D. Long Island Sound in the Quaternary age, with observations on the submarine Hudson River 

channel. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 40, 1890, pp. 425-437. 
Merrill, F. J. H. Geology of Long Island. Annals New York Acad. Sci., vol. 3, 1886, pp. 341-364. 
HoLLiCK, Arthur. Preliminary contributions to our knowledge of the. Cretaceous formation of Long Island 

and eastward. Trans. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 12, 1893, pp. 222-237. 

Some further notes on the geology of the north shore of Long Island. Trans. New Yorit Acad. Sci., 

vol. 13, 1894, pp. 122-130. 

Dislocations in certain portions of the Atlantic coastal plain strata and their probable causes. Trans. 

New York Acad. Sci., vol. 14, 1894, pp. 8-20. 

De Varona, I. M. History and description of the water supply of the city of Brooklyn. 1896, 306 pp., 

8 tables, 45 pis. 

(Gives bibliography of the Brooklyn waterworks on pp. 301-306.) 
Freeman, John R. Report upon New York's water supply. New York, 1900, 587 pp., 113 figs. 
The Merchants' Association. The water supply of the city of New York. 1900, 62 pp., 25 pis. 
RiEs, Heinrich. Clays of New York. Bull. New York State Mus., No. 35, 1900, pp. 495, 572, 573, 595-607, 

692, 817-822. ' . ■ 

Woodworth, Jay Backus. Pleistocene geology of portions of Nassau County and Borough of Queens. Bull. 

New York State Mus., No. 48, 1901. 
Salisbury, R. D. Description of New York City. Geologic Atlas U. S., foho 83, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902. 
Spear, Walter E. Long Island sources. Rept. Commission on Additional Water Supply for the City of New 

York, Nov. 30, 1903, New York, 1904, appendix 7, pp. 617-806. 

THE BASEMENT ROCKS. 

Although bed rock underlies all Long Island at a greater or less depth, it 
outcrops only along East River, at Long Island City and Astoria, where Merrill 
has recognized two divisions — the Fordham gray gneiss and the Stockbridge dolo- 
mite, the former of probable pre-Cambrian and the latter of Silurian or Cambro- 
Silurian age." In the Fordham gray gneiss are occasional dikes and bosses of 
granite and intrusions of diorite. 

These rocks are the remnants of strata which were profoundly altered by 
pressure and heat, by folding and faulting, and then reduced by erosion (fig. 1), dur- 

o Merrill, F. J. H., Description New York City, Geologic Atlas U. S., folio 83, TJ. S. Geol. Survey, 1902, pp. 3-5. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL I 




LEGEND 



7i°00' 



MAP SHOWING DATA BEARING ON THE POSITION OF BED ROCK 

IN WESTERN LONG ISIiAND, NEW YORK, AND VICINITY. 

By A. C. "^eatch. 

1904. 

Scale 
5 5 10 miles 

I I I I I I I I 



BASEMENT ROCKS. 



IT 



ing the ages that elapsed between the Silurian and the Cretaceous periods. The 
many changes of this old land surface and its topographic aspect at different stages 
before the Cretaceous can only be partly outlined, but the history since the begin- 
ning of the Cretaceous can be inferred more or less completely. 

The surface of these older beds, so far as it has been revealed on Long Island 
by borings that penetrate the mantle which has protected it from erosion since 
the early Ci'etaceous, has a few minor irregularities, but, on the whole, slopes 
gently to the south and east at a rate of about 100 feet per mile. The unevenness 
of the present surface is very slight when compared with the great irregularity 
(fig. 1) indicated by the structure. On PL I is shown the depth to bed rock in 
the western portion of the island; in the eastern part of the island the depths at 
which bed rock was encountered, at 655 feet at Greenport (892'*) and at 150 *eet 
at Fishers Island (919°), show a similar slope. 




Scale 



Fig. 1. — Sections from Hudson River to Long Island, showing in a general way the folded and eroded character of bed rock 
underlying Long Island (Merrill 1902); fgn, Fordham gneiss (pre-Cambrian) ; eSs, Stookbridge dolomite (Cambro- 
Silurian); Sh, Hudson schist (SOuriati). 



This sloping surface, with its minor irregularities, was probably at one time 
nearly horizontal and formed a part of the great, almost level, plain known as 
the Schooley peneplain,* which extended over a large part of the eastern United 
States and which resulted from long-continued erosion under very uniform con- 
ditions. It owes its present slope or dip to the very broad folding which began 
near the beginning of the Cretaceous and which, after several minor halts and 
fluctuations, elevated the Schooley Mountain in New Jersey 1,500 feet and depressed 
the old surface in the Long Island region. 

" The numbers given in parentheses throughout this paper correspond with those used on PI. XXIV and in Chapter IV, 
where detailed records are given. 

6Davis, W. M., and Wood, J. W., Geographic development of northern New Jersey: Proo. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 
24, 1890, pp. 365-423. Willis, BaUey, The northern Appalachians : Mon. Nat. Geog. Soc, vol. 1, No. 6, pp. 169-202, 1895; Salis- 
bury, R. D. Phys. Geog. New Jersey: Final report State geologist New Jersey, vol. 4, 1898, pp. 83-85. 



18 UNDEEGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

CRETACEOUS. 
CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. 

By this change of level at the beginning of the Cretaceous period the sea 
again covered this area, and the rejuvenated streams carried into it the deeply 
weathered material from the surface of the old Schooley peneplain. The strata 
for 300 or 400 feet above the bed rock are therefore composed almost entirely 
of the products of long-continued weathering and present a peculiar mingling of . 
sand and plastic clays, often brightly colored, which are more or less distinct 
from the beds that follow. 

CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. 

These UTegular-bedded varicolored clays with hght-colored quartz sands and 
gravels, which characterize the base of the Cretaceous system in this region, show 
an increasing percentage of sand in their upper portions, and pass more or less 
gradually, on the north shore, into the light-colored quartz sands with occasional 
irregular clay beds which form the upper strata of the pre-Pleistocene series, and, 
on the south shore, into the fine gray hgnite-beariag sands and clays of the same 
age. The thick greensand marls of the New Jersey section are almost wholly 
absent, their presence being merely suggested in the West Hills, at Quogue and 
Bridgehampton. The absence of greensand marls, the extreme scarcity of marine 
fossils, and the presence of plant remains, indicate shoal water, or near-shore 
conditions during the several epochs in which these rocks were deposited. 

As a result of the long-continued weathering to which all the material compos- 
ing these beds has been subjected, the sand beds lack the readily broken-down 
minerals so common in glacial deposits, and the gravel beds do not contain 
compound crystalline or transported clastic pebbles. The gravels from the lowest 
to the highest (with but one doubtful exception) are composed of quartz or locally 
derived quartz-conglomerate, with occasional . very much decomposed milk-white 
chert fragments. This difference in composition is the most serviceable criterion 
for separating the pre-Pleistocene from the Pleistocene beds in this region. 

STRUCTURAL RELATIONS. 

These Cretaceous beds are now not only almost entirely hidden by Pleistocene 
deposits, but are so disturbed in the few hmited outcrops on the north shore (PI. Ill) 
that neither the original slope of the strata, the amount of deformation, either 
horizontal or vertical, nor the relation of one outcrop to another can be satis- 
factorily determined. The apparently undisturbed outcrop in the West HiUs fur- 
nishes no extended exposure, and even here the structure is concealed by hill creep 
and landshdes. 

Any knowledge of the structure is, therefore, dependent upon well records, 
and these have fortunately revealed a key bed that is not onl}'- satisfactorily persist- 
ent on the island, but continues in New Jersey, and furnishes a new basis for a 
comparison of the stratigraphy. A critical study showed that the top of a water- 
bearing sand situated 150 to 200 feet above bed rock in 14 north shore wells (see 



U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. II 



72 OO' 




MAP SHOVV^ING 

BASAL CRETACEOUS BEDS ON LONG ISLAND,NEWYORK 
ELATION TO THE CRETACEOUS OF NEW JERSEY 

ByA.C.Veatcl-i 

1904 



Scale 



IS 20 



somiles 



LEGEND 



ipO 



iimoudi.KcLiicocas Successful wells Lloyd staidhorizon Unsuccessful wells 

anasquai"! formations 
•ea sand maj'l series 



Basal Mata^v an Figures in red Blue contours indicate 

iorizon indicate deptliin approximate lop of the 

feet below sealevel Lloyd sand^figures §ive 
depths below sealevel 



JUS BIEN & CO.LtTH 



CRETACEOUS ROCKS. 



19 



Crane Nt 



Old Field Pt;' 




p. 65) has a very regular southeastward dip (PL II) and a continuation of the 
lines of equal depth parallel to the line of strike showed that not only the nonwater- 
bearing gravels of the Woodhaven well (143) and the good water carriers of the 
Barren Island wells (129-132) belonged to the same horizon, but also the water- 
bearing beds in certain wells in New Jersey, which encounter a gravel horizon at a 
somewhat similar height above bed rock. The position of the top of this gravel 
and sand, which it will be convenient to call the Lloyd sand from its fossiliferous 
development in the well (633) on Lloyd Neck, is shown in PL II. 

As indicated on PL II, in northern Long Island on a e-mde line, the dip is as 
much as 80 feet per mile, 
wdiUe in New Jersey on a 
22-mile hne it is only half 
so much. It is quite prob- 
able, therefore, that the dip 
on Long Island becomes 
somewhat less to the south, 
and that on the south shore, 
about Amityville and Baby- 
lon, wells will strike this 
sand at even a less depth 
than indicated on Pis. II 
and XVI. 

Some additional evi- 
dence bearing on the gen- 
eral structure of this region 
is furnished by the dip indi- 
cated by a few weUs near 
Setauket (fig. 2), which 
reach a coarse sand and 

gravel about 600 or 700 feet above the Lloyd sand. The original calculation of 
the dip, based on the similarity suggested by the Cox (763), Rowland (760), and 
Emmett (752) records, has been confirmed by the record and samples from 
the Port Jefferson Company well (811). A comparison of the strike of this bed 
(fig. 2) with that of the Lloyd sand (PL II) shows it to be very nearly parallel, 
although the dip is much nearer that usuaUy found in New Jersey — about 40 
feet per mile. 

PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. 

A detailed knowledge of the distribution of the Cretaceous on Long Island is, 
like the determination of the structure, almost wholly dependent on well records. 
The available data are shown on PL III. This map emphasizes two points: 
Although (1) the Cretaceous beds have determined the major topographic relief of 
the island (see also PL V, A-A), (2) near the western end they have been deeply 
trenched by a broad north-south vaUey, representing the outlet of the Sound River 
(PL VI). 

The most important outcrop of Cretaceous rocks is in the West Hills, on the road 
leading from Melville to Hicksville (PL III) . The following section was observed 



5 miles 



Fig. 2. — Map showing dip of Cretaceous beds near Setauket, N. Y. Figures 
at wells give depth of water-bearing stratum below sea level. 



20 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

at this point early in the spring of 1903, just after the landslips of the previous 
winter had been removed by road graders and the section further cleaned up with 
a spade: 

Section just west of Melville, N. F. 

[Top of section about 300 feet above tide.] 
Plpistocene: Feet. 

1. Horizontally bedded yellow sand and quartz gravel, with a few very much weathered compound 

pebbles. Near the upper part of the section the gravel is a very bright orange. (PI. IV, ^).. 35 
Miocene (?): Fluffy (Beacon Hill) sand: 

2. Orange clayey sands, fine, micaceous, containing iron scales and small gravel: closely resembles 

sand at Kirkwood, N.J 3 

Cretaceous : 

3. Dark-colored, lavender, green, and black sandy clay, weathering yeUow 3 

4. Horizontally bedded, finely laminated red clayey sand, with a few rounded quartz pebbles 

(weathering product of bed below) 2. 5 

5. Horizontally bedded, finely laminated green, white, and pink clayey sand, containing some 

greensand grains and rounded quartz pebbles 3 

6. Ferruginous sandstones 0. 3 

7. Yellow sand with ferruginous plates. _ _ 0. 5 

8. Irregularly bedded gray clayey sand, blotched with red and yellow, becoming more sandy above, 

and passing into a pinbor red sand with lens-shaped masses of white clay 9. 5 

9. Covered ■. 0.5 

10. White clayey sand with large quartz gravel 2 

11. Covered 1 

12. Stratified orange-colored sandy clay, with ferruginous plates 1 

13. Very black sand and gravel, stained, probably with manganese dioxide 0. 2 

14. Coarse white sand and yellow clayey sand, horizontally, though rather irregularly, bedded, the 

bedding lines being darker and rather more clayey than the rest. (PI. IV, 5). ._ 19 

STRATIGRAPHIO SUCCESSION. 

A study of the local data indicates that from a stratigraphic standpoint the 
greensand beds in the Quogue (858-859) and Bridgehampton (897) wells, and the 
impure greensand marls in the Melville section (p. 20) are to be regarded as the 
highest beds of the pre-Pleistocene series which have thus far been recognized. 
Wells which might show younger beds may be looked for east of Babylon, but the 
wells in this region, except those at Quogue and Bridgehampton, are so shallow 
and the data so meager that the hgnitiferous sands of the Pleistocene can not with 
certainty be separated from the older, and while a portion of these sands are doubt- 
less pre-Pleistocene, theu- thickness can not be very great and a generalized section 
of the pre-Pleistocene beds may be commenced with the. greensand layer above 
mentioned. 

Gtieraliifd section of pre-Pleistocene deposits on Long Island. 

Feet. 

1. Impure greensand marl developed in about the same stratigraphic position in the Melville section 

and in the wells at Quogue and Bridgehampton SOdz 

2. Sands with irregular clay beds. The beds, though showing considerable lignitic material, are 

commonly lighter on the north shore and in the hiU lands than on the south shore. They are 
shovNTi in detaO in the many shallow wells in northern Oyster Bay Township, in the Lake Suc- 
cess well (317), the Hollis well (220), the Wheatley Hill wells (particularly 431), in the Mel- 
ville section, in the Barren Island wells, and in many of the test wells of the Brooklyn water- 
works east of Jameco, as well as in the Long Beach, Barnum Island, Quogue, and Riverhead 
wells _ , 1 , GOOzb 












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TACEO 

S^A.C.Veatc 
1904 
Scale 


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CRETACEOUS EOCKS. 



21 



3. Varicolored clay, often bright red, in wells on the north shore; may be entirely absent or very 

thin, as in the Cox well (564) in Hempstead Harbor, and the Bevin well (670) on Eaton 
Neck; with the clay layers in the succeeding beds it sometimes reaches a thickness of 
between 400 and 500 feet, as in the Ward well (628) near Huntington, but this thickness, as 
shown by near-by wells (620), is abnormal, the average thickness being about 100 to 150 feet. 

4. Lloyd sand. Yellow to white quartz sand and gravel, with occasional clay layers, as at Wood- 

haven; separated from bed rock by clay beds, but at Greenport apparently resting directly 
upon it; contains much decayed white chert, and in one case (633) marine fossils. Maxi- 
mum thickness shown at Peacock Point and Lake Success (317). Lithologically this gravel 
is identical with the older portions of the yellow gravel of New Jersey, and suggests that a 
part of this complex may represent imdisturbed Cretaceous outcrops 



Feet. 



0-1 SO 



80-90 



5. Probable thickness of beds between the Lloyd gravel and bed rock 100-200 



RELATION TO ADJACENT AREAS. 

Fortunately for the purposes of this study the pre-Pleistocene beds in New 
Jersey, particularly those belonging to the Cretaceous, are not only well developed 
but well known, and furnish a ready near-by standard with which to compare the 
Long Island section. Before undertaking this comparison in detail, it will be 
necessary to review briefly the geologic succession in that region, and to give the 
thickness and general character of the main lithologic units. In various reports of 
the New Jersey geological survey these details are given at length, and it is from this 
source that the following abstract has been prepared: 

Table I. — Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of Nev) Jersey. 



Salisbury." 


Clark.& 


Cook.c 


Bridge ton. 


Lafayette (Yellow Gravel in part) 

Chesapeake 


Yellow gravel. 


Beacon Hill Miocene 


Marl series 


Shark River (Eocene) 

Manasquan 

fVincentown lime-sands 

Rancocas. A 

ISewell marls _ 

f Redbank sands 

Monmouth. Navesink marls 

Mount Laurel sands 


clays, astri 
>Upper marl. 

>Middle marl. 
Red sand. 
>Lower marl. 

>Clay marl. -' 


agent clays). 




'Marine series. 




fHazlet sands . . . 




Clay marl formation 


Matawan . .< . , , 

ICrosswick clays . 




Raritan 


Raritan 


Plastic clays — Nonmflrinp sprlps 











"Final Kept. State Geol. Survey N. J.,vol. 4, Physical Geography, 1898, p. 117. Ann. Rent. N. J. Geol. Survey, pp. 
13-15, 1898. 

b Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Survey p. 334, 1894; Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 8, pp. 315-358, 1897; Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Survey, 
p. 174, 1898. 

c Geology of New Jersey, 1868, and subsequent publications. The "yellow sand" has been omitted, as Clark has shown 
that it has not the stratigraphic position indicated by Cook. 

The Miocene strata which unconformably overlie the Cretaceous and Eocene 
beds are as a rule coarse and lighter colored at the outcrop than in the embed. 
At the outcrop these beds are commonly yellow or brown, while in the embed 
they are darker and the percentage of clay material is greater. They cap many of the 



22 rNDEKOROrND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, -NEW YORK. 

high hills ot" tho coastal plain as outliers in the Cretaceous area, and underlie all of the 
plain south of the Cretaceous outcrop. 

The Cretaceous, including the lithologically similar Eocene Sluuk River beds. 
may be divided on lithologic grounds into {\) the marl series or greensand beds, 
(2) the clay marls (,or Matawan). and (8) the plastic clays (or Raritan). The general 
character and relation of these beds are well shown graphically in lig. 3 and PI. U, 
aT\d may be brielly stated as follows: 

Feet. 

1. Marl series. Givenssind marl, sometimes with some clayey material which pivduces gray or 

chocolate-colored marls, generally unite fossilifeixms. and at times calcareous. Toward the 
base the amount of sandy material increases and the beds take on a ferruginous aspect with a 
decreasing peix'entage of glauconite 2tV2— " 430 

2. Clay marls or Matawan. Higlily ferruginous brown sands, at times coarse and white, passing into 

slate and dral>-colored days interstnvtilied with white sand, and finally into dark-colored or 
black clays. Marine fossils are by no means as abundant as in the overlying layers, and are as 
a rule poorly preserved 27o-5'24 

3. Plastic clays or Karitan. Clays and sands, often brightly coloivd; beds generally become more 

sandy in the upper portion, though they sometimes contaiit dark-<"olored day, and are then 
not sepanible from the overlying Matawan or clay marl. The ditVei-entiation of this hori- 
zon has rested on the plastic days which it contains, and its general nonmarine character 347 

A comparison of this section with the general section found on Long Island 
shows little similarity. In part this difference is dtie to the relatively small amoun- 

LINE&UtD * 

New Albany Moorestown Mt.LaoreJ iiic»iEM«.(noMM>.«T,«) Pipers Corner 

iVf««TTV S4' _ Pp' 107' '"^MIOCENE 53' \ p., >J_,. -..tMftET 




«L£.£1. 



R*SIT*N FORV*TIO\ CLA> VARL FORMATION MARL SERIES 

Horizontal scale 
P ' j i s § nniles 

Fig. 3.— Section fi-om Delaware River to Pipers Corner. X. .1., showing character and reJatiou of Cretaceous horizons. 
(.Salisbury. ISSe.^l Black represents surficlal deposits. Length, 20 miles; height. 47S feet. 

of information available regarding the older beds on Long Island, and will probably 
disappear as the data increase. In part, however, it is real: for although the Pleis- 
tocene deposits effectually mantle almost the entire island and prevent a careful 
stxidy of the older beds, the well data are now complete enough to positively 
indicate the absence of any great fossiliferotis greensand marl bed 250 to 450 feet 
thick, such as occurs in New Jersey. Only in the lower beds is there any similarity', 
and these have thus far furnished the only bases for the correlation of the two sec- 
tions. The manifest lithologic resemblance of the few outcrops on the north shore 
to the Raritan beds of New Jei-sey caused Mather at a very early date to correlate 
them. Later the work of Newberry, Hollick, and White on the fossil plants of 
Long Island and the New England islands confirmed this tentative correlation. 
To these data it is now possible to add direct stratigrapliic evidence, which con- 
firms the conch.sion reached by Ward from a study of the flora : That the beds 
furnishing the fossil leaves on Long Island (the Island series) are somewhat 
younger, and therefore stratigraphically liigher than the Amboy days.^ 



•' FortliieknessshownintheAsbury Park well, see Kept. X.J. Geol. Survey, 1896, p. Ti. 
f" Ann Kept. Xew Jersey O.eol. Survey for lS9o. 1S96. PI. II. 

f Wanl. Lester F.. The Potomac formation: Fifteenth Ann. Kept. I'. S. Oeol. Survey, 1S95, p. 335; Age of the Island 
series: Scieuce.newser.. vol.4. 1896, pp. 757-760. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. IV 




J. MANNETTO GRAVEL NEAR TOP OF MELVILLE SECTION. 




y;. CRETACEOUS SAND NEAR BASE OF MELVILLE SECTION. 



CEETACEOUS ROCKS. " 23 

In this work the top of the Lloyd sand has proved a convenient plane of reference, 
and a study of the New Jersey records shows that it continues into New Jersey and 
can therefore be made a basis of correlation between the two sections. This exten- 
sion is graphically shown in PL II. The considerations on which the prolongation 
of these lines from Long Island were based are: (1) The general line of strike of the 
Cretaceous beds; (2) a water horizon in the wells at Runyon" (white sand beneath 
100 feet of white, red, and blue clay), Yardville,* Hightstown, '" Jamesburg,'' 
Asbury Park/ and Ocean Grove,'' which is 150 to 200 feet below the base of the 
Matawan. 

Woolman-'has sugg'ested that the Woodhaven and Barren Island horizons are a 
continuation of the horizons developed at Keyport,^ Matawan,'' Atlantic Highlands,' 
Brookdale-^' (644 feet), Holmdel,^' Seabright,' and Asbury Park'" (1,083 feet), but 
an attempt to include the horizon developed in these New Jersey wells causes the 
lines of equal depth to diverge from the general line of strike, and does not account 
for the depth reached in the Asbury Park and, Ocean Grove wells. Woolman 
explains this greater depth by an assumed thickening of the Matawan, but Clark in 
reviewing the evidence is inclined to give to the Matawan in these wells a thickness 
of only about 400 feet."' 

According to this hypothesis the lowest water-bearing layer would have about 
the position of the beds which were struck by the Runyon, Jamesburg, Hightstown, 
and Yardville wells, and which are 200 feet below the beds of the Matawan. More- 
over, a water-bearing sand occurs in the Asbury Park well at a depth of 954 feet 
which seems the true continuation of this upper horizon. If the 200-foot line on 
PI. II is called and the other lines renumbered accordingly, the position of this 
upper horizon will be approximately indicated in all of the wells. Thus, near the 
200-foot line will be found the Matawan and Keyport wells (215-220); near the 
400-foot line, the Holmdel well (450) ;" near the 500-foot line the 465-foot horizon in 
the Atlantic Highlands well; near the 600, the 606 horizon of the Brookdale well; near 
the 700, the 670 of the Seabright well, and near the 900, the 954 Asbury Park horizon. 
The Lloyd sand is therefore equivalent to the lower horizon in the Asbury Park 
and Ocean Grove wells and is about 200 feet below the horizon in the other wells to 
which Woolman" referred it. This upper horizon is regarded as either basal Matawan 
or uppermost Raritan, and the Lloyd sand is therefore a horizon in the Raritan 
about 200 feet below the base of the Matawan. In a general way, then, the 200 or 
300-foot line marks the line of parting between the so-called marine and nonmarine 

a Ann. Kept. New Jersey Geol. Survey for 1897-98, p. 246. 
6 Ibid., p. 281. 

c Ann. Kept. New Jersey Geol. Survey, 189.5, pp. 200, 201; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 138, 1896, pp. 66-67. 
rt Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey, 1880, pp. 166-168; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 138, 1896, pp. 67, 68. 
e Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey 1896, pp. 72-75. 
/ Woolman, Lewis, Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey, 1900, p. 77. 
</ Ann. Rept. New^ Jersey Geol. Survey, 1898, pp. 245-246. 
'abid.,p. 246. 
'■ Ibid. , p. 244 
.;■ Ibid. , p. 228. 
fc Ibid., 1897, pp. 147-148. 
t Ibid.. 1900, pp. 76-77. 

m Ibid'., 1898, pp. 176-177. . ' 

"The difference in this case is clearly due to the generalized character of the record; quicksand is reported lor some 
distance above the water-bearing layer, and doubtless in part represents the upward extension of the sand bed. 



24 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OP LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Cretaceous, and Cretaceous fossils would be expected south of this line on Long 
Island. 

From these data the outcrops at Glen Cove and Sea Cliff are to be regarded as 
uppermost Raritan which has been, perhaps, slightly disturbed by folding, while the 
gray sands and clays at Greenwood -are clearly Matawan, and the Terebratula found 
in the Roslyn well'* naturally falls near the base of the Matawan. In the same way 
the Lloyd Beach clays are to be regarded as Matawan, unless they have been more 
profoundly disturbed by ice pressure than now appears; and the Little Neck and 
Fresh Pond areas fall far south in the Matawan. On account of the leaf remains 
found at Little Neck this locality has been referred to thfe Raritan, but the recent 
collections of Berry'' in the Matawan show essentially the same fauna, and there is 
therefore no conflict between the paleontologic and stratigraphic evidence. 

In all cases there is the ever present question of how much the beds may have 
been disturbed, and as the folding amounts to as much as 100 or 200 feet in the 
islands to the east, this is not always a negligible factor. In the wells on the south 
shore, as was early noticed by Woolman, the somber-colored lignite-bearing sands 
and clays are fair lithologic representatives of the Matawan, but in this region 
greensand must be almost entirely absent in the Matawan, for it is not represented 
in any of the samples from the wells of the Brooklyn waterworks. or from any of 
the neighboring wells, the only suggestion of it being in the Pleistocene deposits in 
the Queens County well at Valley Stream (273) and at Long Beach (373), in both of 
which it occurs in coarse sand, evidently redeposited. This occurrence is so sug- 
gestive that it is confidently expected that fossiliferous greensand will be found in 
wells north and east of these localities. 

The Cretaceous fossils found at different points in the drift at Brooklyn are also 
suggestive, though in all cases they are so separated from the Cretaceous beds that 
their real source can be only conjectured. They are perhaps Matawan, and may even 
be in part representatives of the occasional forms which are known to occur in the 
upper part of the Raritan. 

On the north shore the beds in the same position as a rule more strongly 
resemble the underlying Raritan, though in the dark clays at Greenwood, Little 
Neck, West Neck (in the Ward well), and possibly at Elm Point, the darker beds are 
suggested. The sandy layers in pa:^t correspond to the Hazlet sands, but above 
the Matawan there is absolutely no similarity in the two sections. In place of from 
250 to 450 feet of greensand marls there are sands and clays in no way different from 
the underlying beds which are known to be Mataw'an because of their lithologic 
character and position with relation to the Lloyd sand. Greensand beds have been 
reported only in the West Hills and in the Quogue and Bridgehampton wells, and in 
the latter cases there are some reasons for believing them similar to the Miocene 
greensands of Marthas Vineyard. '" 

So radical a change in the character of the deposits naturally raises the question 
of the cause. In some respects these light sands in the hills and the dark clays 

a See well No. 437, p. 281. 
. t> Berry, E. W., Am. .Nat., -.ol. 37, 1903, pp. 677-684; Bull. New York Bot. Gar., vol. 3, No. 9, 1903, pp. 45-103, pis. 43-S7; 
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 3i, 1904, pp. 67-82, pis. 1-5. 
c Bull Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 8, 1897, pp. 202, 203. 



CRETACEOUS EOCKS. . 25 

of the south shore above the beds regarded as Matawan suggest Miocene, but a 
com{)arison with the known position of the Miocene in adjacent areas renders this 
correlation very doubtful. It will be seen from fig. 4 and PI. V that, so far as 
present knowledge goes, Long Island lies north of the main Miocene deposits, and 
that if the Miocene occurs at all it is to be expected as mere erosion outliers 
occupying the highest hills. Moreover, Mr. G. N. Knapp, who, by reason of liis 
long and extensive field work in New Jersey, is well fitted to judge, has 
examined the beds in the Melville section (p. 20) and regards them as Cretaceous, 
with the possible exception of a thin layer between the upper gravel and the 
impure marl, which resembles Miocene. In order that any other portion of these 
beds may be Miocene, it is necessary to assume a much greater discordance of 
structure than is known to exist anywhere in this region between the Miocene and 
Cretaceous. These facts, with the agreement of the thickness of the beds below 
the Miocene (?) of the West Hill section with the thickness of the Cretaceous 
deposits of northern New Jersey, and the fact .that Long Island is to be regarded 
as the normal continuation of New Jersey, both geologically and topographically, 
with the addition of a mantle of glacial deposits, thi'ow the burden of proof on the 
person arguing for the Miocene age of these beds. The total absence of large 
greensand beds indicates a change in the local conditions. Perhaps the ancestral 
Hudson and Connecticut rivers may have had something to do with it; perhaps 
the ocean currents are responsible, for it is well known that both these factors 
tend to interfere with the formation of greensand, and glauconitic deposits are 
therefore seldom continuous over great areas." 

This sandy phase reappears on Marthas Vineyard above the basal plant- 
bearing beds, though at this point it contains fossils,* and while the data are not 
conclusive, they furnish further evidence of the change from the New Jersey 
conditions which is indicated on Long Island. 

AGE OF THE RARITAN FORMATION. 

After the early correlations, which were based on very meager data, the 
Raritan was referred to the Upper Cretaceous, and it was not until the work of 
Ward in connection with the much disputed Potomac group that it was referred 
to the Lower Cretaceous.'' It was shown by Newberry'' and Hollick^ to be 
rather closely related to the Dakota and the Patoot and Atane beds of Greenland, 
all of which are regarded as Upper Cretaceous. 

The work of Berry has now shown that there is no essential break between 
this fauna and that of the Cliffwood section, which is clearly Upper Cretaceous.-^ 

a Clark, W. B., New Jersey Geol. Survey, 1893, p. 22.5. 

6 Woodworth, J. B., Bull. Geol. Soo. America, vol. 8, 1897, pp. 199-200. 

« Ward, L. F., The Potomac Formation: Fifteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1895, pp. 345-346; Age of the Island 
series, Sci., new series, vol. 4, 1896, pp. 757-760; Professor Fontaine and Professor Newberry on the age of the Potomac for- 
mations, Sci., new series, vol. 5, 1897, p. 420. 

d Newberry, J. S., The flora of the Amboy clay, a posthumous work edited by Arthur HoUick: Monograph U. S. Geol. 
Survey, vol. 26, 1895, pp. 23, 33. 

' Hollick, Arthur: Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Science, vol. 47, 1898, pp. 292-293: Science, new series, vol. 7, 1898, pp. 467^68; 
Am. Geol., vol. 22, 1898, pp. 255-2.56. 

/Berry, Kdward W.', Plants from the Matawan: Am. Nat., vol. 37, pp. 677-684, 1903; Flora of the Matawan formation 
(Crosswick's clays) : Bull. New York Bot. Gar., vol. 3, No. 9, 1903, pp. 45-103, pis. 43-57; Additions to the flora of the Matawan 
formation: Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 31, 1904, pp. 67-82, pis. 1-6. 



26 UNDEEGROUND WATEE EESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. . 

Mr. David White informs me that he regards the Marthas Vineyard flora, on 
which Ward based his Island series, as essentially the same as the Cliffwood. 
The Long Island plant remains described by Hollick represent a horizon 100 
or 200 feet above the Lloyd sand, and are therefore stratigraphically between 
the Amboy clays (Woodbridge, South Amboy, and Sayreville horizons) and the 
Cliffwood or basal Matawan. The stratigraphic sequence is, then, as follows: 
(1) Amboy clays; (2) Long Island red leaf-bearing concretions; (3) Cliffwood, 
Marthas Vineyard, East Neck." 

The few fragmentary marine remains obtained from the Lloyd sand at Lloyd 
Point are regarded by Stanton as Upper Cretaceous, and therefore confirm the 
general drift of the plant evidence, as do the molluscan remains (including Exogyra) 
reported by Woolman from a sirriilar horizon in the Asbury Park well.'' On the 
one hand marine fossils indicate the flora in the upper beds as clearly Upper Cre- 
taceous; on the other, the flora shows that there is no essential break between 
the upper and lower beds of the Raritan. There is, however, a sharp floral break 
at the base of the Raritan'' and it seems, therefore, necessary to return to the 
view of Newberry and regard the Raritan as b^sal Upper Cretaceous, and essentially 
equivalent to the Dakota and the Woodbine.'* ; : 

SUMMARY OF THE CRETACEOUS. 

The more important points relative to the pre-Pleistocene on Long Island 
may be briefly summarized as follows: 

1. The bulk of the pre-Pleistocene deposits on Long Island are Cretaceous. 

2. The basal beds are the stratigraphic equivalents of the Raritan, and are 
Upper Cretaceous. 

3. The Matawan beds are apparently well represented, but their lithological 
character changes in going eastward. 

4. No greensand beds comparable to the great greensand marl beds of New 
Jersey have been found, their stratigraphic position being occupied by fine 
hgnitiferous sand with occasional clay beds. 

TERTIARY. 
GENERAL CONDITIONS. 

Although there are no indications on Long Island of any break in the sedi- 
mentation during the Cretaceous, Doctor Clark has found in New Jersey evidence 
of perhaps two unconformities which indicate land periods of comparativelj^ short 
duration.^ It was, however, not until rather late Tertiary time that this region 
commenced to undergo the profound erosion which has given rise to the present 
land forms. These stages are imperfectly shown on Long Island, but in adjoining 
portions of the coastal plain the following major stages have been foimd: Late 
Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion, Lafayette submergence, early Pliocene erosion, 
Miocene submergence, Eocene erosion. 

a The East Neck locality is perhaps a little higher stratigraphically than the other two. 

b Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Survey, 1895, pp. 72-75, 1896. 

f Science, new series, vol. 4, 1896, p. 759. 

d Twenty-first Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 7, 1901, pp. 318-322. 

t BuU. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 8, 1897, pp. 328, 337-338. 



TERTIARY PERIOD. 



27 



EOCENE EROSION. 

The absence of the greater portion of the Eocene in New Jersey indicates a 
period of elevation, but the absence of any great unconformity between the 
Cretaceous or Eocene and the Miocene strata indicates that either this elevation 
was slight or that the period was of such a duration that the land was essentially 
base-leveled. 

MIOCENE SUBMERGENCE. 

While the deposits of the Miocene were clearly very thick toward the sea 
and thin toward the land, the exact position of their landward edge is uncertain. 




Fig. 4. — Sketch map showing known distribution ol the Miocene near Long Island. Shaded area is underlain by Miocene. 
Heavy black line gives general direction of strike and shows approximate point at which base of Miocene reaches sea 
level. 

It may, however, be regarded as reasonably certain that over most of the Atlantic 
coastal plain they were of sufficient extent and thickness to obliterate the low 
features developed in the underlying Cretaceous and Eocene beds during the 
preceding erosion period. 

Distribution of Miocene deposits. — In the Long Island region and in the New 
Jersey region the Miocene sediments were deposited under similar conditions, and 
as these two areas have been subjected to the same forces, except glacial action, 
their distribution in both should be similar. The only bed thus far seen on Long 



28 



UNDERGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



Island wliich is regarded as possibly Miocene is a thin bed of "fluffy sand" which 
Mr. G. N. Knapp recognized in the upper part of the Melville section (p. 20), and 
which is the counterpart of certain sands occurring in the Miocene of New Jersey. 
A comparison of the sections shown in PL V indicates that if the structure is 
normal, and there is every reason to believe it is, a Miocene outlier should be 
expected at this point. The same evidence shows the absence of the Miocene 
above sea level (fig. 4 and PI. V) on southern Long Island, except possibly along a 
portion of the South Fluke. This line of argument is important, for it shows 
that the Tertiary deposits can not be expected on the north shore any more 
than in the Hightstown Vale (p. 30) in New Jersey, and that the occurrences on 
Long Island are probably limited to erosion outliers, with the embed beneath the 
Atlantic. 



EARLY PLIOCENE EROSION. 



In the succeeding erosion period the first forerunners of the present topography 
were developed. Erosion was active, the mantle of Miocene beds was partly 
removed and the underlying Cretaceous exposed near the old shore line. 



LAFAYETTE SUBMERGENCE. 

During Lafayette time the rather low topography developed in this region 
was buried by a mantle of littoral deposits. The smaller depressions were oblit- 
erated but the broader features persisted. 

LATE PLIOCENE (POST-LAFAYETTE) EROSION. 

After the Lafayette submergence there was a long period of erosion in which 
the land stood relatively high and the essential features of the present topography 
were developed. 

DEVELOPMENT OF TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. 

The most pronounced topographic feature resulting from or accentuated by 
the early and late Pliocene erosion epochs is a more or less persistent line of hills 

overlooking a landward 
depression which extends 
from the Mannetto (West) 
and Wheatley hills on 
Long Island through the 
highlands in the coastal 
plain of New Jersey and 
Mar3dand to the Potomac 
River near Washington. 
Such a degradational fea- 
ture is common in all 
regions of gently inclined rocks of unequal hardness. By weathering and erosion 
the softer beds are removed and the more resistant ones stand out as chains of 
hills. Marked topographic forms depending on these factors extend over wide 
areas and it seems desirable to have distinctive topographic terrhs for them. 




Fig. 5. 



Sleieogram of eastern England (alter Davis), sho-wing the development 
ol wolds and vales. B, D, vales; 0, E, wolds. 



TERTIARY PERIOD. 



29 



Fortunately names ai'e readily obtainable by analogy with eastern England 
where, in the gently sloping rocks of the post-Paleozoic series, similar features 
are well developed (fig. 5). There the ranges of hills are in many places called 
wolds — as the Cotswold Hills and the Lincolnshire and Yorkshire wolds — and 
the accompanying longitudinal depressions have been termed vales — as the vales 
of Pickering, Blackmore, White Horse, Red Horse, Pewsey, and Wardour. These 
terms are, therefore, appropriate for lines of hills and parallel valleys of a similar 




Fig. 6. — Diagram showing the three uses of "escarpment" as applied to topographic features. 

type and origin. As a definite physiographic term wold may then be defined as 
a range of hills produced by differential erosion from inclined sedimentary rocks, 
and vale as the accompanying depression or strike valley (fig. 7). 

Wold has, so far as the writer is aware, never before been used as a distinct 
term for a definite topographic form, but vale has been extensively employed by 
Woodward in describing the longitudinal valleys in eastern England." 

As a geographic term, vale, although generally applied to these strike valleys, 
has occasionally been used for valleys of other origin — as the Vale of Eden, in 
Westmoreland and Cumberland, in which a portion of the depression has been 




Fig. 7. — Diagram showing relations of wold, vale, cuesta, and bajada. 



produced by faulting* — but these may be regarded as exceptional cases, and the 
word used in a physiographic sense as the direct antithesis of wold, or wolds, without 
confusion. 

To the feature here defined as a wold, the term escarpment has often been 
applied, but, as already pointed out by Davis,'' this usage is objectionable, for when 
escarpment is used for the whole hill feature it is given a meaning quite different 
from that usually associated with it. It is commonly used for a very steep 
declivity or cliff,'' but has been extended to mean: (1) The steeper slope of a 

a Woodward, Horace B., The Jurassic rocks of Britain: Memoirs Geol. Survey Gt. Brit., vol. 3, 1893, pp. 309-313; vol. 4, 
1894, p. 459; vol. 5, 1895, p. 297. The geology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 599. 

bMarr, John E., The scientific study of scenery, London, 1900, p. 113. Ramsey, A. C, Physical geology and geography 
of Great Britain, 6th ed., 1899, pp. 362-363, fig. 129. 

c Proc. Geol. Assoc. Lond., vol. 16, 1899, p. 77. 

ri Geikie, Archibald, Text-book of geology, vol. 2, 1903, p. 13. Example cited: The face of a mesa. 



30 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



wold;« (2) the top or crest line of a wold ;^ (3) the whole hill feature — exactly 
synonymous with wold (fig. 6)/ 

The word cuesta is used in the southwestern United States for a sloping plain 
which is terminated on one side by a steep slope. <^ ' It seems to have no relation to 
structure, but only to topographic form, and while the long slope of a wold, or dip 
slope, is a cuesta, a cuesta is not always a dip slope. The word has been, apphed by 
Davis to many of the dip slopes of wolds in the United States, and has been extended 
by him to include the whole topographic form, with the remark that while there may 
be objection to this use of the word it will, until a better name is suggested, serve 

a useful purpose. « Cuesta should 
doubtless be restricted to its original 
usage, and apply only to the gently 
sloping plain. A name for the shorter 
slope or inface can likewise be ob- 
tained in the same region in the com- 
panion terms to cuesta of ceja and la- 
jada, the first referring to an escarp- 
ment and the second to "a gradually 
descending slope as distinguished from 
a more vertical escarpment. "■'' Bajada 
would then be applied where there is 
no escarpment or where the escarp- 
ment feature was an insignificant por- 
tion of the whole slope; while ceja 
would be applied where the scarp 
forms the major part of the bound- 
ary between two successive cuestas 
(fig. 7). 

WOLDS AND VALES. , 

FIG. 8.-sketch map showing ^locations of sections shown on j^ ^j^^ coastal plain of New Jersey 

there is a well-marked vale and wold 
(PL V) and a less perfectly developed pair. The innermost vale may be traced more 
or less continuously from the Potomac River near Washington to northern Long Island , 
and perhaps to southeastern Massachusetts; in it are found Long Island Sound 
and the northeast and southwest portions of the Delaware, Susquehanna, and 
Potomac rivers. Through New Jersey it is particularly well marked, and may 
be named the Hightstown Vale, from Hightstown, in Mercer County, where it is 
typically developed (Pis. II and V, C). 

Coastward of the Hightstown Vale and overlooking it is a range of rolling hills, 
highest to the northeast at Beacon Hill and Telegraph Hill, N. J., and Mannetto Hills, 

a Harrison, W. Jerome, Geology of theeountiesof England, 1882, p. 344. Geikie, James, Earth sculpture, 1898, p. 58, fig. 15. 
6 Marr, John E., The scientific study of scenery, 1900, p. 117. 

c Geikie, James, Earth sculpture, 1898, pp. 65, 70, fig. 23. Woodward, Horace B., The geology of England and Wales, 1887, 
p. .599; The Jurassic rocks of Britaui: Memoirs Geo) . Survey of United KLagdom, vol. 4, 1894, p. 459; ibid., vol. 5, 1895, p. 297. 
<* Hill, R. T., Description of topographic terms of Spanish America: Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 7, 1896, p. 295. 
« Davis, W. M., The drainage of cuestas: Proc. Geol. Assoc. London, vol. 16, 1899, pp. 76, 77. 
/ Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 7, 1896, p. 297. 




U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. V 




6 4 3 2 10 



Horizontal 



Scales 
10 miles 



Vertical 

1000 2000 



3000 feet 



COMPARATIVE CROSS SECTIONS OF LONG ISLAND AND NEW JERSEY ALONG LINES SHOV^N 
IN FIGURE 8, SHOWING RELyVTIONS OF THE TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. 

By A. C. Veatch, 1904. 
Dotted portion of sections A-A and B-B represents Pleistocene deposits. Broken line marked Cr. siiows pre-Cretaceous 



17116— No. 44— OG— 3 



TERTIARY PERIOD 31 

Long Island, but gradually becoming lower and of less importance topograpliically to 
the south. This range of hills is typically developed at Perrineville, in Monmouth 
Count)^, N. J., 5 or 6 miles east of Hightstown, and is, therefore, named the Perrine- 
ville Wold. Both the Hightstown Vale and Perrineville Wold have been produced 
by the differential erosion of Cretaceous strata. Of the minor and but partly devel- 
oped vale and wold to the east of the Perrineville Wold little need be said at this time, 
except to point out their general resemblance to the major topographic features of 
this type. 

DEFLECTION OF RIVERS IN HIGHTSTOWN VALE. 

In studying the abnormal deflection of the rivers in the Hightstown Vale it is nec- 
essary to commence with the uplift which marked the beginning of the post-Miocene 
erosion cycle. At that time the streams issuing from the valleys of the older land 
followed the retreating sea directly across the emerging coastal plain and adapted 
themselves to its minor iiTcgularities and gentle slope (PI. VI, A). During this 
period, in the region north of Virginia, the streams near the landward edge of the 
Miocene rocks cut through the Miocene and reached the Cretaceous. The soft basal 
Cretaceous rocks were more easily eroded than the overlying ones, and a shallow vale, 
overlooked by a low, northwest-facing wold broken by the transverse or dip valleys of 
the main streams, was developed parallel to the old shore line. This ancestral Hights- 
town Vale and Perrineville Wold was farther inland than to-day and, though not 
prominent, was doubtless well marked. 

In the succeeding Lafayette submergence a mantle of littoral sediments was 
spread over the coastal plain. The narrow transverse valleys through the wold 
(fig. 5) were more nearly obliterated by this mantle than the broad vale, and when 
the land was again elevated the ancestral Connecticut, Delaware, Susquehanna, and 
Potomac rivers discharged into a slightly depressed trough. Had there been no 
tilting in either direction in this uphft these rivers would have overflowed the 
barrier afforded by the wold and the more or less completely filled, narrow, trans- 
verse valleys and cut new channels directly to the sea; but if there was tilting in 
either direction the rivers would have flowed down the vale in direction of the tilting 
and finally escaped seaward thi'ough the partly filled depressions of lower transverse 
stream valleys. As these streams were favored by softer strata and by greater 
volumes, they maintained then ascendancy over the smaller streams wliich developed 
east of the crest of the Perrineville Wold, and so persisted in their defiected courses 
(PI. VI, 5). 

In much of Virginia and North Carohna where the more recent deposits overljdng 
these Cretaceous beds have not been removed, no such deflection of the rivers occurs; 
but in Alabama where this mantle is no longer present the Coosa is deflected into an 
east-west course at the point where it leaves the older land ; farther north the Ten- 
nessee is deflected under conditions very similar to those on the North Atlantic coast. 

Two other explanations have been offered for this deflection, the first by McGee,*" 
and the second by Darton.^ In the first the deflection is attributed to faulting and 
in the second to the action of coastal bars. In the first case it must be regarded as a 

1 McGee, W J, The geology of the head of Chesapeake Bay: Seventh Ann. Rept. TJ. S. Geol. Survey, 1888, pp. 616-634. 
bDnTton, N. H., Jour, geol., vol. 2, 1894, p. 581; also Newsom, J. F., The effect of sea barriers upon ultimate drainage: 
Jour. Geol., vol. 7, 1899, pp. 445-451. 



32 



[JNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



very strange coincidence that a fault should follow the curved line of strike of the 
Cretaceous when this is not parallel to the mountain chains and produce a valley just 
where a vale should be produced by differential erosion. Moreover, the rock surface 
beneath the plain and the remnants of the old surface preserved in the crests or flat 
tops of the hills through New Jersey show no break such as would have been pro- 
duced by a fault. 

Darton's explanation was proposed when further field work had proved the non- 
existence of this hypothetical fault, and was based on the prevailing southward drift 
of the sands of the Atlantic coast. This is assumed to have prevailed since early 
Cretaceous time, and to have produced the ultimate deflection of the rivers by build- 
ing spits or bars along the shores. There are two objections to this hypothesis: (1) 
it does not explain why the deflection is confined to the outcrop of the soft layers of 
the Cretaceous — why it does not extend continuously southward through the coastal 
plain, but reappears when the Cretaceous is again exposed ; (2) all the coastal bai-s now 




Fig. 9. — Comparative maps showing deflection of streams in the Hightstown Vale and the deflection which would be pro- 
duced by the large Texas bars if the land were elevated. 

forming are cut by important breaks, or tidal guts, and while these might, if the land 
were elevated, produce minor deflections under certain favorable conditions, they 
could not cause deflections of this magnitude, and the deflections would not have the 
same uniformity in direction. The long Texas bars offer, perhaps, the closest analogy 
to hypothetical bars necessary for the diversion of these northern rivers, both in the 
length of the bars and the size of the rivers discharging into the coastal lagoon behind 
them. However, careful study of the Coast Survey charts shows that where the 
rivers are carrying a moderate amount of sediment, as the Brazos and the Rio Grande, 
they have extended their mouths to the coastal barrier, and that where they are not 
so laden there is always a deep channel or tidal gut in the bar so situated that the 
deflection on elevation would be comparative^ small. The comparatively insig- 
nificant effect that these bars would have in case the land were elevated is shown in 
fig. 9. Rivers may be deflected, as in the case of the Colorado, but it is regarded as 
- extremely improbable that they could be deflected to the extent and with the regu- 
larity of the rivers in the Hightstown Vale. 



,S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




(A) POST-MIOCENE EROSION INTERVAL 




Id POST- MANNETO EROSION INTERVAL 

DEVELOPMENT OF MAJOR DRAINAG 



BYA.I 



50 26 

—J L. ^ lJ 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL, VI 




LEGEND 



Present drainage 
and shore lines 



V, 



Former drainage 
and shore line 



Canyons of the 
coastal shelf 



Cretaceous 
outcrops 



390 



Soiindings in feet 

belowpresent 

sealevel 



(B) POST- LAFAYETTE EROSION INTERVAL 




ID) VINEYARD EROSION INTERVAL 

•F NORTH ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN 

ATCH 



EN &CO, LITH.N.Y. 



300 miles 



QUATERKAEY DEPOSITS. 



33 



QUATERNARY. 

While during the Cretaceous and Tertiary the portion of the Atlantic coastal plain 
between Cape Hatteras and Nantucket was subjected to very nearly the same 
conditions and the development was therefore the same in both periods, in the 
Quaternary new factors arose which affected only the region from Long Island east- 
ward, and gave to it a surficial aspect differing decidedly from that of the other 
portions of the coastal plain to the south. Although the several ice advances directly 
affected Long Island and the region eastward, none of them reached the coastal 
plain of New Jersey and Maryland, and here the only records of Pleistocene time 
are therefore the terraces formed in such positions that they were not destroyed b}^ 
subsequent submergences. 

In the region affected by the glaciers the following divisions of the Pleistocene 
have been recognized : 

Table II. — Pleistocene formations on Long Island. 



Division. 



Wisconsin stage 

Late: Harbor Hill Moraine. 

Early : Ronkonkoma Moraine. 
Vineyard interval 

Tisburj' stage 

Gardiner interval 

Gay Head folding 

Sankaty stage 

Jameco stage 

Post-Mannetto and pre-Jameco erosion 
JMannetto stage 



Characterization. 



iGlacial: Formation of two lines of terminal moraines, with 
I accompanying outwash and kettle plains. 

Interglacial : Elevation of land 150 to 200 feet above the present 
sea level, and profound erosion of Tisbuiy. 

Glacial: Depression 200 to 250 feet below sea level, and forma- 
tion of great deposit of outwash sand and gi'avel. 

Interglacial: Land somewhat lower than to-day; erosion of 
folds produced by the Gay Head folding. 

Glacial : Folding of surficial portions of all older formations. 

Interglacial : Formation of clay and sand beds with land slightly 
above the present sea level. 

Glacial: Partial filling of Sound Vallej' in western Long Island, 
and deposition of gravel with large bowlders on Gardiners and 
New England islands. 

Interglacial: A long erosion period, with land about 300 feet 
above the present sea level. 

Glacial: Depression of 300 feet; deposition of old gravel in 
West and Wheatley hills. 



MANNETTO GRAVEL. 



CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. 



Following the long post-Lafayette erosion epoch, when the drainage was approxi- 
mately as shown in PI. VI, B, the land was submerged to a depth of about 300 feet 
at Long Island, and a mantle of gravel and loam spread over the irregular surface 
developed during the Tertiary. 



34 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



CHAEACTER OF DEPOSITS. 



In this region these deposits are for the most part composed of quartz gravel, 
but contain also some very much decayed pebbles and bowlders of probable glacial 
origin, in which respect they agree with the earhest Pleistocene deposits which 
Salisbury has recognized in New Jersey. 

PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. 

Because of the destructive and reconstructive effects of the succeeding periods 
the deposits of this age are now recognizable, as a rule, only in the higher levels, and 
the typical examples on Long Island are, therefore, on the highest hills of the pre- 
Pleistocene, as in the Mannetto.(West) and Wheatley hills, from the first of which the 
formation has been named. 

POST-MANNETTO AND PRE-JAMECO INTERVAL. 

Following the deposition of the Mannetto gravel the land was again lifted, this 
time to a height of something of over 250 feet, and the work of the preceding erosion 
epochs was continued. The Mannetto deposits were to a large extent removed 'aiad 
the valleys somewhat deepened. 

JAMECO GRAVEL. 



o " 
o o 



o O OO O tiO 0> CT t-. o^ 
<D <N CNCM CN c _(>,--■ 



O^ 03 COOO 



CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. 

The ice sheet, again advancing, appears to have about reached the present 
north shore of Long Island, and to have extended well down toward Block Island 

^ and Marthas Vineyard. On 

western Long Island the 
Sound River Valley (PL VI) 
offered a natural outlet for 
the detrital-laden streams 
issuing from the ice front, 
and as the land probably 
stood somewhat lower than 
in the preceding erosion 
epoch, the old valley was 
partly filled with highly 
erratic sand and gravel (fig. 
10). This glacial debris 
was deposited along the 
north shore and in the region to the east, but not south of the nucleus of older 
upland. The deposits are then thickest in and near the old valley; . they are poorly 
developed on the south shore east of this valley, but reappear in force on eastern Long 
Island and the islands to the east, where they have been brought up by folding. 

CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. 

In western Long Island the Jameco gravels consist of dark-colored sands and 
gravels that vary considerably in coarseness and are distinguished by the small per- 




FiG. 10. — Section from near Ridgeway, Brooklyn, to Valley Stream, showing po- 
sition of (1) Wisconsin, (2) Tisbury, (3) Sankaty, (4) Jameco, (5) Cretaceous 
beds, and the east side of the Sound Eiver Valley. Figures correspond with 
those used in PI. XXIV and in Chapter IV. 



JAMECO GEAVEL. 



35 



Even the surface gravel, which represents 
few miles to the north, contains a very 




FiG- 11. — Section near middle of northeast shore of Gardiners Island, N. Y. ; (0) black 
Cretaceous clay; (1) fine gray micaceous sand (Cretaceous); (2) Jameoo gravel; 
(3) red clay (Sankaty) ; (4) sUty sand (Sankaty) ; (5) Wisconsin tUl and outwash 
gravel. Height of section, 60 feet. 



centage of quartz which they contain, 
the outwash when the ice was but a 
much higher percentage 
of quartz ; the only gravel 
beds on the island resem- 
bling these occur in the 
Wisconsin deposits in and 
north of the moraine. So 
pronounced was the gla- 
cial character of these old 
gravels that when they 
were first examined it 
was thought they surely represented surface Wisconsin deposits, and that some 
careless clerk had inverted the tube and labeled it upside down;" but this theory 
became untenable as well record after well record was examined, and all, in 
certain regions, showed the following succession: 

Geologic succession in wells in ujesiern Long Island. 

1. Quartz sand and gravel with a noticeable percentage of erratic material (Wisconsin). 

2. Quartz sand, gray or yellovF, vsdth little if any material of recognizable glacial origin (Tisbury). 

3. Blue clay vpith wood (Sankaty). 

4. Dark, multicolored, highly erratic gravel (Jameco). 

East of this valley and the delta-like extension at its opening the only repre- 
sentatives of this period 
are the normal coastal 
sands and gravels simi- 
lar to the beds above 
and below, and seldom 
separable from them. 

At Gardiners Island 
and on Marthas Vine- 
yard the percentage of 
fine, yellow, gravel is much greater, and the beds contain very large bowlders of 
compound quartz crystalline rocks, indicating the nearness of the ice. These beds, 
which are here brought up by folding, are likewise separated from the younger 
gravels by the clay deposits of the Sankaty (figs. 11, 12). 

PRESENT DISTEIBDTION. 

On the north shore the Jameco beds have been considerably eroded and dis- 
turbed and are not always readily separable from the succeeding deposits. Occa- 
sional remnants of considerable local importance as sources of water supply, how- 
ever, have been encountered, as indicated in the well records. 

On the south shore where the Jameco beds have not been eroded and are 
typically developed in the region of the old valley (fig. 10) they form one of the 
most important water horizons of the island. 




w 



Fig. 12. — Section on west side of hoUow which afforded the section in fig. 11, about 
200 feet farther west. The numerals indicate same beds as in fig. 11. 



a The samples of the borings of the Brooklyn waterworks are preserved in the Municipal Building, Brooklyn, N. Y., in 
glass tubes representing miniature reproductions of the borings. 



36 



UNDEEGEOUND WATER RESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



SANKATY FORMATION. 



CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. 



The effect of the Jameco epoch was to partly fill the Sound Valley on western 
Long Island and to spread a relatively thin cover of gravel and sand over the areas 
not in the lee of the old land masses. With the continuance of the progressive 
subsidence, which appears to have begun near the close of the post-Mannetto 
erosion interval, the coarser beds of the Jameco were succeeded hj finer sediments, 
and as the ice retreated, temperate water forms similar to those living to-day 
occupied the waters. The land stood about 50 feet liigher than to-day, and there 
existed an ancestral Long Island rudely resembling the present island. The beds 
forming near its shore were predominanth" swampy and in many ways similar to 
those accumulating on a minor scale at present. These swamp conditions gave 
place in deeper water to more truly marine ones, where marine forms were included, 
in greater or less numbers, in the sediments deposited. 




Jameco Cretaceous Bed rock 

Fig. 13.— Section from Wards Island to Barnum Island, showing fold at Rockaway Ridge (Hewlett), and the relations of 
the Sankaty, Jameco, Cretaceous, and "bed rock." Figures correspond to those used on PI. XXIV and in 
Chapter IV 

CHAR.\CTER OF DEPOSITS. 

These sediments therefore vaiy from truly swampy deposits on the one hand to 
relatively fiiie sands and claj^s, which show no trace of swamp origin, and wliich con- 
tain shallowTwater moUusks on the other; thus on western Long Island, Avhere the 
parth" fUled channel of the Sound Yalle}' favors the formation of swamp deposits, 
there are irregular beds of dark-colored clay (figs. 10, 13), containing considerable 
lignite and lignitized wood, occasional lenticular beds of silt}" sand and gravel 
from .5 to 10 feet tliick, and, toward the coast, a few marine shells. On the other 
hand, the beds of this age on Gardiners Island (figs. 14, 15), wliich have been brought 
up by folding, were formed farther from the shore, contain no lignitic material, 
and carry a good moUuscan fauna. In general this formation is about 50 feet 
thick, although some of the Brooklyn waterworks test borings show a thickness 
of 150 feet near the axis of the old valley. 

PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. 

The Sankaty deposits, like the Jameco, occur on the north shore merely as 
erosion remnants, more or less disturbed by folding, and associated with some- 



GAY HEAD FOLDING. 



37 



what similar Cretaceous deposits. They afford some of the local clay layers which 
are the retaining layers in some of the shallow north shore artesian wells (fig. 16). 
On the south shore these beds are most typically developed in the region of 
the old valley, where ihej form the retaining laj^er for the water in the Jameco 
gravels (fig. 13). East of Springfield they are less typical, although well developed 
at the Queens County Water Company's plant and under Rockaway Ridge. 
Their presence is suggested by the silty clays overlying the artesian horizons at a 
number of the Brooklyn plants east of Millburn. 

GAY HEAD FOLDING. 

DESCRIPTION. 

The exact conditions immediately following the deposition of the Sankaty 
are not known, but there is no evidence indicating that the relative positions of 






4 


• / 


"r 

■1 


'1^ 


'2- \ : 


^^•:r 


^ 


^ 


-^^ 


1? 


^ 




-3c4^ 


.^^ 









Fig. 14.— Section at Tobacco Point, east side of Gardinei's Island, N. Y. 1, Cretaceous; 2, Jameco gravel; 3, red clay (San- 
katy) ; 4, fossil ted with bowlders (Sankaty) . Height, 20 feet; length, l,200±feet. Surface beds omitted. 

the land and sea were materially changed. The increasing sandiness of the upper 
part of the Sankaty on Gardiners Island suggests a slight change from the progress- 
ive subsidence which began in the 

post-Mannetto interval, but the .''''' ~~"n 

change was not of a A^ery great x^' \ 

order. The important and dis- ^^' \ 

tinctive feature of this period is / ( 

the wonderful folding and disturb- / j 

ance of the beds along the north / 

shore of Long Island and the / 

islands eastward. These folded 
and faulted strata can now best 
be seen at Gay Head on Marthas 
Vineyard (fig. 17) and on Gardiners 
Island (figs. 11, 12, 14, 15). At 
Gay Head Woodworth has veiy 
carefully worked out a section 
showing a deformation of more 
than 200 feet and a wonderful 
series of closely compacted folds 
and faults. On Gardiners Island 
the folds are as complicated as 
on Marthas Vineyard, and the opportunities for study even better. It is regarded 
as particularly unfortunate that time was not available in which to work out the 
detailed maps and sections, which are urgently needed at this locality. At present 



v.^-Tr^ 


^^^>\ 


1 

/ "1 








11 


/TV / S 






Sea level 


mil 


///// Ni 


Beach 


s 


if// 



1 2 3 

Fig. 15. — Section near Cherry Hill Point, Gardiners Island, showing 
location of fossO-bearing stratum. 1, Laminated red clay and sand; 
2, mottled-gray, brown, and yellow sand; 3, dark, yellowish-brown, 
siJty clay; 4, tUl. 1-3 are Sankaty; 4 is Wisconsin. 



38 



UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



it can only be stated that while the axes of a series of adjacent folds are generally 
parallel, they are not parallel to the axes of a series at no very great distance. 
Thus, near the center of the northeast shore a series of four folds was seen whose 
axes are N. 20° W., while a little farther east, near Eastern Plain Point, the axis 
of three or four sharp overturned folds is almost due east and west. 

Ries observed a similar folded structure on Fishers Island, where excavation 
has shown that the folding does not extend downward over 20 or 30 feet." On 
Long Island, near Orient, Mather observed the same phenomena (fig. 18) and 
noted their superficial character. * Some folding and disturbance of strata can be 
observed in nearly all of the outcrops of the older beds on the north shore, among which 
should be noted particularly those near Lloyd Beach in Cold Spring Harbor, at the 
southern end of Center Island, and at Glen Cove and Sea Cliff. In these regions well 
borings have clearly shown that the folding is entirely superficial (PI. II, fig. 16). 



CAUSE OF FOLDING. 



In studying the cause of this folding four principal points need to be considered : 
(1) As the folding involves glacial deposits, it is clearly Pleistocene; (2) it is essen- 





1 - 2 3 miles 

Fig. 16. — Cross section through Oyster Bay and Center Island, showing relations of clay and water-bearing horizons encoun- 
tered in the Oyster Bay wells to the Cretaceous clays and Lloyd gravel in the Center Island wells. 

tially superficial and, therefore,' can not be of orogenic origin; (3) it occurs wholly 
in a glaciated region, other portions of the coastal plain showing no analogous phe- 
nomena; (4) the general direction, as well as the local irregularities of the folds, 
are such as would be expected from ice thrusts. To account for these folds three 
theories have been advanced: (1) That they are due to landslips;'^ (2) that they 
were formed by mountain-building forces ; ^ (3) that they were produced by the 
lateral shove of a continental ice sheet.* 

It is well known that landslip or hill creep can produce local disturbances of 
considerable importance, and these phenomena may be observed to-day in all bluff 
sections or steep slopes in this region, particularly at the Broken Grounds or Ragged 
Ground near Fresh Pond, north of Northport (PI. VII). At these places, however, 

• a Bull. Ne-w York State Mus. No. 35, 1900, p. 603. 
b Geology of the First District, 1843, pp. 249, 259. 

(^^ Mather, W. W., Report of the first district, 1843, p. 249. Dana, Manual of Geology, 1895, p. 1021. 
d Shaler, N. S., Seventh Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1888, pp. 343-347; Bull. Geol, Soc. Am., vol. 5, 1894, pp. 199-202; 
Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 6, 1895, p. 7. Dana, Manual of Geology, 1895, p. 934. 

- e Merrill, F. J. H., Proo. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 35, 1886, pp. 228-229. Hollick, Arthur, Trans. New York Acad. Soi., vol. 
13, 1894, p. 123; Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 6, 1895, pp. 5-7. Ries, Heinrich, Bull. New York State Museum, No. 35, 1900, p. 603. 




UJ 2 
9 =1 



UJ O 



GAY HEAD FOLDING. 



39 



the folding is essentially local, and presents neither the characteristics nor the 
magnitude of the occurrences at Gardiners Island, Block Island, and Marthas Vine- 
yard, where the materials have been forced up — not let down. Moreover, no 
analogous foldings occur in the southward extension of the coastal plain beyond 
the limits of ice action. 

The theory of orogenic origin is not only ruled out by the superficial character 
of the folding, but has other insurmountable objections. 




Fig. 17. — Cross section at Gay Head, Marthas Vineyard. After Woodworth. A, Cretaceous; B, Miocene, with pi'obably 
Pliocene; C, Jameoo and Sankaty; D, thrust planes and faults. Surface morainal deposits omitted. Height, 120 feet; 
length, 1 mile 

The only hypothesis which explains all of the phenomena observed is that 
the folding was produced by the thrust or drag of a continental ice sheet. As 
the major portion of the folding occurred at one time, or in the same epoch, and 




200 yds. south of Browns Point, 3 'A miles 
west of Oyster Point, Long Island, N.Y. 



Sections, exposed by encroachnnentsof the sea near 
Browns Point, Pettys Bight, Long Island, N.Y. 




KSand;Clay,v-Sand- 



Section exposed after the storm of 1 1th and 12th of October, 1836. 200 yds. south 
of Browns Point Long Island N.Y. 

Tig. 18. — Sections exposed at Browns Point after storm of October 11 and 12, 18-36. After Mather, 1843. 

as later deposits show only minor disturbances, it is necessary to suppose that the 
conditions were more favorable during the Gay Head stage than during the Wis- 
consin stage, which is the only other advance which approached this one in extent. 
Among the conditions which may have been effective in producing this difference 
in results, the following may be enumerated: (1) The ice producing this folding 
extended farther south than any previous advance, and therefore was resisted by 
more of the original irregularities of the surface; (2) the clayey character of the 
strata against which it pressed was particularly favorable for the production and 
preservation of the folds, while before the Wisconsin all the older beds had been 
covered with a heavy mantle of Tisbury gravels which did not lend themselves 
so readily either to deformation, or the preservation of records of deformation. 



•10 IINI)KI{(Jll(»lINI) WA'I'lOli KKSOIIKOKS OK LONd ISLAND, NKW YORK, 

III (,li(vlw() inosi, n()l(>(l cxiunplcH of disturhancc by {2;lacinJ iiciioTi in Ei]ro|)o — 
(lie Norfolk (Ilifl's in i*)ii.u,liui(l, and the cJid's oi' {,\u\ islands of Moon a,nd l{ii^(>n " in 
Denmark and (iciiiuuiy lli(> (jonditions wore very similar to tliose in lliis rop;ion. 
The ice, comiiifj; IVoiii t.lic iiardcr, prc-C/n^l.aroona rocks, passod across a doprcssion, 
w'liicli may liavc \h\o\\ filled wilJi water, and, inipin^iiifi; a,<i;aiiist (he higher u|)|)er 
Oretae-eous beds covered with glacial sands and clays of a I'ormer advance, prod\iced 
very numirkable dislocations atid contortions. Thc^ (/rejaceoiis clialk, being more 
l>|•ittl(^ than tins (!retac.e(Mis clays of the coast of the llnit(>(l Stat(\s, was moj-e ollen 
brok(Mi, and gieai masses wecc pushed up bodily nnd coinniinglcd with theglacial 
beds. 

'rh(> saiiie sMgg(>stions of origin have been proposed for these European ice- 
ma(l(> folds and fauHs, with the addition, in ICngland, of ai\ iceberg liypotliesis. 
'I''liis theory, (irst propos(>(l by Lyell,'' was widely adopttnl in England, and it was 
not until the extc^nde-d, careful work of Keid that it was shown to be untenable. 

(lARDINi;!} INTIOKVAI,. 

.After the (Jay Mend folding the toj)S of the folds were trui>eiated. "WIiHb. 
this tnincntion might be produced by the overriding of the ice, the exposure's on 
(iardiners Isltiiid show no evideiic(> that it was accom|)lished iii this nutnner. The 
trnncation is clean, not dragg(Ml as it would b(^ if it had been produced by ice, 
iind l)(\ars all the aspects of having been produced by water erosion. Woodworth 
hiis arrived at a similar conclusion from a, study of tlu^ exijosures on the New 
England islands, and leels that a considerable erosion period is indicated.'' The 
truncation, as was (irst obseived by Mr. IsaitiJi Bowman, is more nearly that 
whi<'h would \)o produced on a slowly sul)siding coast by wave action tluui that 
caused by streani (M'osion at a high level. Of fourse, very long-contimuHl erosion 
would (>ventua-lly produce" a basevlevel condition, but th(> (leca|)itation of the folds 
on such limited ar(>a,s as (JardiiUM", Block, and Nantucket islands, and Martlias 
Vin(\va,r(l, under such favoi'able conditions as nuist have (>xist(>d tJiere, would be 
nuich more (piickly and normnJly accomplished by wave action than by run-ofT.'' 
It. is therefore lelt thai th(> land during this (>rosion int(M'val, instcMul of standing 
high(>r than to-day,' was FyO to 100 feci, lower. As tlu^ name CJay Head belongs 
m()r(> properly to tlie folding ' than to the erosion interval W^hich followed, the 
name (Jardiner interval is suggesl,(>(i for the lait(>r, from (oirdiiuM's Island, where 
the truncaU'd folds can be well obs(>rv(>d. 



".liilniHl,iu|i, \<\, IHu'i'ilId l,iij;i'nm|,rNvi'i'li;il( iiiNHc iiiul cll(\ llnhiiiiKMpliiinoiHciK! in dio K ii\|ili>IVlNi\ti auf Mfloil lind HOgen: 
Zdllwliriri, l)i>ii(.Ncli(Mi (idol, (iiwoll., Iliuid '2ii, \H7-\, pp. Ka TM. lUUd, Cloinonl., 'Plio Klnoiiil doposlU of Croitior: Oool. MiiK.,ncw 
wM'li'N, vol. 7, IHHO, pp. M (1(1, a;!S 2.'«); Tlici KooloKy of tho ooinilry ai'ound ('roiiuM': Momoli-H Oool. Siirvoy KnglHiid tind 
WiUoN, IH,S'2. (!<>lkl(', .liuiioH, Tlio (IriMi.l, loo Ago, 1,S(M, pp. ;);«) *n, 'r2(i''i:t(). 

'' l.yoll, Clmrlos, On Uw howldin- foniial.loii oi' drlflr lUid l.lio iiNNOoliilcd I'i-ohIi \mi,1,oi' d<\po,slls coiiipoNliij; llio mud cIIiVn of 
oiiNli'i'ii Norfolk, London, luul Killnlini'g: I'lill. Mug., vol, Kl, ;t(l now, ISKl, p. :t7!l. 

■• Hull. (lool. ,Soo, Am., vol, .s, isi)7, pp. 207 ail. 

''.Si'(v vi'tiMvnoiw 1,0 d(>,sl,i'M('(.lon of Miiropoim coaul, by wiivc iiodon in l.yi'll, I'rlnclpli'n of neology, vol, I, I,S72, pp. .'iit7 .")(!l; 
OiilUlii, 'I'i'Xi-hooli of g(>ology, vol. I, HHKt, pp. ATI Wt;i; ii,Iho CliMniluThiln iiml SiillNlmry, (JcoloKy, lildl, pp. ;t:!(\ ;t;il; .slmlor. 
Sea and liuid, pp. I ;i(); 'Piut, I'liyNlojil geoKvapliy, pp. :t;i'2 XV.\. 

"SovonUwiiLh Ann. Itopt. U. S. Oool. S(irv(\y, i)t I, IWHi,'l.iililo I'acInK p. iw.s, 

IHw\ UitaKi>of "(lay lload dla((troi)ho," by Woodwortb, Unll. Odol. Soc, Am., vol, .S, l,Sl)7, pp. ^07 ■-'10. I'l'ofesnoi 
Woodwoi'tb wrlli'M, Di'cembcf h, l!HM: " In regard lo l.be iLse of Uio pbniso •• (Jay lloii.d folding" or It.s .synonym," (lay Htvid 
dlnMlrophi\" I agreo \vl(,l\ yon Mini, II, iMdoNli'alilo to ivsl.rlol, U, to tlio mow faotof tlie rptsodo of (bo dl.sloca(,lon and to frmi 
l( from (bo Idea <if enislon vvlileli followed (be (Ime of folding. I t\V!i,.s an oversigbl on my purl In no( speeideally iibaiulon 
Ing lb(> earlier term of (be "(lay llea,<l iii((M'val," \vlileh,i'oV(>red (bi^ vvbole (|ne,stlon of I he iineoiirormily," 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROEESSIONAl PAPTR NO. 44 PI. VIII 





HORIZONTALLY STRATIFIED TISBURY (MANHASSET) SAND AND GRAVEL 
BEDS, WITH INCLUDED LAYER OF BOWLDER CLAY (DARK-COLORED 
BAND), MANHASSET BOWLDER BED, KING'S SANDPIT, HEMPSTEAD 
HARBOR, N. Y. 



TISBURY GRAVEL. 41 

TISBURY (MANHASSET) GRAVEL. 



CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. 



The subsidence that began near the close of the post-Mannetto erosion interval, 
and gradually increased during the Jameco, the Sankaty, the Gay Head, and the 
Gardiner culminated in the Tisbury epoch, with a total depression of 200 to 250 
feet below the present sea level. The ice again advancing passed beyond the 
continental border and deposited great beds of outwash gravel in the border of 
the sea and around the higher parts of Long Island, then a group of rather small 
islands. As these deposits were perhaps laid down to a great extent by a 
retreating ice sheet, it is possible that the ice extended south of the Sound and 
that the gravel capping the Half Hollow Hills south of the Wisconsin deposits, 
and lapping around the southern edge of the West Hills was deposited in this 
earlier greater advance. The greater portion, however, was formed when the 
ice was but a short distance north of the present shore, the northern edge of 
these deposits terminating along this line in the rather abrupt scarp of a sand 
plain. The deposition took place very near sea level, and at times the submergence 
was sufficient to allow floating ice. Such conditions are thought to have 
controlled the formation of the bowlder bed in the midst of the stratified gravels 
in the region about Hempstead Harbor and caused the hregular distribution of 
bowlders through beds of the same age on Marthas Vineyard. (See PI. VIII.) 



CHARACTER OP DEPOSITS. 



The deposits of this epoch consist of quartz sand and gravel, containing a 
relatively small proportion of slightly weathered compound crystalline pebbles. 
They lie horizontally on the truncated folds produced by the Gay Head folding and 
Gardiner erosion and are separated from the Wisconsin deposits by a marked 
unconformity. On Long Island they differ from the Jameco in the small amount 
of erratic material which they contain and from the still older Mannetto in the 
very slight weathering of the compound pebbles. These lithological distinctions 
can not, however, be regarded as absolute, and confirmatory stratigraphic evidence 
must be sought in all cases. 



PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. 



Woodworth has shown that on the north shore of Long Island the Tisbury 
sands were deposited as a comparatively level, plateau-like plain, reaching a height 
of over 200 feet. In this region the beds are most characteristically developed and 
attain a maximum thickness of 150 to 250 feet. Deposits are commonly thinner 
near the axes of the peninsulas and thicken toward the valleys, as would be 
expected from their deposition over an antecedent topography. 

The surface exposures show that the Wisconsin is relatively thin, and while 
there is always a chance of correlating some Mannetto or Cretaceous with this 
gravel, or of including stratified sand and gravel of Wisconsin age, the following 
table m.ay be regarded as giving a fau- approximation of the thickness of these 
beds in this region. 



42 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table III. — Thickness of late Pleistocene deposits in wells on the north shore of Long Island. 



No a 

151 
239 
241 
246 
247 
326 
457 
459 
460 
465 
476 
477 
484 
485 
564 
596 
601 
613 
624 
628 
629 
633 
651 
652 
654 
659 
660 
666 
667 
683 
686 
687 
720 
724 
750 
751 
763 
811 
825 
892 



Location. 



Corona 

Whitestone... 

do 

JClm Point 

do -. 

Thomaston 

Glen Cove. 

do 

do - 

Dosoris - - . 

Lattingtown 

do 

do 

do 

Mill Neck 

Cold Spring Harbor . 

do 

do 

Huntington 

do 

do 

Lloyd Point 

Huntington 

do 

Centerport 

Greenlawn 

Northport 

Little Neck . 

do 

Kings Park 

Fort Salonga 

do.. '.. 

Smithtown 

Stony Brook 

St. James 

do 

Setauket 

Port Jefferson 

Wardenclyffe 

Greenport 



Total i Recent to Ti<!hiirv 
depth. Wisconsin. -HsDury. 



190 
95 
120 
104 
67 
79 
186 
.170 
108 
215 
265 
110 
108 
110 
330 
228 
195 
176 
181 
498 
97 
250 
102 
75 
185 
186 
196 
143 
127 
152 
120 
106 
212 
110 
150 
250 
320 
370 
347 
690 



i 

25±: 

15 
12 
30 
27 

9+ 
41 

? 

6+ 

7 
? 




? 




14 
80 
10 
25 
(0- 
i 

10 






60? 
30 



11? 
? 

20 



90± 

? 

45 
- 44+ 

36? 

14 
149 
109 

90d= 
100± 
100 
lOQi 
108± 
100± 
100± 
190 
195± 

86 

75± 

78 

60 

95) 
102 

70 
175 
bl8Q 
196 
130 
127+ 
152 
115 
106± 
130 
110 

90 
C220? 

85 
270+ 
135± 

80 



n These numbers correspond with those used in Chapter IV, where additional details will be found. 

'' Outwash and Tisbury. 

c Glacial, may be in part older than Tisbury. 



VTNEYARD INTERVAL. 43 

On the south shore the thick beds of sand with only a shght percentage of 
glacial material, which occur between the Sankaty clay and the surface Wisconsin 
gravel, are regarded as largely Tisbury. 

VINEYARD INTERVAL.'* 

CHARACTEE OF SURFACE AT BEGINNING OF INTERVAL. 

On Long Island the Tisbury deposits to a large extent buried the older 
topography. They continued the filling of the Sound Valley across western Long 
Island, which was begun in the Jameco epoch, and buried the deep valleys which 
had been developed in the northern portion of Long Island by streams flowing 
into the Sound River. It does not seem probable that the deposits extended 
entirely across the Sound, as they would have done had they been normal marine 
deposits. 

MAJOR DRAINAGE.' 

With the retreat of the ice and the elevation of the land the rivers from the 
mainland discharged into the depression overlooked by the sharp edge of the 
great Tisbury sand plain. The old channel 
across western Long Island having been com- 
pletely filled by these deposits, the Housa- 
tonic must have discharged either through 
East River or to the east. The latter direc- 
tion is indicated by the soundings in Long 
Island Sound.* Dana has suggested that 
those soundings indicate that the river crossed 
the North Fluke near Mattituck. If such 

was its course, it probably continued south- fig. 19.-Diagram illustrating factors giving spring 
ward, as indicated in PL VI, D. There is, phenomena great power in reexcavating the north 
, » ,. , . shore valleys. 

however, no reason for regardmg this course 

as any more probable than a continuation eastward to a juncture with the Con- 
necticut. 

The normal course for the Connecticut under these conditions would be 
between Plum and Fishers islands and Montauk Point and Block Island, and the 
present deep channel between these points is believed to be ultimately traceable 
to this cause. Moreover, the soundings of the Coast Survey show, at a depth 
which other considerations caused to be selected for the supposed shore line during 
this epoch, a distinct deltaform projection at the point where the Connecticut 
must have discharged (PL VI, D). 

REEXCAVATION OF THE NORTH SHORE VALLEYS. 

With the establishment of these new drainage lines the reexcavation of the 
valleys on the north shore began along lines determined by the position of the 
buried valleys of the northward-flowing streams of the pre-Tisbury epoch. This 
reexcavation was greatly aided by the great porosity of the materials filling the val- 
leys, which concentrated the underground waters in the older depressions and gave 

« Woodworth, Seventeenth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 1, 1896, p. 979. 
6 Dana, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, vol. 40, 1890, pp. 426-431. 




44 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



rise to large springs " (fig. 19). According to this idea the deep reentrant valleys 
on the north shore represent only partly resurrected pre-Jameco valleys, whose 
upper portions are still partially buried and whose present heads represent the 
limit to wliich the Tisbury sand and gravel has been removed, with perhaps some 
minor modifications produced by the Wisconsin ice. 



LENGTH OF INTERVAL. 



The amount of erosion represented is many times greater than that accomp- 
lished in post- Wisconsin time, though considerably less than that inferred to have 
been accomplished in the post-Mannetto or post-Lafayette. 



WISCONSIN EPOCH. 



CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. 



At the close of the long Vineyard erosion interval the ice again advanced, 
passed over the irregular remnants of the Tisbury beds, rounded out, but did not 




LEGEND 

[///^ Covered with ice at the Ronkonkoma stage 
|.,\^]\\] Covered with ice at the Harbor Hill stage 



Fig. 20.— Sketch map showing relative positions of the ice during the Ronkonlcoma and Harbor Hill stages of the Wisconsin 

period. 

greatly modify, the valleys redeveloped in the Vineyard interval, and extended 
southward to the remnants of the Perrineville Wold, page 31 (Pis. V and IX, A). 
As the Wisconsin deposits have not been greatly modified by erosion nor buried 
under nor commingled with younger deposits, the records of this ice advance 
are much more complete than those of the preceding periods. It is known that 
the ice advanced to a line roughly extending from Long Island City to Montauk 
Point, Block Island, Marthas Vinej^ard, and Nantucket (Ronkonkoma moraii.a, 
fig.. 20) ; that it then retreated and, the relative source of supply changing, advanced 
along a different line, passing the first advance in western Long Island, but not 
reaching it from Lake Success eastward (Harbor Hill moraine).^ The ice then 
retreated and the records of its minor halts have been found by Woodworth near 
Port Washington and College Point. 

a On the effect of springs, see Mather, W. W., Geology of the first district, 1843, p. 33; Stone, Mon. U. S.^Gfiol. Survey, 
vol. 34, 1899, p. 19. 

I> Woodworth, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 48, 1901, pp. (Ml, 642. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. IX 




A. PORTION OF THE HARBOR HILL OUTWASH PLAIN OVER THE TISBURY TERRACE, 
SOUTH OF HUNTINGTON, N. Y. 

The West and Half Hollow hills in the distance mark the southern limit of the ice and represent a pottion of the 
Perrineville Wold with a slight morainal covering. 




B. BOWLDERY PORTION OF THE HARBOR HILL MORAINE NEAR CREEDMOOR, N. Y. 



WISCONSIN EPOCH, 45 



CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. 



The Wisconsin deposits on Long Island do not differ in any respect from 
those on the adjoining mainland, which have been fully described by Salisbury 
in his report on the glacial geolog}^ of New Jersey." They show the same major 
divisions of till (unstratified drift or bowlder clay) and stratified drift, forming 
terminal moraines, till plains or ground moraines, outwash plains, kettle plains, 
deltas, etc. Terminal moraines (PI. IX, B) represent more or less hilly accumu- 
lations formed at the end of an ice sheet during a halt; they are for the most part 
composed of till or unstratified material, but may under some circumstances show 
considerable stratification, when they become known as kames. Deposits which 
are formed under the ice, or when the ice is moving at such a uniform rate that it 
does not form a hilly accumulation in well-defuied belts, are called till plains or 
ground moraines. When the ice is melting rapidly the outflowing water carries 
off a great amount of detrital material, which is spread out as alluvial fans, and 
when many streams are concerned in this action the adjoining fans coalesce and 
give rise to a comparatively level plain, called a sand or outwash plain, at the edge 
of which the more important fans produce a distinct lobate effect. If detached 
masses of ice are buried in this outwash plain, when the ice retreats these masses 
melt and produce a pitted or kettle plain. Deltas differ from sand plains in their 
more limited size and in the fact that they are formed in water by one major stream 
rather than by a great number of streams of about the same size. 

The materials composing these several types on Long Island are largely derived 
from the local beds, for the most part from the Tisbury, and it is therefore not 
always possible to distinguish between the Tisbury and the reworked Tisbury 
belonging to the Wisconsin. The Wisconsin, however, as a rule contains a greater 
percentage of erratic material, shows decided morainic characteristics, and presents 
more or less pronounced topographic and stratigraphic distinctions. 

TMcTcness. — The deposits of the Wisconsin, although widespread, are rela- 
tively tliin. The till, which is regarded as its most characteristic deposit, has a 
thickness of 100 feet in places, and averages perhaps 10 to 20 feet. The extreme 
thinness of the Wisconsin can be well observed along the north shore, where the 
waves expose bluff sections. In the outwash plains the distinction is not so sharp, 
and considerable difficulty is experienced in drawing a line between the Tisbury 
and the Wisconsin outwash. If the more erratic .portion of the plain is regarded 
as Wisconsin, the thickness of the deposits increases from only a few feet near Babylon 
to 192 feet at Ridgewood (fig. 10). 

In the following table the more noteworthy occurrences have been brought 
together. Additional data will be found in the table, page 118, and in the detailed 
well records, page 168. 

a Final Kept. State Geol. New Jersey, vol. 5, 1902. 
17116— No. 44—06 i 



46 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table IV. — Thickness of Wisconsin deposits on Long Island. 





Location. 


Pleistocene 
(Recent to 
Mannetto). 


Wisconsin. 


Tisbury. 


Remarks. 




No.o 


Till. 


Stratified 
gravel. 




3 


Brooklyn (sewer tun- 
nel ) Sixty-fourth 
and Sixty-second 
streets. 


90+ 


80 


10± 








23 


Brooklyn 


135+ - 


45 


90± 




Stratified gravel may be in 
Tisbury. 


part 


41 do 


90+ 


60 


30d= 




Do. 




42 ' do 


84+ 


18 


(?) 








44 .do 


60+ 


60 -^ 










46 -do 


60+ 


.21 


39-1- 









35 


do 


275 ? 


23 


(?) 




Sand from 23-105. 




32 


do 


105+ 

284+ 









All sand. 




141 


Ridffewood 


(?) 


192-1- 








137 


Spring Creek 


149+ 





97± 


29 






201 


Jameco 


160+ 





30 


55 






196 


Springfield 


180± 





25 


53 






162 


Woodside 


138 ? 


38-t- 


(?) 


(?) 






326 


Thomaston 


42 


27 


(?) 


15 






369 


Manhasset Neck 

do 


(?) 
(?) 
100 


26 











368 


(?)- 
(?) ■ 
(?) 


80-^- 




437 


Roslvn 





100 H- 






435 


Wbeatley Hills 


40 


40 


(?) 








r....do 


80 . 
149 
90+ 


80 

106± 
90 




o" 


(?) 

15 ? 






431 


....do 






do 




751 


St. James . 


250 


30 -^ 




1 Very few wells report till in 
/ region. 


this 


750 


do 


150+ 


60 


(?) 


90- 


760 


Setauket-. . 


62 

50+ 

40-1- 


25 
20 
20 








765 


Port Jefferson 

do.... 




30+ 
20+ 




764 






818 


Middle Island 

East Marion 


39+ 

50+ 


39 
38 










894 




12+ 




884 


Shelter Island 

do 


53 
76 


12 
30 










908 




.46 













n Numbers correspond to those used on PI. XXIV and in Cliapter IV, where additional data will be found. 
DEVELOPMENT OF TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. 

The effect of the Wisconsin deposits on the topography of Long Island is almost 
everywhere visible. It is shown in the many local details, which in the aggregate 
are so pronounced that they cause one to lose sight of the fact that the major topo- 
graphic features are older and that the Wisconsin deposits have caused but surface 



WISCONSIN DEPOSITS. 47 

changes in the topography of the island. Even had there been no Wisconsin ice 
and no terminal moraine Long Island would have existed and would have been 
roughly similar to the island of to-day. The island would have had a "backbone" 
and would have shown pronounced cliffs on the north shore, but many of the steep 
hills rising about 50 feet above the surrounding country would have been absent, 
as would the many lakes in funnel-shaped depressions and the immense bowlders 
which add so much to the picturesqueness of certain areas. These effects have 
been produced largely by transportation and deposition, though some features are 
traceable to erosion and folding. 

Transportation and deposition. — The general effect of the Wisconsin epoch was 
to build up rather than to tear down. In some places it added materially to the 
relief, as in Brooklyn, which, without the moraine, would have been comparatively 
fiat. In others, as in the West Hills, the older topography was so pronounced 
that it was not materially affected. The two lines of morainic hills, which have 
at times been regarded as the main skeleton of Long Island, are as a whole to be 
regarded as only surface deposits which are recognizable because of their peculiar 
minor topographic forms. 

Associated with these morainic hills are kettle-shaped depressions, now the 
sites of many lakes, representing the positions of buried ice blocks which melted 
when the ice retreated. These depressions contain water when they satisfy either 
one of two conditions: (1) When they are lined with relatively impervious strata, 
which prevents the rapid outward passage of the water falling in them or draining 
from the adjacent hills, as Lake Success; and (2) when a portion of the depression 
lies below the main water table (pp. 61-63) . In the latter case the level of the water 
represents the main ground-water table, and the character of the sides is therefore 
immaterial. Lake Ronkonkoma is an example of this class. 

Erosion. — One of the most marked features of the southern plain are the dry 
stream channels slightly creasing it. These are now generally regarded as the work 
of glacial streams of late Wisconsin age. They are clearty not due to causes now in 
operation and contain streams only in their lower portions where the valleys cut 
the ground- water table. 

Folding. — The wrinkling of the beds on Long Island by the Wisconsin ice was 
slight compared with the Gay Head folding, from which, as a rule, it may be readily 
separated. The most evident wrinkle, and the one which is of greatest topograpliic 
importance, is a low ridge which extends from Far Rockaway to Lynbrook. On 
the one hand the Sankaty clay underlying it shows that it is a true fold (fig. 13), 
and on the other the coarse Tisbury gravel at the surface shows that the folding is 
post-Tisbury, for had a fold existed in Tisbury time this coarse gravel would have 
been deposited in the hollow rather than on the crest. The axis of this fold is, 
moreover, exactly parallel to the Wisconsin moraine to the north, all of which 
indicates that it is due to the weight of the Wisconsin ice. The Sankaty clay, 
with its underlying water-logged gravel, furnished the favorable conditions nec- 
essary for the production of a phenomenon of this sort. 

The accompanying depression of Jamaica Bay is but slightly connected with 
this folding. It represents for the most part a partly filled portion of the old 
Sound River depression. 



48 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

POST-GLACIAL AND RECENT. 

After the retreat of the Wisconsin ice the land stood somewhat above its 
present elevation. The only evidence indicating that this elevation was very 
considerable is that afforded by the close botanical affinities between the plants 
found in the sand hills of New Jersey, Long Island, and the New England islands. 
Hollick believes that the only explanation of this distribution is that since the 
Glacial epoch a land connection, broken only by the channels of the Hudson and 
Connecticut rivers, existed for a sufficient period to allow the migration of these 
plants.^' This would involve an elevation of from 100 to 200 feet, and so recent 
an elevation should have left very pronounced channels on the sea bottom. Thus 
far no channels have been found which can be referred deffiiitely to this epoch, 
and it is this lack of corroborative evidence that is the strongest argument against 
so high an elevation. There is, moreover, the natural question whether a land 
connection is really necessary to account for this distribution of the "pine-barren 
flora." 

Another line of evidence pointing to a higher elevation, though not to the 
total amount, is offered by the drowned forests along the south shore and by the 
less conclusive though corroborative phenomena of barrier bars and receding sea 
cliffs. While buried vegetable deposits, barrier bars, and receding sea cliffs may, 
and often do, occur under conditions which do not indicate subsidence, the evi- 
dence at this jDoint will bear no other interpretation.* The tree stumps are not 
driftwood, but are clearly in the places where they grew. The swamp deposits 
are being exposed on the beach as the barrier bars migrate inland. Indian shell 
heaps or "kitchen middens" are- found which are now covered at very high tide. 
Most of these data are available in the bays and marshes along the south shore, 
where the conditions were particularly favorable for the preservation of records 
of this sort, but even here the subsidence recorded is scarcely greater than 30 feet. 

The work of Cook in New Jersey has led him to estimate the rate of subsid- 
ence at that point at about 2 feet per century, and a somewhat similar rate must 
affect Long Island. 

SUMMARY. 
GEOLOGIC HISTORY. 

Although Long Island is underlain by metamorphosed rocks which range 
from Archean to Silurian in age and which represent a long and complex history, 
its geologic history begins more properly with the Cretaceous deposits. 

At this time the warping of the old land surface permitted a northward trans- 
gression of the sea, into which the rejuvenated streams carried the residual material 
formed in the preceding long period of erosion and weathering. In this region 
the basal Cretaceous beds are of the same age as the Raritan in New Jersey and 
-belong to the upper Cretaceous; above these are more nearly normal sands and 
clays of Cretaceous age, the whole series having an aggregate thickness of 1,300 

n Hollick, Arthur, Plant distribution as a factor in the interpretation of geologic phenomena, with special reference to 
Long Island and vicinity Trans. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 12, 1893, pp. 189-202. 
'' Lewis, E., Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 10, 1877, pp. 434-439. 



GEOLOGIC HISTORY. 49 

to 1,400 feet. These beds are correlated with the New Jersey formations in part 
by paleontologic and in part by stratigraphic evidence. The great greensand 
marl beds which occur in the upper part of the Cretaceous in New Jersey are absent 
on Long Island, their place being taken by fine sands with local clay beds, indi- 
cating a considerable change in the local conditions of deposition. These beds 
form the substructure of the island and are responsible for its major topographic 
features, the Pleistocene beds only mantling the older deposits. 

During the greater part of the Eocene this part of the coastal plain was above 
water, but late in the Miocene it was again submerged and received a covering 
of the same beds which are now found along the New Jersey coast. On Long 
Island these beds have been almost entirely removed by erosion and are now 
recognized only in the top of the West Hills section. This distribution is similar 
to that found in New Jersey, of which Long Island is but the normal geologic 
continuation; and unless there is a much greater discordance in structure between 
the Miocene and underlying beds than is now known, the Tertiary can not occur 
on the north shore of Long Island and will be found only as elevated outliers, 
with the possible exception of a portion of the South Fluke. 

After the early Pliocene erosion interval the Appomattox or Lafayette 
formation was spread as a littoral deposit over the coastal plain. Deposits of 
this age have not been recognized on Long Island, unless they are represented 
by the Mannetto, which is / regarded as younger — probably Pleistocene. In the 
succeeding very long erosion interval the land stood higher than before and was 
more deeply eroded. The events of the earlj^ Pleistocene were very similar to 
those of the late Tertiary; the Mannetto, though containing compound crys- 
talline pebbles, which have caused it to be referred to the Pleistocene, is appar- 
ently a littoral deposit, similar to the Lafayette, and the succeeding long erosion 
period resembles to a great degree the late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion inter- 
val. On Long Island the results would have been essentially the same, whether 
there was one submergence and one erosion or two submergences (Lafayette and 
Mannetto) and two erosion periods. All of the beds were profoundly eroded, and 
in the gradual subsidence following this uplift a continental glacier advanced well 
toward the north shore of Long Island, and the streams issuing from it deposited 
great beds of gravel (Jameco) in the old Sound River Valley across western Long 
Island and over eastern Long Island and the New England islands. As the ice 
retreated and the submergence continued beds of sands and clay (Sankaty) were 
deposited around the nuclei of older uplands. In this epoch the land stood about 
50 feet higher than at present, and the climatic conditions, as indicated by marine 
fossils, were ranch the same as to-day. A very extensive and important deglacia- 
tion is, therefore, represented. 

With the return of the ice in the period of the Gay Head folding some of these 
older beds were overridden and a wonderful series of superficial folds produced 
which involve alike the pre-Cretaceous beds, the Jameco gravel, and the Sankaty 
clay. 

The tops of these folds in such exposed localities as Gardiners Island and the 
New England islands were then truncated by wave action, with the land about 
100 feet below the present sea level. An estimate of the time involved in this 



50 UNDKKaBOUND WATP:R KESOUKCES OV long island, new YORK. 

wavo cut.l.inij; <i;ivos it a length of ])orliaps 40,000 ypai's more than that which has 
ehipsod since tlie Wisconsin. 

The progressive subsidence continued tlu'oughout the next glacial epoch, the 
Tisbury, when tlio land was about 200 feet below the present sea level. In this 
epoch great outwash gravel beds were deposited horizontally on the truncated 
folds of the older deposits and around the islands of the older land. 

In the Vineyard interval, when the Tisbury glacier had retreated, the lands 
stood perhaps 200 feet, higher trlian to-day, and the older valleys were partially 
reexcavated. The erosion of tliis epoch, although very great when compared with 
that which has occurred in post- Wisconsin time, is very small when compared 
with that, of the post.-Mannetto or the pi)st-La.fa3H>tte. 

After this period of erosion and high elevation the Wisconsin glacier approached 
Long Island, and after an initial advance, when the ice reached a line extending 
from Long Island through Montauk Point t.o Block Island, Marthas Vinejaird, 
and Nantucket, the ice retreated and returned again with the relative position 
of the ice front somewhat altered. In this readvance it passed the limit reached 
by the ihst. advance in western Long Island, but did not reach so far south to 
the east (fig. 20). 

In the com|)aratively short time which has elapsed since the retreat of the 
Wisconsin ice the changes have been almost entirely t.hose produced by wind and 
wave action along exposed shores. The relative position of the land and sea 
undoubtedly changed on the retreat of the ice, and while, according to certain 
peculiarities of the distribution of the llora, this change may have aniounted to 
as much as 100 or 200 feet., there is no corroborative evidence of so high an 
elevation. , 

TOPOGRAPHIC HISTORY. 

While the Atlantic coastal plain, of which Long Island forms a part, was 
subjected to some erosion during the Eocene, the elevation was either so slight 
that it left no pronounced record or the uiterval was so long that the coimtry 
was essentially j)eneplained, and the beginnings of the present topography were 
not made "until the post-Miocene uplift, wheil the streams emerging from the 
older land flowed directly across the coastal plain (PI. VI, ^1). As the erosion 
progressed the thinner portions of the Miocene deposits near the Cretaceous con- 
tact were cut through, and tlie topography developed in this section began to show 
the elfect of the differences in the hardness of the underlying strata. A low, 
longitudinal valley, or vale, was developed from the softer basal Cretaceous laj'ers, 
and a belt of hill land, or wold, cut by the narrow transverse valleys of the coast- 
flowing streams, was formed from the overlying harder ones. To the south of 
Washington, where the cover of Miocene sediments was greater, the underlying 
Cretaceous was not reached, and the topography showed no distinctive featm-es. 
In the Lafayette subnierget\ce, which followed, a littoral deposit was spread over 
the coastal plain, mantling the low topography developed in the post-Miocene. 
The narrow transverse valleys were obliterated more completely than the broad 
vale, and when the land was again elevated the rivers discharged into a longi- 
tudinal trough. Had there been no deflection the streams must have cut new 



' TOPOGRAPHIC HISTORY. 51 

channels through the barriers afforded by tliis ancestral Perrineville Wold (see p. 31) 
and by the more or less filled channels through it, but as there was a tilting to the 
south the rivers flowed down the partly filled Hightstown Vale until they found a 
partly filled break of a lower stream through which they could turn seaward. As 
the land rose higher and higher these streams trenched deeper and deeper, and at 
the end of the long late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion interval the present 
topographic features of the coastal plain were well developed (PI. VI, B). The 
Hightstown Vale was strongly marked, being more pronounced on the north than 
on the south, owing to the greater thickness of the Miocene deposits in the southern 
region. In it were found the northeast-southwest portions of the Potomac, Sus- 
quehanna, Delaware, and Sound rivers. Seaward of this vale was the range of 
hills now recognized as the Perrineville Wold, considerably diss(!(;t(!(], but essentially 
continuous from southern New England to Virginia. The breaks in this range 
were of two kinds — those due to the present channels of the rivers where they 
turned seaward from the Hightstown Vale, and those possibly ref)resenting coast- 
ward channels of these streams in pre-Lafayette times before theh- deflection, 
which have persisted because of this slight initial advantage. Of such an ultimate 
origin may be the depression in the Perrinevilh; Wold acros.s New Jersey along 
Rancocas and MuUica rivers, and in Delaware and Maryland between Delaware 
and Susquehanna rivers. 

As the subsidence which followed the late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) uplift 
progressed the Hightstown Vale became a coastal sound and the Perrineville Wold 
developed into a chain of islands. One of these was the first Long Island, and 
while it was somewhat different in shape from the present island, it showed many 
points of similarity. It was from this nucleus that the present island was 
developed. 

In the Jameco, Sankaty, Gardiner, and Tisbury epochs the portion of the 
Sound Valley crossing western Long Island was largely filled, some (jf the beds 
were profoundly folded, the position of some of the more prominent points of 
the archipelago to the eastward changed, and a great deposit of gravel was 
laid down about the older nuclei. Wlien the land was again elevated. Long Island 
showed more nearly its present outline. The Tisbury had filled in and rounded 
out the older topography and made a body of land somewhat larger than that 
of to-day, with a northward-facing scarp not far from the presf^nt bluff line. 
The short, deep valleys running northward from the crest of the wold were buried, 
and there were, tlierefore, no deep, reentrant bays or valleys such as now char- 
acterize this shore. The Connecticut, no longer able to discharge westward, cut 
a new channel directly seaward between Fishers and Plum islands on the one side 
and Block Island and Montauk Point on the other. The Housatonic probably 
flowed eastward and joined the Connecticut near Fishers Island. 

As the elevation continued the excavation of valleys in the Tisbury began 
along lines determined by the preexisting valleys, in which, because of the differ- 
ence in the porosity of the Tisbury gravel and the Cretaceous sands, the under- 
ground waters were concentrated. It is to this excavation, in which springs 
played a large part, that the present shape of the north shore valleys is in a large 
measure due. 



52 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OB' LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

After this period of elevation the ice again advanced, and, by means of its rela- 
tively thin superficial deposits gave to Long Island its present glacial topography. 
The moraines were deposited \vithout regard to previous topography, and therefore 
filled the Sound River Valley in Brookljm, and to the east covered the older hills, 
givmg rise to the erroneous correlation of the whole hill mass as moraine. In the 
outwash deposits accompanying these moraines, as well as in the moraines them- 
selves, masses of ice were buried which, on the final retreat of the glacier, melted, 
and produced the many picturesque kettle holes wliich now dot the island. The 
channels across the southern plain were also produced at this time, and the shape 
of the north shore valleys was probably slighth^ modified. The changes since the 
retreat of the ice have been relativel}" slight and largel}^ restricted to the shores; 
the waves have worn back the headlands, and the wmds and tidal currents have 
carried this debris along the shore to form bars and spits, sometimes long, with but 
one end fixed, as the great barrier bar which extends from Montauk Point to Fire 
Island, sometimes fixed at both ends, as the bars which connect the former islands 
of Lloyd Neck, Eaton Neck, and Center Island, with the mainland. Behind/these 
bars marshes have formed wliich, with the silt brought do\yn by the streams, have 
been struggling to reclaim such areas from the sea. Along the beaches and in 
the iireas laid bare of vegetation by man, or forest fires, the winds have taken 
up the loose sands and piled them into dunes. 



CHAPTER II. 

UNDERGROUND WATER CONDITIOISrS OF LONG ISLAND. 

By A. C. Veatch. 
GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 
SOURCE OF UNDERGROUND WATER. 

The water that falls on the land in part flows ofi^ on the surface and in part 
sinks into the ground. In both cases a portion is returned to the atmosphere by 
evaporation, and another portion is consumed by living organisms and in chemical 
work. The water which flows on the surface is called the run-off, though this 
term is used to include also the water which returns to the surface after a greater 
or less underground passage. The water which sinks into the ground through 
the interstices of the soil or rock, and furnishes the supply for springs and wells 
and in some cases for ponds and lakes, is called the ground water. 

TRANSMISSION. 

The "channels" through which this underground water moves are, with rare 
exceptions, the small spaces between the particles of which the rock is composed, 
as the sand of a sand bed or sandstone, or the gravel of a gravel bed or conglom- 
erate; therefore, the coarser or more porous the bed the greater its water-carrying 
power. Water that travels through breaks in the rocks such as joint planes or 
fractures is rarely of very considerable economic importance and never, except in 
the case of hmestones in which caverns have been developed, forms an under- 
ground stream in the usual sense. In the study of underground water it is 
therefore necessary at the outset to abandon the idea of underground streams 
resembling surface streams, and to conceive of the water as passing through the 
very small interstices of sand or gravel or other porous bed, rather than in great 
open channels or conduits. 

The motion of underground water, like that of surface water, depends entirely 
on gravitation, and the rate of motion — or rapidity of flow — depends on two prin- 
cipal factors — slope and resistance. Surface waters are entirely unrestricted in 
one direction and their channels therefore readily adjust themselves to any amount 
of water, the only resistance being that of the bed and banks; underground waters, 
on the other hand, are carried in a "channel" composed of an infinite number of 
small openings, each of which offers a resistance that varies inversely as its size, the 

53 



54 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



whole resistance being in a way the sum total of these separate resistances. It 
therefore happens that while surface water commonly moves at the- rate of a few 
miles a day underground water moves at the rate of only a few feet. 




Fig. 21. 



-Diagram showing ground-water table unaffected by surface 
features. 



GROUND- WATER TABLE. 

The upper surface of the beds saturated b}^ this percolating water is called 
the ground-water table. Its depth from the surface of the ground varies with 

the character of the beds, 
whether relatively porous or 
impermeable; with the rain- 
fall, whether heavy or light, 
and with the relief of the 
country. In regions of low 
rainfall and low relief the 
water table is very deep seated 
and relative^ horizontal (fig. 
21). In regions of greater 
rainfall and greater relief it is relatively near the surface, and may be directly 
affected bj^ the topograph}^. If the valleys cut the water table the ground water 
moves toward the valley, producing springs (fig. 22). 

REQUISITE CONDITIONS FOR FLOWING WELLS. 

Underground water in passing downward maj^ go beneath a relatively imper- 
vious layer which tends to confine it and produce a hj^drauHc head. In this respect 
underground waters differ from „ 

surface waters, wliich are al- 
ways free on one side and can 
not, except where artificially 
confined, as by closed flumes, 
produce analogous phenom- 
ena This natural confine- Fir,.22.— Diagram shoT\'ing ground-water taWe cut by valleys. 

ment of the ground water causes water in wells to stand above the porous layer 
in which it is encountered, and is of vast economic importance, especially in arid 
regions where the water is very deep seated and has been transferred from a region 
of more bountiful rainfall. 

In order that a well may flow, it is necessary that the following conditions be 
satisfied : 

1. There should be sufficient rainfall. 

2. There should be relative^ porous beds suitably exposed to collect and 
transmit the water. 

3. There should be less porous or relatively impervious layers so placed that 
they may confine the water collected. 

4. The level of the ground water at the source should be at a sufficient height 
about the mouth of the weU to compensate for the loss of head due to resistance 
and leakage. 




J 



UNDERGEOUND WATER CONDITIONS. 



55 



The arrangement of the factors which produce a flow is by no means constant. 
These factors vary considerably from point to point, and relatively new combina- 
tions are to be constantly expected. Probably the commonest combination is that 
shown in the accompanying diagram (fig. 23). Here the confining beds are clay 
and the porous bed is a sand which dips regularly in the direction in which the 




Fig. 23.— Diagram showing common arrangement of factors producing artesian wells. A, Artesian wells; B, head of water it 
there be no loss by resistance or leakage: C, actual head or hydraulic gradient; D, ground-water table at outcrop. 

surface slopes. Water falling in the region marked "catchment area" sinks into 
the sands and supplies the artesian wells on lower ground. 

While this arrangement of the factors may be taken as typical of a large class of 
artesian wells, and is, perhaps, the one most commonly expounded and understood, 
a radical rearrangement of the factors, such as is found in some wells on Long 
Island, will produce results depending on the same general principles. 



UNDERGROUND WATER CONDITIONS ON LONG ISLAND. 
GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS. 

The geologic factors which affect the water supply of Long Island are graph- 
ically shown in the accompanying diagram (fig. 24), and may be briefl}^ sum- 
marized as follows: 

1. Above a rock floor which underlies the island at a greater or less depth, 
but which is of little importance except as a more or less complete ultimate barrier 
to the downward passage of water. Long Island is composed of a nucleus of Creta- 
ceous beds. These are for the most part sand, but contain some discontinuous 
clay masses, and dip, except for minor disturbances produced by ice thrust, regu- 
larly southward. 

2. Beds of glacial gravel deposited in an early ice advance surround this 
nucleus, except in a portion of the southern side of the island, which the older 
hill land protected from du'ect currents and in other places where they have been 
removed by subsequent erosion. This formation, which has been called the Jameco 
gravel, is particularly well developed near the western end of the island, where it 
has partially filled a deep, broad valley in the older beds (fig. 10). 

3. Over this gravel and around the edge of the Cretaceous beds is a layer of 
blue clay, the Sankaty — a deposit somewhat similar to, but of greater extent than 
the coastal marsh deposits of to-day, and at present situated from 50 to 100 feet 

, below them. 

4. Covering both the nucleus of Cretaceous beds and the younger blue clay, 
with its underlying early glacial gravel, are deposits of more recent ice 



56 



UNDERGROUND WATER REf-OURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



advances — the Tisbury and Wisconsin. These are, for the most part, sand and 
gravels, though here and there are local beds of clayey material which, while they 
give rise to local water tables that may be of value for local wells, ponds, or 
springs, are of no general importance. 

The more important results of these geologic conditions are: 

1. The rain water sinks directly into the very porous surface gravels and 
produces, therefore, practically no run-off, except that supplied by springs. Since 
all streams are spring fed there is great difficulty in determining the exact limits 
of the watersheds, which depend on the relief of the ground-water table and only 
indirectly on the shape of the surface. 

2. As the greater portion of the water of the island is under ground, and as 
the 25 to 30 per cent which normally returns to the surface is exposed for but a 
relatively short distance, the percentage of the total rainfall lost by evaporation 




Fig. 24. — Diagrammatic cross section of Long Island, showing general water conditions and cause of flowing wells. 

is abnormally small and the yield of this watershed, could all the water be econom- 
ically obtained, would, therefore, be larger per square mile than in any adjoining 
areas. 

3. As there is no uniform "blue-clay floor," or other extensive geologic barrier, 
a portion of the ground water passes coastward in the upper gravels and another 
portion, apd by no means a negligible one, sinks into the Jameco and Cretaceous 
sands and finally escapes in the form of suboceanic springs. This transmission of 
water is one of the more important factors of the underground conditions of Long 
Island. There is no geologic reason why a relatively important portion of the 
rainfall should not pass seaward in the beds below the surface gravel, and that this 
occurs has been proved by the many deep wells on the island and by the work of 
Prof. Charles S. Slichter, who has shown that there is a greater velocity beneath 
the bed of blue clay than in the surface gravel, page 102. 



UNDERGROUND WATER CONDITIONS. 
GROUND-WATER TABLES. 



57 



As all the water on the island is of ultimate ground-water origin, one of the 
most important points to be determined is the exact position of the ground-water 
table, since on it depends the stream flow, the depth to permanent water in wells, 
and the pressure in artesian, or flowing, wells. Were the island entireh" homoge- 
neous in composition there would be but one water table, which would be at ocean 
level on either side and would gradually rise toward the highlands in a curve entirely 
symmetrical with the surface, and at a depth determined by the porosity of the 
soil and the amount of rainfall. No wells, or springs, or ponds would be possible, 
except where this ground- water table was reached, and no water in any well would 



ill 




Sea level Vi 1 mile 

Fig. 25.— Diagram showing perched water table on north side of West Hills and source of Moimtain Mist Springs. 
A, unsaturated strata; B, perched water table; C, saturated strata; D, relatively impervious till. 

rise above the ground w^ater at that point. There would, therefore, be no artesian 
wells. 

As the island is not entirely homogeneous, the upper limit of the zone of com- 
plete saturation — that is, the main ground-water table, or "main spring," as it is 
locally called — is not entirely symmetrical with the curve of the surface, and there 
are, moreover, a number of more or less limited areas of saturated beds above the 
main one. 

PERCHED GROUND-WATER TABLES. 

These perched ground-water tables are for the most part confined to the 
moraine where local clay or other relatively impervious la5^ers have arrested the 
flow of the underground water and prevented it from reaching the main ground- 
water table. One of the best examples of such a perched water table is found in 
the northern end of the West Hills, where a relative^ impervious bed is furnished 
by the Wisconsin till (fig. 25). Other examples are shown in fig. 24 and PI. XL 



58 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



MAIN GROUND-WATER TABLE. 




The general character and position of the main ground-water table is shown 
in Pis. XI and XII, which are based on the careful work during the summer of 1903 
of the Long Island division of the New York commission on additional water supph'. 
Tliis work has developed the interesting point that while the slope of the ground- 
water table is in a general way the same as that of the surface, the divide of the 
ground water is farther to the north than the surface divide. 

SPRINGS. 

Whenever the main water table, or one of the perched water tables, is inter- 
cepted by the surface a spring is formed. 

SPRINGS DEPENDENT UPON PERCHED WATER TABLES. 

The water of springs dependent upon perched water tables penetrates the 
earth until it reaches a relatively impermeable stratum above which it collects, 

and along which it passes until it finds aii 
outlet. Springs of this tj^pe are common 
wherever a perched water table occurs, and 
represent essentially the overflow of these 
underground basins. The much talked of 
springs that occur at the summits of hills or 
mountains are invariably of this class, and 
examination always shows that, though rela- 
tively at the top of the hill, there is always an 
appreciable area of higher ground above them 
which serves as a reservoir. The Mountain 
Mist Springs in the West Hills are of this type, 
and while thev are situated at a height of 
about 280 feet above sea level, the hill behind 
them rises 140 feet higher, and there are several hundred acres of land to serve as 
a catchment area and reservoir (fig. 25) . Springs of this type are found in many 
places along the north shore, and are particularly abundant where the fine Creta- 
ceous beds are overlain by coarser Pleistocene gravels. 

SPRINGS DEPENDENT UPON THE MAIN GROUND-WATER TABLE. 

The water of springs formed by the cutting of the main water table escapes 
from the top of the water-logged beds, rather than at their base, as in the springs 
just discussed. The channels which cut tliis water table may be regarded as 
large wells, with one side open, into which the water is flowing and escaping 
(fig. 26). The old glacial channels across the southern plain invariably cut the 
ground-water table near their lower ends, and at the point where this occurs little 
streams start which grow very rapidly as the channel gets deeper into the satu- 
rated layers. A quantitative determination of this increase in Hempstead Brook 
was made by the engineers of the Brooklyn waterworks in 1895. This valley, 
which was perfectly dry just above Hempstead village, showed an average dis- 





1 


f 


X^""'^ 


Jii<e/\ 


^ j 




/^afel^— 


^~. 


^J\^ 1 


J / 





Fig. 26.— Diagram showing analogy between a well 
and a channel that cuts the ground-watei" table. 



LONGi ISLANp SOUND 



liE'AfPSTEA'D 

haHbor 



Mineola 



MipDLE BA]^ 




■jniTTirmaM 




RIVER 



NISSEQUOOUE 
BAKE 



Brenlw 



GREAT SOUT^ BAY 



GREAT 




SPEINGS. 



59 



MINERAL SPRINGS. 



charge of 229,278 gallons per day at the Jackson street crossing and 675,907 gallons 
a mile lower down, near Mill road and Grove street, while at the efflux chamber 
at the end of the reservoir the discharge was 5,618,603 gallons — an increase of five 
and a half million gallons" in about 3 miles (fig. 27); and, as explained on page 
62, had there been no dam at this point the flow would have been much greater. 

On the north shore the reentrant bays cut deep into the main water table, and 
large springs are abundant at, and near, high-tide level. Surveys made in the 
early fifties by Daniel Marsh, under the 
direction of Gen. W. B. Burnett, showed 
a spring discharge available for water 
supply amounting to 23,617,824 gallons 
per day between Long Island City and 
Glen Cove.* 

At the Fresh Pond pumping station 
(old Whitestone station) the spring flow 
amounts to 500,000 to 600,000 gallons 
per day, and the spring-fed pond at the 
Bayside (old Flushing) pumping station 
yields an average of 1,700,000 gallons. 
A small spring area on the east side of 
Alley Creek, opposite the Bayside pump- 
ing station, and belonging to Mr. Wil- 
liam Corry, was gaged in September, 
1903, in connection with a study of the 
fluctuations of the wells of the Citizens 
Water Supply Company, and a yield of 
365,000 gallons a day was indicated. 




9r?f8 gals, To 24 hfs. 
rept. Oct. 1895. 
HEMPSTEAD 



,907 gals, in 24 iLfsi 
Sept. Oct. 1 895i>, 



Hempstead Reservoir 



-5,618,603 gals, in 24'hrs. 
Sept. Oct. 1895. 
i'M'lf Hempstead I'ond 



Scale of miles 



j Smith Pond 

"I I 1 1 1 11114- 



Fig. 27. — Sketch map showing increase in spring flow along 
Hempstead Brook. From data collected by the Brooklyn 
waterworks. 



The well-known solvent power of 
water, especially when containing car- 
bonic acid, causes it to dissolve what- 
ever soluble salts are contained in the 
beds through which it passes. Thus, all 
springs and well waters contain a greater 
or less amount of mineral matter in solu- 
tion. Sometimes the ingredients have medicinal value, or the water is of so great 
relative purity that its use is recommended, and the springs are developed com- 
mercially. This forms "mineral water." So far as has been learned from a rather 
extensive inquiry, the waters of bvit four springs on Long Island have been put 
on the market, namely: 

(643 '■) The Colonial Spring, one-half mile west of Wyandanch. 
(643) The Mo-mo-ne Spring, one-half niile northwest of Wyandanch. 
(593) The Mountain Mist Spring, 2 miles south of Huntington station. 
(226) Deep Glen Spring, 1^ miles northeast of Richmond Hill. 

n History andDescriptionof the Water Supply of the City of Brooklyn, 1896, p. 58. 

6 Op. cit.^p. ISO. 

c These numbers correspond with those used in Chapter IV, where additional data ^^•ill be found. 



60 



UNDEEGEOITND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 



STREAMS. 



As has already been indicated, the streams on Long Island are fed almost 
entirely by ground water'. The valleys in wliich they flow were not formed by 
the present streams, but under conditions which existed in the Wisconsin and 
Vineyard epochs (pp. 43, 44), and the present streams may, almost without excep- 
tion, be said to be the result, rather than the cause, of the valleys which they 
occupy. In other words, had not the channels across the southern plain been 
cut during the Wisconsin epoch, there would now either be no streams, or the 
streams would be of small magnitude, and the water which is now collected in 
them would appear as springs along the shores. The drainage areas of such streams 
depend entirely upon underground conditions, and, as was early appreciated in the 
study of this region, they can not be outlined with certainty from surface condi- 
tions. Another point of importance in such streams is that the flow is unusually 
uniform; the great beds of sand and gravel act as equalizing reservoirs in which 
the intermittent I'ainfall is stored and distributed throughout the year. - 



?3»3fl' 



?3°Q0' 



?a''3o' 




■ Flour, grist and saw rmills 

o Paper factories 

• Woolen and cotton mills 

♦ Other factories 

' Electric light plants 



74° oo' 



Fig. 28. — Sketch map of I/Ong Island, showing distribution of water-power developments, 1800-1900. 

WATER POWERS. 

The comparatively steady flow of these short streams made them of consid- 
erable value for small water powers in the early history of the country, and one 
or more mills were erected along every important stream or branch (fig. 28), 
While a number of these were simply local grist or saw mills, requiring but a lim- 
ited supply of water, a number of more pretentious mills were erected, among the 
more important of which the following may be mentioned:" 

Jones & Co., Woolen Factory, Cold Spring Harbor. 

Patchogue Electric Light Company (new plant built which uses steam). 

a Damerum, Wm., Map of the southern part of the State of New York, including Long Island, the Sound, the State of 
Connecticut, part of the State of New Jersey, and islands adjacent. New York, 1815. 

Burr, David H., An atlas of the State of New York, containing a map of the State and of the several counties; pro- 
jected and drawn under the superintendence and direction of Simeon De Witt, pursuant to an act of the legislature; also the 
physical geography of the State and of the several counties and statistical tables of the same, pp. 7-29, New York, 1829, 
120 pp., 52 maps. 

Smith, J. Calvin, Map of Long Island, with the environs of New York and the southern part of Connecticut, New 
York, 1837. 

Beers, F. W., Atlas of Long Island, New York, 1873, 192 pp., 97 maps. 



PONDS AND LAKES. 



61 



Union Twine Mills, Patchogue. 

Patchogue Manufacturing Company (water and steam), Patchogue. 
Swan River Cotton IMills, East Patchogue. 

Patchogue Paper Mill Company (water and steam), li miles north of Patchogue. 
Perkins Brothers Woolen Mills, 1 mile west of Riverhead. 

Riverhead Electric Light Companj' (water and steam), 1 mile west of Riverhead. 
Tower Roller Mills, Riverhead (includes pumping plant of Riverhead Waterworks). 
C. Hallett's Sons' Flour Mills and Electric Light Plant, Riverhead. 
Jagger & Luce's Flour Mill, Riverhead. 
Phillips & Company, Factory, Smithtown. 

Paper mills were also operated at Roslyn (3), Meadow Brook (3), Merrick, Babylon, Moriches, Patchogue, 
and Riverhead. 

No new projects are heard of and many of the old ones are falHng into decay, 
but there seems to be a good opening for small developments for local electric 
lighting and power, especially at such favorable locations as Roslyn and Cold 
Spring Harbor. 

PONDS AND LAKES. 

Like the springs, the ponds and lakes of Long Island are of two classes, one 
dependent upon perched water tables or relatively impervious strata, the other 
on the main ground-water table, quite independent of impervious layers. 



N E. 




Scale 



PONDS AND LAKES DEPENDENT ON PEECHED WATER TABLES. 

To the first class belong almost all of the lakes and ponds situated in the more 
elevated portions of the island. The natural ones are for the most part due to 
kettle holes made by the melt- 
ing of blocks of ice detached 
from the glacier and buried dur- 
ing the last ice invasion, or to 
other irregularities of deposition 
by the glacier. When the sides 
of such depressions are of rela- 
tively impervious strata they 
collect the water falling in their 
limited drainage area, and form 
lakes or ponds. If the sides are 
composed of pervious beds, these depressions are dry, except where they extend 
below the main ground-water table. Ponds may be produced artificially by 
lining a depression or excavation with clay, and Mather states that at the time 
of his visit such artificial watering holes were a striking feature of the farming 
econom}^ of the island." 

The most striking example of a lake of this type is Lake Success, between Floral 
Park and Manhasset (fig. 29) . . It is situated high above the main water table and 
is clearly due to impervious beds in the moraine. Its watershed is veiy Hmited, 
and as a source of water supply would be of small value. Such a lake could be 
drained very easily, since if a hole were drilled in the bottom the water would escape 



Fig. 29. — Lake Success; an example of a kettle-hole lake depending on 
local Imperious strata. 



o Geology of the first district, 1843, p. 146. 



17116— No. 44—06- 



62 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



into the dry sands below. Other notable examples of the same type are the ponds 
shown in fig. 25. Whether or not such a pond has a surface outlet is determined 
by the relative importance of the following factors:- (1) Size and condition of catch- 
ment area; (2) amount of rainfall; (3) amount of evaporation; and (4) permea- 
bility of the sides. 



PONDS DEPENDENT ON THE MAIN WATER TABLE. 




Fig. 30. — Diagram showing effect of a pond on the ground-water table and conse- 
quent decrease in spring flow on southern Long Island. A -B, initial position of 
ground-water table: A-B', resultant position of ground-water table. Arrows 
show direction of motion of ground-water. 



As explained above, any depression, either natural or artificial, which cuts 
the main water table will tend to fill with water; if the depression is open at one 

end it will form a spring- 
fed stream; if closed, a 
lake or pond; or, if still 
more closely inclosed, 
simply a well. 

If a dam is tlu'own 
across a depression 
which cuts the main- 
water table the effect is to obstruct the fiow and to impond the water. As the flow 
in such a depression depends on the spring discharge, which in turn depends on 
the steepness of the slope of the ground-water table near it (A-B, fig. 30), it is evident 
that a ponding of the water will decrease the steepness of the gradient and so 
reduce the spring fiow. The crest fiow of such a pond will, therefore, be much less 
than the normal fiow of such a brook without a dam. Thus it has been found by 
the engineers of the Brooklyn waterworks that, under similar conditions, the Hemp- 
stead reservoir discharged 5,600,000 gallons per day when the water was maintained 
at a depth of 14.35 feet and 8,000,000 gallons when at 4 feet.« 

If the water in a pond of this Idnd is raised above the level of the main water 
table in the adjacent divide (a condition which is possible because of the sloping 
nature of the ground- 
water table, the hori- 
zontal character of the 
surface of the pond, and 
the relatively rapid fiow 
of the surface water) the 
ponded water will not 
only prevent a normal spring fiow, but will fiow out tlu"ough the sides of the pond. 
(Fig. 31.) Such an outfiow was clearly proved for the Hempstead reservoir by 
the engineers of the Brookljm waterworks in 1878, when it was estimated that one 
million and a quarter gallons a day was transferred '' by ground fiow from Hemp- 
stead reservoir to Schodack Brook. (Fig. 27.) 

The effect of dams in the brooks of Long Island is: (1) To raise the ground- 
water table; and (2) to very materially decrease the stream fiow at the points 
where dams are erected. 

In addition to the valleys which cut the main water table, and in which ponds 
are artificially constructed, a number of the large kettle holes extend below it, 




Fig. 31. — Diagram showing loss of water by leakage from pond whose surface is above 
the adjacent gi-ound-water table. 



a History and description of the water supply of the city of Brooklyn, p. 58, 1896. 



6 Op. cit., p. 5. 



ARTESIAN AND DEEP WELLS. 63 

and therefore contain water. In such cases it is not necessary that the depres- 
sion be hned with impervious beds, the sides may be entirely of sand and the depres- 
sion still contain water. To this class belong all the large important lakes east of 
the West Hills, among the more important of which are Lake Ronkonkoma, Artist 
Lake, Long Pond (near Wading River), Deer Pond, Swan Pond, Great Pond, Big 
Fresh Pond, Poxabogue Pond, and Long Pond (near Sag Harbor) . Lake Ronkon- 
koma may be taken as typical. Fig. 32 shows the essential difference between it 
and lakes of the Success type. 

This difference is very important if these lakes are ever considered as sources 
for municipal or village water supplies, for while the yield of Lake Success would 
be relatively small, the yield of Lake Ronkonkoma would be large. Lake Success 
could be very easily pumped dry, but to dry Lake Ronkonkoma it would be neces- 
sary to remove a large part of the ground water above sea level from perhaps o^ie- 
third of Long Island. Its 
location near the center fi 
of the island, and its ex- 
treme depth, say 5 to 10 
feet below sea level, make 
it an immense natural ° ^ . ^ ""'^^ 

11 f f Ti ii+Tvi/->e.+ iTvn-.,->T. Fig. 32.— Lake Ronkonkoma; an example of a kettle-hole lake depending on the 

WeU or tne utmost impor- ^^^^ ground-water table. 

tance, and while the pop- 
ular idea that Lake Ronkonkoma is supplied by an underground stream from 
Connecticut or New England is entirely unfounded, the relation of the lake to 
the ground water of the island and its effective drainage area when lowered, say 
50 feet below its present level, would give it a yield quite comparable to that 
which the believers in such an underground stream imagine for it. (See PI. XI 
and fig. 32.) 

ARTESIAN AND DEEP WELLS. 

The discussion thus far has been confined almost wholly to phenomena such 
as ground-water tables, springs, streams, lakes, and ponds, which relate to surface 
waters. It has, however, been pointed out that this water is relatively free to pass 
downward, and that when it passes beneath a retaining layer a head sufficient to 
produce a flow may be developed. The nature of this retaining cover is purely 
relative. It must always be finer than the water-bearing stratum, but although 
the ideal retainer is a very fine clay, under certain conditions a flow may be obtained 
from a fairly porous sand above a coarse gravel. 

SHALLOW NORTH-SHORE ARTESIAN WELLS. 

Cause. — Flowing wells in which there is only a sand covering are found near 
the heads of many of the deep reentrant valleys on the north shore. In these val- 
leys the slope of the water table is very great and the velocity of the ground water 
considerable. Many springs break out near water level, and often a pipe sunk 
entirely through sand to a depth ranging from 30 to 150 feet will furnish flowing 
water (see fig. 33) . In these cases it is doubtless true that the layer which furnishes 
the flowing water is. coarser than the overlying ones and affords a freer passage for 
the water. 



64 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOOROES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Such wells do not show many differences from the near-by springs. In the one 
a barrel is sunk 2 or 3 feet in the gravel and the water rises several inches above 
the surface. In the other a pipe 20 to 200 feet long is sunk entirely through sand 
and the water flows from it several feet above the surface. 

Local clay beds are important in producing some of these flows, and in these 
cases the structure is essentially the same as that explained below for the Jameco 
gravels, which, in some of these north-shore wells, are doubtless the water-bearing 
horizon. 

In most cases the water is from the Pleistocene gravels and the wells have 
3delded as high as 125 gallons per minute, natural flow. A flow of 50 gallons per 
minute is not uncommon (Pis.' XIII, XIV). 

Distribution. — While these wells are somewhat irregularly distributed, they 
are generally in the upper half of the steep-sided vaUeys or bays which characterize 



Flow at low. tide 




Fig. ,33. — Artesian well or spring (No. 335) at Manhasset. From a drawing by J . H. L'Hommedieu. 

the region (PL XV). They seldom occur more than 10 to 20 feet above sea 
level, although flows have been obtained at an elevation of 35 to 50 feet at Dosoris 
(466), Huntington (626), and Glen Cove (455). 

Predictions. — Many shallow, 50- to 200-foot artesian wells will doubtless be 
developed along the north shore during the next few years, and in prospecting for 
them the heads of steep hollows or the bottoms of steep banks should be chosen in 
preference to other sites, and the lower the elevation the greater will be the chances 
for obtaining a flow. 

THE JAMECO ARTESIAN WELLS. 



Cause. — The water passing under the blue clay (Sahkaty), into the Jameco 
gravels (fig. 24), has a head dependent upon the height of the water table above 
the landward edge of the clay, and as the sand and gravel is fairly coarse and the 
loss by resistance not great, when a well is drilled only a few feet above tide level, 
the water from this gravel has a sufficient pressure to flow. In this case, although 
the water-bearing stratum has no outcrop and is not inclined, porous beds connect 
it with the surface, and the slope of the water table supphes the lack of slope of 
the strata. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XIII 




.1, BURGESS WELL, OYSTER BAY. 

Water rises to within 1 foot of top of pipe. Rod projecting above pipe is aluminum gage used in observations on 

tidal fluctuations. 




B. JONES WELL, COLD SPRING HARBOR. 
Water flows freely over elbow in pipe. 



VIEWS SHOWING HEAD DEVELOPED IN THE NORTH SHORE ARTESIAN 

WELLS. 



ARTESIAN AND DEEP WELLS. 65 

Distribution. — The head of water in the Jameco gravels rarely exceeds 10 
feet and flows can, therefore, not be expected much above this height. This basin 
is best developed in the region of the old valley and becomes of lesser importance 
in passing eastward because of the conditions which governed the deposition of 
the Jameco gravel (see p. 34). The coloring of the Jameco artesian area on PL 
XV has therefore been discontinued near Babylon. At Riverhead the coarse 
gravels of this horizon again appear with a thin capping of clay, and yield as much 
as 130 gallons per minute, but the water is so chalybeate that it is necessary to 
obtain water from lower horizons. West of Jameco the artesian supply soon gives 
out because of leakage on the line where the Hudson has cut tlu-ough the blue 
clay, and at the breaks in the clay layer at Barren Island and elsewhere. 

Predictions. — The main outlines of this basin have been fully disclosed by 
the work of the Brooklyn waterworks. Along New York Bay no wells have 
reported potable water from this horizon and the hmit of development must be 
drawn somewhere to the west of New Lots. On the south at Barren Island the 
blue clay is entirely absent, a fact which, it is beheved, increases the danger of 
an influx of salt water from heavy pumping at the pumping stations to the north. 
This horizon may have an artesian value on the south side of the South Fluke, and 
near tide level wells 50 to 150 feet deep are likely to yield flows. 

THE CEETACEOUS ARTESIAN WELLS. ■ 

Cause. — The water which sinks deep into the Cretaceous sands may pass 
under a clay sheet, and when this clay is penetrated at low points on the north 
and south shores, the head, which depends on the height of the water table above 
the landward edge of the particular clay layer in question, may, under favorable 
circumstances, be sufficient to produce a flow. The principal requisite in this 
case, in addition to those already mentioned,' is that the gravel shall be of such a 
coarseness that the loss of head in transmission from the edge of the claj bed may 
not be excessive. On the north shore the outlet of the gravel under the Sound 
should be more or less completely sealed by an impervious layer^. 

Distribution. — The principal bed of this character is the Lloyd sand (p. 19), the 
position of the surface of which is shown on PI. XVI, from which the position of the 
bed at any point may be inferred. This horizon has been det^eloped to a very con- 
siderable extent on the north shore and at one point on the south shore. The most 
important wells deriving water from it are the following : 

Table V. — WeUs in the Lloyd sand. 



No. a 


Location and owner. 


Total 
depth. 


Remarks. 


633 


Lloyd Neck ; Dr. 0. L. Jones 


248 


Elevation approximately 5 feet above mean high tide. 
Flows 5 gallons per minute at high tide. 


620 


Cold Spring Harbor; T. S. Wil- 
liams. 


430 


Elevation 8 feet above mean high tide. Flows 12 gallons 
per minute. 


559 


Center Island: C. W. Wetmore 


318 


Elevation approximately 5 feet. Flows 25 gallons per 
minute at high tide. 



a Numbers correspond with those used in Chapter IV and on index map, PI. XXIV. 



66 UNDERGROUND "WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, 

Table V. — Wel^ in the Lloyd sand — Continued. 



No. 


liOCiition and owner. 


Total 
depth. 


Remarks. 


558 


Center Island; Colgate Hoyt 


320 


Elevation approximately 6 feet. Flows. 


557 


S. T. Shaw 


292 


Elevation approximately 5 feet. Flows 5 to 6 gallons 
per minute at higli tide, flows slightly at low tide. 






556 


C. S. Sherman 


351 


Elevation approximately 8 feet. Flows 30 gallons per 
minute at high tide, 20 at low tide. 






555 


G. M. Fletcher 


370 


Elevation approximately 10 feet. Flows 25 to 30 gal- 
lons per minute at high tide. 






554 


G. C. MacKonzie 


379 


Elevation approximately 10 feet. Flows 75 gallons per 
minute at high tide, 45 at low tide. 






553 


Oyster Bay; Emily Roosevelt 


460 


Flow was obtained at 460 feet, but well was abandoned 
because of breaking of pipe. ' 


560 


Bayville; Dr. 0. L. Jones. . . 


276 


Flows. 


564 


Mill Neck; Irving Cox 


330 


Elevation about 12 feet. Flows 72 gallons per minute. 

Elevation approximately 6 feet. Flows 30 galloQs per 
minute. 


470 


Peacock Point; C. 0. Gates 


230 


472 


; do 


210 


Elevation approximately 15 feet. Flowed when first 
completed 40 gallons per minute. Is now being 
pumped. 






471 


; do 


225 


Flows 10 gallons per minute. 


473 


W. D. Guthrie 


340 


Elevation about 10 feet. Flows 10 gallons per minute. 


317 


Lake Success ; W . K . Vanderbilt , jr . 


755 


Pumps 300 i gallons per minute. 


130 


Barren Island: Thomas F. White 
Co. 


740 


Elevation approximately 7 feet. Flows 103 gallons per 
minute. 


131 


Barren Island; New York Sani- 
tary Utilization Co. 


■ 724 


Elevation 5-7 feet. Flows 50 gallons per minute. 


132 


: do 


700 


Elevation 9 feet. No flow. Pumps 150,000 gallons in 
24 hours. 



The many wells put down in the Cretaceous beds overlying this horizon have 
yielded very conflicting results. There seem, however, to be several water-bearing 
horizons oi' greater or less importance which can be made available, and which have 
been overlooked in the earlier work because of the ease with which water could be 
obtained from the coarse Jameco gravels. A 10-inch well near Lynbrook, 504 feet 
deep, belonging to the Queens County Water, Company, has been very carefully 
tested and found to yield 450,000 gallons per day. Flowing water has also been 
obtained at the following places and depths : 

Flowing wells in the Cretaceous on Long Island other than those in the Lloyd sand. 

Depth in feet. 

Long Beach 270-383 

South of Baldwin 289 

Quogue, 3 wells - 240 

Riverhead 250-330 

Setauket 225 

None of these wells has been carefully tested, and no definite data can be 
given regardmg their capacity. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XIV 




HEAD DEVELOPED IN A 40.FOOT ARTESIAN WELL BELONGING TO THE CITIZENS' 
WATER-SUPPLY COMPANY NEAR DOUGLASTON, N. Y, 



Water rises to within 1 .5 feet of top of pipe. Box contains automatic gage used in study of the tidal 
fluctuations in this well. 



U S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO-44 PL. XV 




MAP OP^ 



L.ONO ISLx\NU, NEW YORK 

SIRAVINO NORTH SHOl^ AND JAMECO ARTKStAN M'liLL AItK/\S 

ByA-C.Vcatch 



O Freshwatei" iiol Hovrtn^ 



EGEND 

!■]■ not nmvii,^ 



! 4 I Snll wnloi- lluwiini 



1 ?^^H;:?'n|?^ 

nftha Juiiieco 



72 45 



K 



ManorvQ]; 






D 



#Baiting Hollow 








72 45 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XV 



72 30 



72 15 



72° 00' 




MAP OF 

LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 

SHOWING KORTH SHORE AND JAME CO ARTE SIAN >VELL AREAS 

ByA.C.Veatch 

1904 



S c ale 

5 



15 miles 



Areas of artesian or flowing water 

Fresh -water not flowing 
Fresh -vfuter flowing 



72 30 



LEGEND 
Salt water not flowing 

Salt water flowing 
Uiiauccessful 



I Figures give total depth or deptK of 
ISO j major flow in deep wells , 
I boltoiti of the Janieco 



72° 15' 



72 00 



JULIUS BlENaCO.LrTH.N Y. 



SOUKCE OF UNDERGEOUND WA.TER. 67 

Like the other artesian wells on Long Island, water from the Cretaceous horizons 
will seldom rise higher than 5 to 10 feet above sea level, and artesian wells are there- 
fore restricted to the region of the shore. 

Predictions. — The Lloyd gravel is the best-defined artesian horizon on the 
island and is believed to be remarkably persistent. It may be regarded as available 
south and east of a line connecting Bay Ridge and Willets Point to, perhaps, some- 
what beyond Riverhead, and will furnish flowing water at elevations less than 5 to 10 
feet above sea level. The importance of this horizon on the North and South flukes 
is uncertain because of the distance from the main uplands of the island. The South 
Fluke, however, is the more promising territory, because it is down the dip and has 
a greater area. The minor upper horizons are not so well known and their positions 
can not be definitely predicted. 

REQUISITE CONDITIONS FOE SUCCESSFUL WELLS ON LONG ISLANB. 

Were Long Island composed of entirely homogeneous porous materials it would 
be necessary to sink wells onl)^ slightly below the main ground-water table, a dis- 
tance of 25 or 30 feet probably being all that would be required in any case. The great 
irregularity of the formations, however, introduces a new factor. For a permanent 
well it is not only necessary to go to the main ground-water table, but to land the 
well m a coarse bed from which water will be given up freely. It is this point that 
makes well smking on the island somewhat uncertain. In general it is not necessary 
to go far below the main, water table (fig. 24), but in some cases, notably in the 
Wheatley HUls, the beds at the water table and for some distance below are so fine 
that they pass the strainers and fill the well with quicksand. In these cases it was 
necessar}^ to drill until a coarser bed was reached, which in the Morgan well (431) was 
100 feet and in the Duryea well (430) was about 140 feet below sea level, the main 
water table being in both cases about 85 feet above sea level. In the Vanderbilt well 
(317), although the main water table was encountered at about 50 feet above sea 
level, the well was pushed to a depth of 585 feet below sea level, completely penetrat- 
ing the coarse Lloyd gravel, from wliich an abundant supply was obtained. 

One very significant point in regard to these deep weUs in the higher parts of 
the island is that the height to which the water will rise never exceeds the height 
of the main water table, and generally falls shghtly below it. The point, then, 
in going deeper, except near the shores where artesian conditions are present, is 
not to get an increase in head, but to find a coarse layer which wiU readUy yield 
water; in other words, to find an extensive natural horizontal strainer which will aid 
in separating the water from the adjacent fine sands. 

SOURCE OF THE UNDERGROUND WATER ON LONG ISLAND. 

The gradual decrease in head, with depth which is observable in deep weUs in 
the center of the island, is an important matter in the consideration of the source of 
the water. Thus in the Vanderbilt well (317) while the main water table was 
encountered at 54 feet above sea level, the height to which the water rose from the 
Lloyd gravel was only 35 feet, a loss of 20 feet of head in about 550 feet of depth. 
This height is, moreover, greater than that to which the water wiU rise from the 



68 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



same horizon on the north and south shores. If the water came from below, as is 
very generally imagined, the pressure should decrease from bed rock upward for 
an appreciable distance, the pressure near bed rock being greater because of the loss 
in head in transmission through the sand; while if the water came from above it 
would be expected that the head would either remain the same or decrease with the 
depth. As it decreases it furnishes conclusive ])roof of the insular source of the 
water. 

The geologic structure of the region (fig. 24) , uioreover, forbids the transporta- 
tion of water from New England, exce])t through bed rock, and the metamorphosed 
and highly folded character of these beds makes such transmission very doubtful. 
Early in the consideration of the possible reason for the deep flowing wells from the 
Lloyd gravel, al'ter it had been found that the Cretaceous beds dip regularly south- 
ward, and before it was known that the clay beds were not continuous, it was sug- 
gested bjrProf. W. H. Ilobbs, of the University of Wisconsin, and Prof. H. E. 
Gregory, of Yale University, that if the faidted structure found in Connecticut 
continued under Long Island, and if the fault springs which are common in 
the former region were present, then the water furnished by these springs would be 
retained beneath the clay layer and give rise to an artesian condition. Fault 
springs, or natural artesian wells, produced under the proper conditions by tlie 
cutting of a porous water-bearing layer by a faidt line, are comparatively simple 
plienomena, but the hypothesis that such springs occur under Long Island must rest 
on the assumption of a complexity of horizontal faulting of which there is no evidence. 
Moreover, the water obtained from these deep wells runs exceptionally low in chlorine, 
alkalinity, and hardness, while waters from the rock wells in the western part of the 
island and in neighboring regions of New York and Connecticut have, as a rule, a 
much liiffher mineral content. 



T.\BLE VI. — Analyses sliowbifi difference heiiveen waters from the Lloyd sand and> those from the rock ^vells of 

Connecticut. 

[Parts per million.] 



Location 


Chlorine. 


Hard- 
ness. 


Alk-a- 
linity. 


• Analyst. 


Remarks. 


Center Island, Lon? Island 
(559). 

Center Island, Long Island 
(55fi). 


3.54 
3.89 
■1.25 
.'■). 83 


20.0 
20.0 
20.0 
97. .'; 


19.0 

18.7 


C. S. Slichter 




do 


feet deep. 

Flowing \vell in Lloyd sand; 351 
feet deep. 

Flowing well in Lloyd sand; 378 
feet deep. 

Flowing well in Llovd sand" 230 


20.0 
27.2 


do 


(554). 

Peacock Point. Long Island 
(470). 

Lattingtown, Long Island 

(473). 
Long Island City {~r>) 


do. 


4.60 1 ''2.5 


17.5 


do ; 


feet deep. 

Flowing well in Lloyd sand; :i42 
feet deep. 

Well in rock ; 275 feet deep. 


1,902.1 

9.28 
32.00 
25.0 
20.0 

5.6 
12.0 
31.0 
21.0 




Jacob Bhimer, Oct. 12, 1888 
H. T. Vult^ . 


Connocticnt: 
Greenwich 


10.7 

62.9 
60.0 
45.7 
74.3 
121.0 


22.0 


Well in rock; 177 feet deep. 
Well in rock; 395 feet deep. 
Artesian well. 


RowaA'ton 


H. E. Smith 


Norwalk 


S.P.Wheeler 

. ...do 


Norwalk 


Do. 






do 


Do. 






do 


Do. 


Fairfield 








Fairfield 


164.3 




S. P. Wheeler.- 


Do. 




Fold-out 

Placeholder 



This feild-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at 

future date. 



72^45 



>' 



9 



^-' 




~2 45 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XVI 



72 30 



72"lE 



72()() 




MAP OF 

LONG ISLAND, NEW^YORK 

SHOWING PROBABLE CRETACEOUS ARTESIAN WELL AREAS 

AND DEPTH OF TOP OF LLOYD SAND BELOW SBALE\^L 

ByA^CVeatch 

1904 



Scale 

5 



15 miles 



LEGEND 

^^HAi-ea ill which nowin^ wells waiprobabty be obtained ^ Salt water not flowing 

• Fresli water flowing 

O Frosli walf-r not flowing 

4 Salt water flowing 



7» Contours slww lop of Lloyd gra^^l bt-iow pej U-wl 
Single dashes u:iaicate tliat this gravfl is 
prohably absent; dash and two dots indicite 
Ltsii^erred position 



Unsuccessfi dwell 



"Well penetrated rock without obtaining 
satisfactory' supplj- from th<! Cretaceous 



I ^^^ figures give total depth in feet and 
200 I depth of maui Cretaceous waters 
^ hearing horizons 



72"30 



Letter L indicates well reached the Llovd 2ra\-el 



72 15 



72 00 



.JULIUS BIEN aCO.LITH,N.> 



FLUOTUATIONS OF GEOUND-WATEE LEVEL. 



69 



Table VI. — Analyses showing difference between waters from the Lloyd sand and those from the rock wells of 

Connecticut — Continued. 



Location. 


Chlorine. 


Hard- 
ness. 


Alka- 
linity. 


Analyst. 


Remarks. 


Connecticut— Continued. 


26.0 
32.9 

7.0 
28.7 

5.5 

9.1 
14.5 

6.6 
22.5 
13.0 
11.0 
30.7 


167.5 
60.0 
36.4 
56.0 
54.0 
15.0 

160.0 
28.5 
C) 
24.0 
72.9 

128.6 




S. P.Wheeler 


Artesian well. 




do 


Rockwell; 125 feet deep. 
Artesian well. 






do 






H.E.Smith 

R. B. Riggs 


Rock well; 52 feet deep. 




Artesian well. 


Niantic 


A. B. Bryant 

.do 


Deep artesian well. 


Middletown 


Do. 


Hartford 




Henry Souther 


Artesian well; 350 feet deep. 


Hartford - - - 


Artesian well; 242 feet deep. 


Hartford 




H. E. Smith...: 


Artesian well; 260 feet deep. 


Hartford 


S. P.Wheeler 




Hartford 


R.B. Riggs 


Artesian well. 



a Very hard. 

On the whole, there is absolutely no evidence of a Connecticut source for the 
underground water on Long Island. The water is derived entirely from rainfall on 
the island, and all the water phenomena observed can be directly traced to this 
source, except that a slight amount may be transmitted through the Lloyd gravel 
from New Jersey. 

CAUSES OF FLUCTUATION OF THE GROUND-WATER TABLE." 

The causes which produce fluctuations of the ground-water table on Long 
Island may be subdivided as follows: 

A. Natural: 

Rainfall. 

Sympathetic tides.' 
Thermometric changes. 
Barometric changes. 

B. Artificial : 

Dams. 
Pumping. 

NATUEAL CAUSES OP FLUCTUATION. 

Rainfall. — As rainfall is the source of ground water, it would seem self-evident 
that the ground-water level must vaiy directly with the rainfall, heavy rains 
raising it and long periods of drought lowering it. While this is true in a broad 
way, the relation between the rainfall and the changes in level of the ground-water 
table is not such a simple one as this statement might imply. 

In the summer of 1903 the engineers of the Long Island division of the com- 
mission on additional water supply made daily observations on the water levels 
in wells in many parts of Long Island and accumulated much definite data on 
this point. Fortunately the observations began just before the exceptional period 
of drought which extended from April 16 to June 7. The wells observed were 

a Preliminary statement; a more complete report on the observations on these fluctuations made during the summer of 
1903 is now in press as Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 155. 



70 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



largely open dug wells depending on the main ground- water level, which, as already 
indicated, rises from sea level on each side of the islajud to a summit somewhat 
north of the surface divide (p. 57). 

From these records the typical hydrographs shown on PI. XVII have been 
selected. This group of wells, with the possible exception of No. 6, are all south 
of the ground-water divide and in a region where the direction of underflow is 
southward. 

In shallow wells near the south shore, such as Nos. 1 and 2, the relation 
between the rainfall and the fluctuation of the ground-water table is very apparent. 




Fig. 34. — Autograph record of water level in a 386-foot well at Long Beach, N. Y., showing fluctuations due to tides. Record 
from a Means nilometer in charge of F. D. Rathbun, field assistant. Elevations indicated are approximate. 

Five or six days after the heavy rains of April 14 and 15 the water, after rising 
for a few days, fell steadily through the period of dry weather. Three or foTir days 
after the rain of June 7, which ended the drought, the water in both wells began 
to rise and continued to rise during the rainy weather which followed. 

Farther inland, a gradual change is noted in the behavior of the surface of 
the ground-water, wells 7 or 8 miles from the shore, such as Nos. 3, 4, and 7, 
showing an entirely different curve. In these the water rose steadily during the 
drought and began to fall when the heavy rains commenced. In wells still farther 
inland, as Nos. 5, 6, and 8, the water rose steadily for the whole period shown. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XVII 




FLUCTUATIONS OF THE MAIN GROUND-WATER TABLE ON LONG ISLAND. 
From observations of the Long Island division of the New York City comnnission on additional water supply, March-June, 1903. 



FLUCTUATIONS OF GEOUND-WATER LEVEL. 



71 



Feet 


WELL CURVE 




AUG. 25 AUG. 26 AUG. 27 


+18 -- 




f 1 7 


t ^ /^ i t, 







+ 4 



+ 2 



+ 1 



Zero 



well No. 8 actually rising over 2 feet during the greatest drought this section had 
ever experienced. 

These curves indicate that the deeper the ground-water table and the farther 
it is from the shore (or the higher it is above sea 
level) the more slowty it responds to the rainfall. 
The retardation is entirely out of proportion to 
the thickness of the unsaturated beds above the 
main water table. In the wells at Lynbrook and 
Massapequa, which are from 4 to 8 feet deep, rain 
water should, according to the rate of flow deter- 
mined by laboratory tests, reach the ground-water 
table in a few minutes, yet the water table did not 
begin to rise until four or five days after the heavy 
rains. As the thickness of the unsaturated beds 
increases, this retardation is multiplied at an 
astonishing rate. Thus, while the 4 and 8 foot 
wells at L3rnbrook and Massapequa began to fall 
seven days after the close of the rainy period in 
April, the 32-foot well at Mineola did not begin 
to fall until after thirty-five days, the 34-foot 
Creedmoor well after about fifty-five days, and 
the 55-foot Hicksville well after about sixty-five 
days, while the 70- and 90-foot wells at Lake Suc- 
cess and Hicksville showed no tendency to fall 
after seventy-five days, but were still rising from 
the effects of the March and April rains. In this 
delayed transmission the effects of single showers 
is almost wholly neutrahzed, the sand acting as 
so perfect an equalizer that only the mass results 
of long periods of rain or drought are indicated. 
The question involved here is apparently not so 
much how fast a constant stream of water under 
a given pressure will flow through a column of 
earth of a given height as how long it will take 
a given quantity of water precipitated on the top 
of this column during a relatively short time to 
entirely or almost entirely run out at its base. 

Tides. — Nearly all the wells in the neighborhood 
of the shores, both shallow and deep, show a sym.- 
pathetic vibration with the tides. The nature of 
this vibration and its clearly tidal character are 
shown in flgs. 34 and 35. Fig. 34 represents a 
386-foot well at Long Beach and fig. 35 a 40-foot 
well at Douglaston. This fluctuation is commonh* 
greatest at the shore and becomes less on passing inland, but this rule is by no 
means invariable, and many very pecuHar local variations are found. 



AUG. 25 



d SURVEY BAi 



AUG. 26 



TIDE CURVE 



Fig. 35. — Record ol water level in a 40-foot 
well of the Citizens' Water Supply Com- 
pany at Douglaston, N. Y., and tidal 
record in adjacent creek. Record from 
Friez tide gages In charge of F. L. Whitney, 
field assistant. 



72 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



The tidal curves in the wells are miniatures of those in the near-by body of 
water, but are generally somewhat behind them. Thus, at Oyster Bay, where the 
water is under sufficient hydraulic head to lift it considerably above the surface of 
the ground (see PI. XIII, A), the tide in the Casino well, which is in the very edge 
of the water, is five to ten minutes behind that in the bay, while in the Underbill 
well, which is only 300 feet from the shore, it shows a lag of from sixty-five to 
seventy-five minutes. 

Wliile this great increase in the amount of lag in very small distances indicates 
that the factors concerned in the formation of these sympathetic tides are rather 
complex, it is not felt that the phenomenon necessarily involves a free outlet of 
the underground water into the "ocean, as is very commonly held in this region. 
On the contrary, it is thought to be conceivable that the clay layers, rendered 
more or less sensitive by the water-logged artesian sands beneath them, may act 

as large diaphragms and 
respond directly to the al- 
ternate loading and un- 
loading caused by the 
flood and ebb tides. 

Thermometric and ha- 
rometric changes. — Self- 
recording gages placed on 
the wells of the Queens 
County Water Company 
at Lynbrook (277) dur- 
ing the summer of 1903 
showed very regular daily 
fluctuations of the ground- 
water table, which were 
clearly due neither to rain- 
fall nor tidal action. A 
comparison of these curves 
with the thermograph and barograph records obtained at Floral Park and 
Brentwood by the commission on additional water supply (PI. XVIII) shows 
that the fluctuations closely correspond to the changes in temperature and 
only remotely to those of air pressure, except in the case of the 504-foot 
well. It was at first thought that the daily fluctuations in the temperature 
might produce minor barometric fluctuations and that the changes in the water 
level might be ultimately due to changes in air pressure, but a study of the data 
forces the conclusion that the normal fluctuation shown in curves 1 and 2 are 
directly due to temperature. Thus the important barometric depression indicated 
on July 26 produced no effect on the water level in the 14- and 72-foot weUs, although 
clearly noticeable in the 504-foot weU. Even the sudden rise of the water, which 
occurred during the storm of July 30 and which has many aspects of being due 
to a change in air pressure, has a sharpness and definition not indicated by the 
barograph curve, although suggested by the thermograph curve. 




Fig. 36. 



-Diagram showing cone of depression produced by a pumping station and 
its effect on a near-by pond or well. 



1903. 



Autographic record of 

fluctuations of 

water surface 

in 14-foot well at 

Lynbrook, 

New York. 

(inverted curve) 



II 

Autographic record of 

fluctuations of 

water surface 

in 72-foot well at 

Lynbrook, 

New York. 

(inverted curve) 



III 

Autographic record of 

fluctuations of 

water surface 

in 504-foot well at 

Lynbrook, 

New York. 

(inverted curve) 



IV 

Thermograph curve at 
Floral Park, 
New York. 



Barograph curve at 
Brentwood, 
New York. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




JULY 26 1 JULY 27 
M'2 4 6 810X112 4 6 8 1 M*2 4 6 810X112 4 


1 JULY 28 JULY 29 ! 
6 8 IDIVI'2 4 6 8 10X112 4 6 8 10W*2 4 6 810X112 4 6 8 i 




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EXAMPLES OF FLUCTUATIONS DUE TO 

Records at Lynbrook from King self-recording instruments in charge of F. L. Whitney, field assistant. 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XVIII 



JULY 30 



4 6 8 10X112 4 6 8 10M*2 4 6 8 10X112 4 6 8 10M'2 4 6 8 10X112 4 C 8 lOM^Z 4 6 810X112 4 6 8 lOM *^ water in inches 



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_ 










































1 


















■ 








_— 


- 










1 — ' — ^ 






-^ 




















































■ — 1 








— 1 


























.._ 
























































































1 — 


























































































































































- 








































_^ 


















■ — 1 












































































' — ■ 


--J 




-^ 
































































— 




























































































































































































































































































1 






















































; 




































































































































































































1 












L_ 


1 


1 






1 


1 


1 


1 


1 




1 






















_ 




_ 


_ 




__j 






.. 














1 











50 
Inches of mercury 

5 



30 
5 



29 



RMOMETRIC AND BAROMETRIC CHANGES. 

rds at Floral Park and Brentwood from records of the commission on additional water supply. 



FLUCTUATIONS OF GROUND-WATER LEVEL. 



73 



ARTiriCIAL CAUSES OF FLUCTUATION. 

Dams. — The first important cause producing a change in the normal level 
ot the ground-water table was the construction of dams for mill purposes. These, 
without exception, raised the ground-water table and decreased the spring flow 
in the valley above the points at which they were constructed (see p. 62). The 
crest flow in every case was less than the normal flow of the stream at the same 
point. The enlargement of these ponds for storage purposes by the Brooklyn 
waterworks but emphasized this condition. 

Pumping. — When pumping stations were established a diametrically opposite 
effect was produced. A pumping station instead of hindering the outward flow 
of the water helps it, and as the group of wells connected with a pumping station 
is usually restricted to a relatively small area, a more or less symmetrical cone of 
depression is produced with the group of the wells as a center. All wells, springs 
and ponds which depend on this main water table and which are in the radius 
of the cone of depression are directly influenced. As a result preexisting wells 
have had to be driven to a depth slightly greater than that of the new water table 
(fig. 36), the spring flow is decreased, and adjacent ponds and marsh areas are 
more or less completely drained. Mr. L. B. Ward has compiled the following 
table showing the decrease in stream flow on southern Long Island between 1873 
and 1899, which must be largely due to the effect of the pumping stations: 

Table VII. — Tlie effect of grouTidr-water pumping in diminishing stream flow from 1873 to 1899 in the old water- 
shed of the BrooMyn waterworlcs, comparing five-xjear periods. 

[By L. B. Ward.] 





Aver- 
age 
annual 
rain- 
fall. 


Average 


annual 


Area 

of 
water- 
shed. 


Driven-well 
supply. 


other pumped 

sources of 

supply. 


Daily 
total per 
square 
mile 
derived 
from all 
sources in 
the water- 
shed. 


Water collected as stream 
flow, referred to .50 square 
miles of watershed. 


Period. 


rainfall col- 
lected, referred 
to watershed 
as a whole. 


Ex- 
pressed 
as rain- 
fall. 


Daily per 
square 
mile. 


Ex- 
pressed 
as rain- 
fall. 


Daily per 
square 
mile. 


Daily per 
square 
mile. 


Expressed as rain- 
fall. 




Amount. 


Propor- 
tion of 
total. 




Inches. 


Per 

cent. 


Inches. 


Square 
miles. 


Inches. 


Gallons. 


Inches. 


Gallons. 


Gallons. 


Gallons. 


Inches. 


Per cent. 


1873-1877 


43.33 


25.07 


10.86 


52.30 


(a) 


(«) 


0.18 


8,659 


517,206 


532,034 


11.17 


25.79 


1878-1882 


41.58 


29.60 


12.31 


55.14 


(a) 


(a) 


.99 


47,063 


585,978 


594,310 


12.48 


30.02 


1883-1887 


43.30 


31.60 


13.68 


64.42 


2.95 


140,392 


2.30 


109,041 


651,506 


518,071 


10.88 


25.13 


1889-1893 


45.05 


38.43 


17.31 


65.54 


5.85 


278,383 


4.17 


198,605 


824, 195 


455, 153 


9.56 


21.22 


1895-1899 


43.14 


36.32 


15.67 


66.44 


7.76 


369,581 


2.74 


130,224 


745,983 


327,122 


6.89 


15.96 



a Began in 1883. 

While a decrease in spring flow must follow any extensive method of removing 
the ground water in this region, it should be borne in mind that the cost of such 
a removal will probably be less than its collection from surface ponds and the 
subsequent filtration which must necessarily follow. A subterranean system will, 
moreover, result in the more or less complete reclamation of the swampy lands 
along many of the brooks. 

The effect which the lowering of the ground-water table by a few feet in this 
region may have on farm products is not very clear. It is certainly true that 



74 UNDERGROUND WATER RESt)URCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

plants thrive where the ground-water table is 25 to 100 or more feet below the 
surface, and it is difficult to see how the lowering of the water table a few feet 
will very definitely affect farm products, except where it makes swamp land 
cultivable. 

BLOWING WELLS. 

Mr. William Jaegle, a well driller of Hicksville, reports a number of blowing 
wells about Woodbury (519, 588, 589, 590). These blow intermittently, generally 
before a storm, and are clearly very similar to the blowing wells reported from 
the Western States." 

The cause of this blowing seems to a large extent to be due to changes in baro- 
metric pressure, an outflow of air occurring when the surface pressure is relatively 
low, and an inflow when it is relatively high. 

A careful examination was made of the wells at Woodbury by Mr. R. D. 
Rathbun, field assistant, with a view to attaching a recording instrument and 
carefully studying this phenomenon, but the conditions were found not to be 
favorable. ; ,- 

WATERWORKS. 

The porous nature of Long Island, which causes it to readity absorb , filter, 
and store the rain water, admirably fits it for furnishing large quantities of very 
pure water. 

As has been pointed out, the total loss by evaporation is relatively small, 
and the run-off is almost wholly that supplied by springs. These short, steady- 
flowing, spring-fed streams, which were first utilized for small saw and grist mills, 
were the most natural source for water when the growing city of Brooklyn began 
to demand a water supply. 

The original Brooklyn system, completed in 1862, derived its supply wholly 
from a number of surface streams between Brooklyn and Lynbrook, which were 
intercepted by a conduit in which the water flowed by gravity to Ridgewood, 
where it was lifted into reservoirs which supply a simple gravity system. As the 
demand increased, it became necessary to utilize other ponds and streams which 
were too low to flow naturally into the conduit, and in 1872 pumping stations 
were established at Watts Pond and Smiths Pond. 

In the same year a private system supplied by springs was established at Sea 
Cliff. This was the first waterworks plant on Long Island after the Brooklyn 
system. In 1874 plants were completed by three villages: College Point, Flushing, 
and Long Island City; of these, the first two depended on spring and stream supply, 
and the last on a single large well. This last was the first plant using the ground 
water as a source of supply. Garden City followed in a few years with a system 
depending on a single large well. 

In 1880 the surface supply of the Brooklyn waterworks was supplemented 
by open-well stations at Springfield and Watts Pond, and in 1882 gang-well 
stations were established at Spring Creek and Paisleys. Since that time the 

<i Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 67, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902, pp. 72, 73; Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 1, 1903, pp. 93-97; 
Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper, No. 101, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1904, pp. 60-61. 



WATERWORKS. 75 

development of the ground water has been comparatively rapid; many local plants 
have been erected, which, with scarcely an exception, depend on wells. Of the 
plants of the five cities — Brooklyn, College Point, Flushing, Sea Cliff, and Northport — 
which originally depended largely on surface water, the last three now depend 
wholly on wells. The plans for the change of the College Point (Fresh Meadow 
station) to a driven-well plant have been approved, and Brooklyn has so supple- 
mented her supply by driven-well stations that at present only about two-thirds 
of the supply is derived from surface waters. At Sag Harbor it has been found 
advisable to abandon the wells, and the plant there is now the onty one on the 
island wholly dependent on a surface supply. 

The amount of water taken from Long Island for waterworks purposes during 
1902 may be roughly estimated at 120,000,000 gallons per day, of which 65,000,000 
was from springs or spring-fed streams and 55,000,000 was from wells. The 
Brooklyn Water Company consumed almost the whole of the surface water 
utilized and slightly more than 50 per cent of the well water. 

The distribution of the various water systems on Long Island, the area covered 
by each, and the location of the pumping stations and other sources of supply, 
are shown on the accompanying map (PI. XIX). Other data are presented in the 
following table and in the detailed records given on pages 116-337. 

17116— No. 44—06 6 



76 UNDEEGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table VIII. — Waterworks 



No. 1 



16 
135 



140 



138 



139 


do 


194 


do 


198 


do 


200 


do 




do 


201 


do 



196 



290 



288 



286 



Owner. 



New York City, 
department ol 
water supply, 
gas, and elec- 
tricity (Bor- 
ough ol Brook- 
lyn). 

do 



.do. 
.do. 



.do. 



.do. 



.do... 
.do... 
.do... 
.do... 



.do. 
.do. 
-do. 
-do. 

.do. 



Description. 



New Utrecht sta- 
tion. 



Gravesend station 



New Lots sta- 
tion. ' 



Eidgewood sta- 
tion. 



Spring Creek (old) 



Spring Creek(tem- 
porary) . 

Shetucket station. 

Oconee station . . . 

Baisley's station . 

Baisley's supply 
pond. 

Jameco station . . . 



(Springfield sta- 
\ tion. 

Springfield Pond . 



Forest Stream 
station 

Simonson's sup- 
ply pond. 

/Clear Stream sup- 
\ ply pond. 

Clear Stream sta- 
tion. 

Watts Pond 



(Watts Pond sta- 
l tion. 



/Valley Stream 
I supply pond. 



Co- 
ordi- 
nates 

C) 



2 B 

2B 
3C. 



3C.. 
3C.. 

3C.. 
4B . 
4C.. 
4 C. . 
4C. . 
4C. . 



•4B . 
4B . 
5B . 
5C. . 

5C. . 
.^B . 
5B . 
5B . 

l^C 
J 



Serv- 
ice 
began. 



1858 



i 1885 



1881 

1862 
1882 

1894 
1897 
1897 
1882 
>K 1858 



n 1897 
1880 

1885 

1862 

1862 
1885 



1872 

'2 

1894 



f 1872 
|nl894 



1862 



Source of supply. 



/Driven weUs and] 
\ streams. / 



120 2-inch wells, 30 
feet deep. 

113 2-inch wells, 50 
feet deep. 

22 2-inch wells, 45' to 
50 feet; 14 6-inch 
wells, 80 to 90 feet; 
4 6-inch wells at 
hottom of 1 open 
well, 29 by 24 feet. 

Ridgewood aque- 
duct; force main 
from Millburn. 

100 2-ineh wells, 36 
feet deep; 1 6-tnch 
well, 150 feet deep; 
7 8-inch wells, 150 
feet deep. 

13 6-inch wells, 42 to 
75 feet deep. 

12 8-inch wells, 195 
feet deep. 

12 8-inch wells, 195 
feet deep. 

100 2-inch wells, 44 

feet deep. 
Surface water ....... 



16 8- and 10-inch 
wells, 160 feet deep; 
183 2-inch wells, 27 
to 73 feet deep; 4 
4-inch wells, 160 
feet deep; 3 6-inch 
wells, 153 feet deep. 

;20 8-inch wells, 170 
' feet deep. 

Surface water 



110 2-inch wells, 41 
feet deep. 

Surface water 



.do. 



150 2-mch wells, 38 
feet deep. 

Surface water 

Watts Pond 



12 6-inch wells, 50 
feet deep. 

Surface water 



Estimated 
capacity 

of station 
per day. 



Gallons 
'125,000,000 

2,000,000 
2,600,000 



5,000,000 

4,500,000 
3,500,000 
2,500,000 
2,500,000 
6,000,000 
6,000,000 



2,000,000 
5,000,000 



200,000 
5,000,000 



2,500,000 
2,500,000 

1,300,000 



Average yield per day for 
year given in last column. 



Wells. Springs. 



Gallons. Gallons 



1,120,596^. 

2,444,032 
4,3.30,600 



28,581,383 
3,973,160 

2,997,945 
1,678,219 
1,634,408 
1,527,051 



4,9.35,482 



2,133,890 



3,4,39,039 



2,568,055 



iJ2,213,703 



Streams c 



Gallons. 



63,761,017 



6,000,000 



2,000,000, 



2,000,000 
200,000 



840,000 
1,000,000 



a Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps, Pis. xix, xxiv. 

b See Pis. xix, xxiv. 

Streams are all very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs. 

d Whole system. 

« Ridgewood. 

/ Mount Prospect. ' 

9 Mount Prospect standpipe. 

A 1899. 

i Original station established in 1880. 



WATERWORKS. 



77 



systems on Long Island. 



Delivery of water. 


Reservoir or standpipe. 


Elevation 
of reser- 


Miles of 


Fire hy- 
drants. 


Authority. 


Date. 


No." 




Capacity. 


Size. 


standpipe. 












Gallons. 


Feet. 


Feet. 














[Gravity and direct pump- 
l ing- 


fp 304, 000, 000 
1 / 19, 185, 000 
[ 111, .500 




eno 

f 198. 5 
a 204-278. 4 




'1597 






1899 








(I. M. De Varona. 

(L. B. Ward 




64.4 by 16 










Direct, connecting with 
Mount Prospect reser- 




U) 






fc35 


; L. B. Ward 


1899 


15 










VOU-. 




















Direct 










fcl7 
It 49 


&144 






16 








194 


L. B. Ward 


1899 


135 


ing with reservoir. 




















Ridgewood reservoir 

Ridgewood aoueduct 


304,000,000 




170 








do 


1899 


140 












do 


1899 


138 


do 












do 


1899 


139 


do 












do 


1899 


194 


.do . . 












do 


198 


do 












1 
.. ..do 


200 


Not used 












I. M. De Varona 

L. B. AVard 


1896 
1899 
















201 


do 












.do 


1899 
1896 


196 


Springfield station 


7,199,000 




5.08 
1.74 


I 

i 






I. M. De Varona 












Ridgewood aqueduct . 












L. B. Ward 


1899 


290 


1 do 


9,879,000 




f 13.11:1 






1894 




1 

' do 


977,500 




) 7.05/- 

f 13.19| 
1 10. 19 1 " 






do 


1894 



















do 










L. B. Ward 


1899 
1894 


288 




3,750,000 




1 2.7,J 






I. M. De Varona 














Ridgewood aqueduct .... 












L. B. Ward 


1899 


286 


do 


10,850,000 




1 14.58| 
1 10.5 i) 






I. M. De Varona 


1896 

















3 250 feet high, 16 and 8 feet in diameter. Not used, 
fc In 1896. 

I Formerly Long Island Water Supply Company. 
TO Sole source of supply from November, 1858, to July, 1860. 
'! Driven-well station installed. 

o Temporary station; permanent station established in 1880. 
P AUowing 1,000,000 for yield of Watts Pond. 



78 UNDERGROUNB WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table VIII. — Waterworks 



No. a 



487 
489 



491 



493 



567 
81 



175 



99 



Owner. 



New York City, 
department of 
water supply 
gas, and elec- 
tricity (Bor- 
oughofBrook- 
lyn). 

do 



.do. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 



...do; 
...do. 
...do. 



-do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 



New York City 
department of 
water supply, 
gas, and elec- 
tricity (Bor- 
o u g h of 
Queens). 

do 



.do. 



.do. 



Description. 



Co- 
ordi- 
nates 



Smiths Pond . 



/Smiths Pond sta- 
\ tion. 

/Pine's supply 
\ pond. 

Schodack Brook.. 

fHempstead sup- 
t ply pond. 

Hempstead stor- 
age reservoir. 

Millbum reservoir 



fMillburn piimp- 
\ ing station. 



/Millbum supply 
\ pond. 

/East Meadow 
\ supply pond. 

Agawam station. . 

Merrick station. . . 

[Matowa (new 
\ bridge) supply 
{ pond. 

Matowa station . . 

/Wantagh supply 
\ pond. 

/Seaman's supply 
\ pond. 

Wantagh station. 



/Massapequa sup- 
\ ply pond. 

Massapequa sta- 
tion. 

Long Island City, 
station No. 1. 



Long Island City, 
station No. 2. 



Long Island City, 
station No. 3. 

{Fresh Meadow 
Station (for- 
merly College 
Point station) . 



6 B, 



^6C. 
6C. 



6C. . 
6B . 

[6B . 
[6B . 

7B . 
7B . 

7 BC 
7 B . 
.7C.. 

•7C.. 
7C.. 

■7 0.. 
8C.. 
2C.. 



3D 



3 D . 



4C. 



Serv- 
ice 
began. 



1872 



1872 

1862 

1873 
1862 



1892 



1896 
1896 

1892 
1896 
1892 

1892 
1896 

1892 
1896 
1874 



1894 



1874 



Source of supply. 



Estimated 
capacity 

of station 
per day. 



Surface water . 



Smiths Pond . 



Surface water . 



.do. 
.do. 



Gallons. 
4,500,000 



600,000 
1,000,000 



Streams, Millbum to 
Massapequa. 

Streams, Millbum to 
Massapequa, and 
driven-well sta- 

. tions given below. 

Surface 



.do. 



32 6-inch wells, 33 to 
91 feet deep. 

624J-inchwells, 40to 
100 feet deep. 

Surface , 



464J-uich wells, 38 to 
97 feet deep. 

Surface . . . .■ 



.do. 



43 4J-inoh wells, 24 to 
89 feet deep: 6 6- 
inch wells, 92 feet 
deep. 

Surface 



53 4J-inchwells,37to 
106 feet deep. 

7 6-inch wells, 70 feet 
deep; 1 open well, 
47J feet diameter 
by 30 feet deep. 



28 4-inch wells, 45 feet 
deep; 1 16-foot 
well, 22 feet deep. 

12 4-inch wells, 41 feet 
deep. 



Springs . 



8,000,000 



d 4, 518, 951 
d 4, 693, 432 



rt 4, 495, 622 



rf 3, 998, 844 



d 5, 373, 196 



2,500,000 



Average yield per day for 
year given in last column. 



Wells. Springs. Streams c 



Gallons. 



Gallons. 



3, 114, 739 



520,305 
325, 813' 



890,939 



1,37' 682 



682,800 



/ 803, 000 
621,000 



970,783 
622, 700 



Gallons. 



8,517,299 



8,000,000 



30,450,000 
36,974.474 



« Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps. Pis. xix, 

b See Pis. xix, xxiv. 

c Streams are very short and spring led, and differ very little from springs. 

d Average daily yield for test of July-December, 1896. 



WATERWORKS. 



79 



systems on Long Island — Continued. 



Delivery of water. 


Reservoir or standpipe. 


Elevation 
of reser- 
voir or 

standpipe. 


Miles of 
mains. 


Fire hy- 
drants. 


Authority. 


Date. 


No.n 


Capacity. 


Size. 




Smiths Pond station 


Gallons. 
41,580,000 


Feet. 


Feet. 

f 5.09 
1 -.33 

J 5.09 
1 -.33 
f 13.68 
1 9.57 






I. M. De Varona 

L. B. Ward 

I. M. De Varona 

.. do 


1896 

1899 
1896 






1 

I 






do 


9,046,000 




1 
1 






do 




1 






do 


26,900,000 

1,000,000,000 

373,000,000 




J 12.21 
1 8.42 


, 




do 














.- - do 


1894 

1896 
1894 

1899 

1896 

1896 
1899 
1899 

1899 
1899 
1896 

1896 
1899 

1896 
1899 

1899 

1902? 
1899 














do 




To Ridgewood pumping 
station. 

do 












do 














L. B. Ward 




fTo MiUburn pumping 
1 station. 


\ 11,100,000 
18,830,000 




J 4.0 
1.4 

( '•' 
1 3.77 


1 




I. M. De Varona 

do 






1 






Millburn aqueduct 








L. B. Ward 


487 


do 












do 


489 


do 


11,428,000 




8.5 
4.17 


I 




I. M. De Varona 

L. B. AVard 




do 




1 




491 


do 


15,030,000 
28,990,000 




\ 9.7 
1 4.87 
f 14.9 
1 6.9 


1 




I. M. De Varona 

. do ... 




do 




J 

I 






do....". 




J 




L.B.Ward 


493 


do 


19,000,000 




5.0 
3.5 


1 




I. M. De Varona 

L. B. Ward 




do 






} 




567 


Direct service 








23.19 




L. B. Ward 


f ^^ 


do 






175 






Sanborn Map Co.g 

L. B. Ward 




.....do 






99 


Direct; overflowing to 

standpipe. 
do '. 


936,000 


135 by 35 






188.8 


15.42 




231 















e Not running. 

/ Destroyed. by boiler explosion in 1900 and not rebuilt. 

9 Insurance maps of the Borough of Queens, city of New York, vol. 5, 1903. 



80 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table "VIII. — Waterworks 



No. o 



Owner. 



Description. 



Co- 
I ordi- 

I nates 



238 

239 

242 

4 



New York City, 
department of 
water supply, 
gas, and elec- 
tricity (Bor- 
o u g li of 
Queens). 

....do 



-do. 



BIythebourne 
Water Co. 



.do. 



Bayside station 
(formerly Flush- 
ing station). 



WMtestone, No. 1 

Whitestone No. 2 
(resen'e station). 

Principal station . 



Reserve station . 



H. C. Pfalzgraf 

estate. 

Flatbush Wa- 
terworks Co. 



{German Amer- . 
ican Improve- 
ment Co. 



rWoodhflvpn ■ I Pumping Plant at 

f"w;tiVu;?,°y --ojA|- 

■ ^°- 1 1 AVareCo. 



223 
213 

213 

219A 

158 
162 

225 

150 
151 
153 

161 
178 



Montauk Water ! Dunton. 
Co. I 



Jamaica Water 
Supply Co. 



Jamaica. 



.do. 



.do. 



Holliswood pri- 
vate high 
service. 

Citizens Water 
Supply Co. 

do 



do 

do 

Woodside Wa- 
ter Co. 

do 

do 



Hollis . 



Station No. 1. 
Station No. 2. 

Station No. 3. 

Station No 4. 
Station No. 5. 
Station No. 1 . 



Station No. 2. 
Station No. 3. 



4D . 

4D' 

4D. 
IB . 

2B . 

2B.. 
2B.. 



3B 

3C.. 

4C., 
4C.. 

4C.. 



4C. 



3C.. 
3D. 

4C.. 

3C.. 
3C.. 
3C.. 

3D. 
3D. 



Serv- 
ice 



1874 



1892 



1892 



1890 



1891 
1882 



1892 

1894 

1895 
1887 

1887 



1894 
1897 

1899 

1900 
1901 
1897 



Source of supply. 



121 3-, 4-, and 6-inch 
wells, 40 feet deep. 
Oakland Laked 



[174- and 6-inch wells, 
I 55 to 75 feet deep. 



5 3- and 4-uich veils, 
80 feet deep. 

1 open well 5 feet di- 
ameter by 90 feet 
deep; 1 open well, 
20 feet diameter 
by 90 feet deep. 

2 7-inch wells, 70 feet 
deep. 

Brooklyn water- 
works. 

Single well 



3 5-inch wells, 18 feet 
deep; in each of 12 
open wells, 8 feet 
diameter by 26 feet 
deep; 19 5-inch 
wells. 55 feet deep. 

|-3 6-mch wells, 60, 65, 
J and 70 feet deep. 

[Island Water Sup- 
l ply Co.* , 

10 4-inch and 6 6-inch 
wells, 80 to 150 feet 
deep. 

17 10-inch wells, 30 to 
■ 50 feet deep. 
7 10-inch, 12 5-lnch 

wells, 50 to 60 feet 

deep. 

[1 8-inch weD, 57 feet 
deep; 1 10-inch well, 
150 feet deep; 1 8- 
inch well, 50 feet 

[ deep; 5-inch wells. 

Jamaica Water Sup- 
ply Co. 

28 6-inch weUs, 45 to 
62 feet deep. 

78 4J-inch wells, 45 to 
80 feet deep. 

31 6-ineh wells, 45 to 
90 feet deep. 

56 6-inch weUs, 45 to 
90 feet deep. 

16 6-inch wells 

13 4i and 6 inch wells . 



178 shallow driven 
\ weUs. 



Estimated 
capacity 
of station 
per day. 



Gallons. 



3,000,000 
1,780,000 



1,000,000 



70,000 



75,000 



3,500,000 

2,500,000 
2,000,000 



Average yield per day for 
year given in. last column. 



Wells. 



Gallons. 
980,000 

1, 206, 584 



181,000 
196,551 



200,000 



106,000 



2,155,400 

70,000 
90, 600 

548,000 

1,800,000 
1,500,000 

2,275,000 



608,000 
1,510,000 
2,067,700 



Small. 
Not used. 
Not used. 



Springs. Streams e 



Gallons. Gallons. 



1,780,000. 



a Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps, Pis. xix. xxiv. 

b See Pis. xix, xxiv. 

c Streams are all very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs. 

d Also called Douglass Pond; used only for reserve in case of ilre. 

e Insurance maps of the Borough of Queens, city of New York, vol. 5, 1903. 

f Five elevated tanks. 

»In 1897, M.N. Baker. 

A Now New Lots pumping station of the Brooklyn waterworks. 



WATERWORKS. 



81 



systems on Long Island — Continued. 



Delivery of water. 


Reservoir or standpipe. 


Elevation 
of reser- 
voir or 

standpipe. 


Miles of 
mains. 


Fire hy- 
drants. 


Authority. 


Date. 


No.n 


Capacity. 


Size. 




Direct ; overflowing to 
standpipe. 


Gallons. 


Feet. 


Feet. 
218 


15.4 




L.B.Ward 


1899 

1902? 
1902 

1899 

1902' 




762,000 


135 by 33 . . 




Sanborn Map Co.e . . . 
Chief engineer 

L. B. Ward 


• 238 
239 












Direct; overflowing to 
standpipe. 

do 








10.4 




212,000 


95 by 20. . . 


182.3 




Sanborn Map Co.e 




..do 






242 


Direct; ovei-flowing to 
tanks. 


/ 125, 000 




160 


30 


T>. R. Ward 


1899 

1896 
1899 
1899 
1899 


4 






I. M. De Varona 

L.B.Ward. . 


21 
























1.7 
72 




do 


18 


Direct; overflowing to 
standpipe. 


239,700 


20 by 102 . . 


194 


9 590 


do 


22 




















[ 134 


fDirect service; overflow- 
\ ing to reservoir. 

Direct service; overflow- 
ing to standpipe. 

do. 


1 J 4,000,000 
1 500,000 


1 


125 

175 
175 


32 

9.5 
'60+ 


J 493 


L. B. Ward. 


1899 

1899 
1899 

1903 
1903 

1899 

1899 

1903 

1903 
1903 

1899 


1 

142 


2 stand- 
pipes. 

do.fc . 


. . do 


223 






do 


213 










C. A. Lockwood 

Sanborn Map Co. J 

L. B.Ward 


1 




511,000 


40 by 50 




62 
2 

"56.92 


640 


213 






. 210 


219A 


I Direct 


183,600 


25 by 50'". 




L. B. Ward 


f 158 


do 


162 


do 










J. Edward Meyer, su- 










225 














perintendent. 
do 


150 












do 


151 










7.5 


L.B.Ward 


153 
161 














178 



• Statement of F. H. Luce, superintendent: 

J Insurance maps of the Borough of Queens, city of New York, vol. 4, 1903: 
fc Combined capacity about 1,000.000 gallons. 
1 In Greater New York. 

m Manual of American Waterworks, 1897, p. 123. 
n In 1899 delivered 2,336,400 gallons to the city for use in Long Island City. 



82 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table III. — Waterworks 



No.o 



174 
176 



273 



379 
37a 
397 

490 

405 
414 
442 

452 



466 

455 
525 
503 

579 
568 

674 

650 
658 
675 



Owner. 



Description. 



Steinway& Son di 

Bowery Bay 
Building and 
Improvement 
Co. 



/Queens County 
\ Water Co. 



fRookville Center 
1 village. 

Long Beach As- 
sociation./ 

Freeport village 



Merrick Water 
Co. 

fHempstead vil- 
l lage. 

Garden City Wa- 
ter Supply Co. 

C. H. Mackay... 

/Sea Cliff Water 
I Co. 



Pratt estate. .. 



North Beacli. 



[■Valley Stream 

(•Rockville Center . 
East Roekaway. . 



Co- 
ordi- 
nates 

W 



3D 
3D 



5B 



6 B 
6B 



Freeport I 6 B 



Merrick 7 B 



/Nassau County 
I Water Co. 

..do 



^Hempstead . . 
Garden City. 
Roslyn 



>SeaCUfl. 



Glen Cove . 



.do. 



Oyster Bay. 



. do . . . .' I Hicksville . 



.do ; Farmingdale . 



Amityville Wa- 
ter Works Co. 

(Babylon Sump- 
■J warns Water 
Co. 



Huntington 
Water Works 
Co. 

fNorthport Wa- 
I ter Works Co. 



/Great South 
I Bay Water Co, 



AmityvUle. 



Babylon. 



[•Huntington. 
[Northport... 
[Bayshore 



6C.. 
6C.. 
6D. 



6E . 

6E . 

6E . 

7E . 

7D. 

8C.. 
8C.. 

10 C. 

8E.. 
9E.. 
IOC. 



Serv- 
ice 
began. 



1884 



1896 



1894 

1896 

1890 
1876 



1872 

1891 

(.'■) 

(«•■) 
(fc) 

(fc) 
1893 

1893 

1893 

1893 

1889-90 



Source of supply. 



Wells 

17 6-inch wells, 65 to 
70 feet deep. 



16 3 and 4 inch weUs, 
145 to 180 feet deep; 
45 3-inch wells 30 
to .50 feet deep. 

32 4 and 5 inch wells, 
33 feet deep. 

19 6-inch wells, 150 to 

. 190 feet deep. 

2 wells, 50 feet deep . . 

■inch wells, 40 to 
feet deep. 
Shallow wells 



|2 wei: 

\i 8-ir 
I 50 f 



2 6-inch wells, 35 feet 
deep; 2 10-inch 
wells, 35 feet deep. 

Shallow wells 



WeUs 

\% 6-inoh wells, 50 feet 
I deep. 

Well 50 feet diameter 
by 35 feet deep. 

Shallow weUs 

6 6-iuch wells, 60 feet 
deep. 

4 6-incli wells 



(3 driven wells 

3 6-inch wells, 38 to 
48 feet deep. 

1 6-inoh well, 82 feet 
deep. 

f4 10-inch wells, 45 to 
L 60 feet deep. 

Driven wells 

2 8-inch weUs, 85 feet 
deep. 

Driven weUs 

6-lnch wells, 40 feet 
deep. 

[Driven wells 

I4 8-inch wells, 60 feet 
I deep. 



3 8-inch wells, 60 feet 
deep. 



12 8-inch wells, 47 feet 
[ deep. 

f20 5-inch wells, 40 to 
I 45 feet deep. 



Estimated 
capacity 
of station 
per day. 



Average yield per day for 
year given in last column. 



Oallons. 



5,000,000 



500,000 



500,000 



1,000,000+ 



500,000 



1,000,000 



150,000 



2,250,000 



Wells. 



Gallons. 



500,000 



1, 123, 581 



1,6.34,000 

2.5,000 
150, 466 



60,000 



200,000 
75,000 

500,000 



33,000 



75,000 
100,000 



104,000 



175,000 



66, 274 
96, 280 



Springs. 



Gallons. 



(") 



('») 



Streams c 



Gallons. 



a Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps. Pis. xix, xxiv. 

6 See Pis. xi.x, xxiv. 

c streams are very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs. 

rt A small private plant supplying houses in the vicinity of the Steuiway piano factory. 

cTwo standpipes. 

/ Private plant supplying Long Beach. 

ff Manual of American Waterworks, 1897. 



WATERWORKS. 



83 



systems on Long Island-Continued. 



Delivery of water. 


Reservoir or standpipe. 


Elevation 
of reser- 
voir or 
standpipe. 


Miles of 
mains. 


Fire hy- 
drants. 


Authority. 


Date. 


No.ii 


Capacity. 


Size. 




To tank 


Gallons. 


Feet. 


Feet. 












174 


Direct 






1.5 
37. 17 ■(- 

50 
5 ■ 




I/. C. L. Smith, con- 
sulting engineer. 

L. B.Ward 

C. R. Bettes 

M. N. Baker 


1903 
1899 

1902 

1897 
1902 


176 


Direct and to standpip'es. 


235,000 
93,000 

r 235,000 


! 






20 by 100- . 
12 by 100.. 

20 by 100. . 


1 


300 
49 


273 


iDirect, overflowing to 
1 standpipe. 

To standpipe at Long 
Beach. 

Direct, overflowing to 
standpipe. 

Pumped by windmill to 
tanks. 

jDirect pumping and to 
\ standpipe. 

Direct pressure 


] 


1 379 






Village clerk 


I 






4 






375 








Engineer 


1902 


397 

490 
1 












258,000 


20 by 110 




6 


75 


M.N. Bakers/ 

Engineer 


1897 
1903 

1897 






\ 405 




■ 




11 

1 


35 


M. N. Bakers 


J 

414 


To tanks 








442 


To standpipe 


235, 000 


20 by 100 






J. T.Pirie, president.. 

Sanborn Map Co 

M.N. Baker 


1903 
1902 
1897 

1903 

\ 1903 
[ 1903 




To reservoir and stand- 
pipe, i 

To standpipe 






S 
5 


30 
9 


452 


158,000 


30 by 30. . . 






do 




[ 190 

1 160 

1 265 

1 145 

245 

145 


D. M. Munger super- 
intendent. 

(W. F. Clapton, super- 
1 intendent. 

(Oscar DarUng, oon- 
1 suiting engineer. 

do 


[ 466 
4.55 


. do 


282,000 

235,000 
25,000 

25,000 
300,000 

(0 

100,000 


. 20 by 120. . 
20 by 100.. 






..do 


1 


49 
49 

50 


525 


Acme system 


1 


503 


do 








do 




579 


To standpipe 


20 by 125.. 






Solomon Ketchem, 
secretary. 

M.N. Baker 


1902 

1897 
1903 

1903 
1903 

1903 

1903 

1903 

1902 


568 


Acme system 






7 


33 




do 






Oscar Darling, con- 
sulting engineer. 

Chief engineer 

Oscar Darling, con- 
sulting engineer. 

J. Irwin, treasurer 

fOscar Darling 

|s. L. Ackerly 


■ 674 








8 


47 


To reservoir 


250, 000 




170 


[ 650 






10 
5 


47 
33 


(Ground reservoir 

[Acme system 


250,000 
25,000 

350,000 


) 




658 


1 

20 by 150 






To standpipe 


C. A. Lockwood, sec- 
retary. 

Sanborn Map Co. " . . . 


1 






\ 675 








16 140 


J 



'' Originally supplied by springs. 

' Reservoir, 120,000 gallons; elevation, 175 feet; standpipe, 235,000 gallons; elevation, 250 feet. 

J Construction well advanced in September, 1903. 

fc Under construction September, 1903. 

I Two 7,000-gallon tanks. 

»n The springs which formerly supnlied this plant were abandoned in 1903. 

" Maps of Bayshore and Islip. 



84 UNDERGEOUND WATEK EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table III. — Waterworks 



No." 



777 
803 

863 

861 
879 

910 

903 



892 



Owner. 



Great South 
BayWaterCo."* 

Port Jefferson 
Water Co. 

JRiverhead Wa- 
\ ter Works. 

Quantuck Wa- 
ter Co. 

Southampton 
Waterworks 
Co. 

Easthamp ton 
Home Water 
Co. 

Sag Harbor 
Water Co. 

Shelter Island 
Heights Asso- 
ciation. 



Manhasset 
House. 

Greenport vil- 



Description. 



Patchogue 

Port Jefferson. 

>Riverhead 

Quogue 

Southampton . 

Easthampton | 23 F 

Sag Harbor , 

Shelter Island 



do 

Greenport. 



Co- 
ordi- 
nates 


Serv- 
ice 
began. 


13 D 


1887 


11 F. 


1898 


18 E 


1892 


'l8D. 


ffl903 


21 E 


1894 


23 F. 


1899 


22 F. 


1889 


21 H 




21 H 




21 H 


m 1889 



Source of supply. 



2 6-Lnch wells, 54 feet 
deep. 

1 8-inch weU, 225 feet 
deep; 16-inch well, 
305 feet deep.e 

6 8-inch wells, 40 feet 
deep. 

3 6-inch wells, 80 feet 

deep. 

3 4-inch weUs, 70 to 75 
feet deep. 

Ligonee Brook 



Open well, 21 feet 
deep, with 6-inch 
pipe to a depth of 
33 feet. 

Group of 18 wells 



9 6-inch wells, 28 to 48 
feet deep. 



Estimated 
capacity 
of station 
per day. 



Gallons. 



200, 000 



500,000 
1,000,000 

250,000 



Average yield per day for 
year given in last colvmin. 



WeUs. 



Gallons. 



80,000 
6,000 



340,500 
i 250,000 



120,000' (96,000 



(0 



Springs. 



Gallons. 



Streams c 



Gallons. 



1SO,,000 



o Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps. Pis. xLx, xxiv. 

b See Pis. xix, xxiv. 

c Streams are very short and spiing fed, and differ very Uttle from springs 

d Until 1894 the Suffolk County Water Company. 

e Statement of driller, N. W. Davis. 

/ Pumped by water power. 

9 June 1 1903. 



WATEEWORKS. 



85 



systems on Long ZsZarMZ— -Continued. 



Delivery of water. 


Reservoir or standpipe. 


Elevation 
of reser- 
voir or 
standpipe. 


Miles of 
mains. 


Fire hy- 
drants. 


Authority. 


Date. 


No.o 


Capacity. 


Size. 






Gallons. 
272,000 


Feet. 
20 by 115. . 


Feet. 


18 
3.5 


98 
35 


Sanborn Map Co 

W. T. Wheeler, secre- 
tary. 

J. R. Perkins 


1902 
1902 

1903 
1902 


777 








803 


(To tank f 










|-...do 

Tostandpipe. 


40,000 
235,000 

85,000 

235,000 
A- 400, 000 




100 ± 
120 ± 




17 
50 

89 
47 
34 




!■ 863 
861 


20 by 100. . 


-J 


n. Gardner, treasurer.: 1903 

Geo. Elhston, engi- 1902 
neer. 

B.H.VanScoy, presi- 1903 
dent. 

H. F. Cook, president . 1 1902 

Wesley Smith, super- 1903 


Acme system 


879 










910 


do 


20 by 100. . 


140 + 
100 


5 


903 


To reservoir and tanks . . . 


889 








intendent. 

W. H. Havens, chief 
engineer. 


1903 


890 


To standpipe 


235,000 


20 by 100 






892 

















h Three 10,000-gaUon tanks. 

i Yield in summer, 1903. Average for year much less. 
J Well supply abandoned. 

fc Ground reservoir. There are also three storage tanks In this system. 
' Not known. 
'» Built by Greenport Water Company. Purchased by village 1899. 



CHAPTER IIT. 

MEASUREMENTS OF THE RATE OF UNDERFLOW ON LONG ISLAND. 

By Charles S. Slichtek. 
DISTRICT INVESTIGATED. 

The following determinations of ground-water velocities were made along the 
south side of Long Island, between the villages of Freeport and Massapequa. 
These places are located about 6 miles apart on the Montauk division of the Long 
Island Railroad, which between these points runs nearly east and west about 1 mile 
north of the edge of the extensive salt marshes which border the Atlantic Ocean. 
(See fig. 37.) 

Freeport is about 24 miles from Brooklyn Bridge, and Massapequa, 6 miles 
east of Freeport, is within 2 miles of the western line of Suffolk County. 

Within the 6-mile stretch above mentioned the city of Brooklyn has 5 pumping 
stations, drawing water from extensive batteries of driven weUs. The names of 
these stations, from the west,- are: Agawam, Merrick, Matowa, Wantagh, and 
Massapequa. A brick conduit on the north side of the right of way of the Long 
Island Railroad receives the water from the pumping station and carries it by 
gravity to a pumping station at Millburn, just west of Freeport, where an additional 
Hft sends it into the city of Brooklyn. 

Within the 6 miles from Freeport to Massapequa the conduit crosses several 
small surface streams, four of which have been ponded and their waters gated into 
the conduit. These surface waters flow into the conduit the year round, the driven 
wells constituting an auxiliary supply for the summer months, the period of use 
extending usually from July to December, but varying with the rainfall and other 
climatic conditions. 

The particular district under discussion was selected as the object of study 
because, first, the region seemed typical of conditions on the south side of the 
island, and second, because the ground water was substantially in normal condition, 
owing to the fact that the driven-well plants had not been operated since the 
previous December. The purpose of the work was to determine the principal 
facts concerning the underground drainage of the island, so that a preliminary 
basis might be estabhshed from which an estimate of the amount of ground waters 
available for municipal supply could be made. 

The determination of ground-water velocities was made at certain selected 
stations or locahties, following in general an east-west hne. The stations were 



MEASUREMENTS OF BATE OF UNDERFLOW. 



87 



restricted for the most part to the highways or other pubhc lands, but this fact 
did not interfere materially with the selection of the best sites for the work. One 
set of stations was placed south of the railroad and just north of the line of wells 
of the driven-well stations, it being considered of importance to measure velocities 
in the immediate neighborhood of the pumping plants both before and after 
pumping had commenced. Other stations were located north of the railroad and 
conduit, out of range of any extensive influence of the pumping plants. 



73°35' 



73°30' 



■jfas' 




73°35' 



73°30' 



73°25' 



Fig. 37.— Map of southern Long Island, showing location of underflow stations at which determinations of the rate of 

flow of underground water were made. 



Measurements were made by the electrical method described by the writer in 
Engineering News for February 20, 1902, and in Water-Supply and Irrigation 
Paper No. 67 of the United States Geological Survey. 

The test wells were driven by the commission on additional water supply, 
and the measurements were in charge of the writer and of Mr. Henry C. Wolff. 



88 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

APPARATUS USED. 

The apparatus used comprised a series of test . wells and various electrical 
devices for ascertaining the conditions that obtained in them. 

TEST WELLS. 

Test wells may be common IJ-inch or 2-inch drive wells if the soil and water- 
bearing material is easily penetrated and if the depths desired to be reached do 
not exceed 30 or 40 feet; for greater depths and more difficult materials wells of 
heavier construction are necessary. The test wells put down by the commission 
on additional water supply for Greater New York in 1903 for the work described 
herewith are suitable for ordinary conditions as met with in the eastern part of 
the United States or in any place where the gravels are not too coarse or too 
compact. In them there was used full-weight standard wrought-iron 2-inch pipe 




Fig. 38. — Plan of arrangement of test wells used in determining the velocity and direction of motion of ground waters. 
A, B, C, D are the test wells. The direction A C is the direction of probable motion of the ground waters. The 
dimensions given in plan (o) are suitable for depths up to about 25 or 30 feet; those in plan (6) for depths up to about 75 
feet. For greater depths the distances A B, A C, A D, should be increased to 9 or 10 feet and the distances B C and C D 
to 4 feet. The well A is the "salt well " or well In which the electrolyte is placed. 

in lengths of 6 or 7 feet, with long threads (x^-inch) and heavy wrought nipples 
which could be screwed up until the ends of the pipe abutted. 

The well points were 4-foot standard brass jacket points, No. 60 gauze. 
For wells no deeper than 30 feet closed-end points were driven, but for deeper 
work open-end points were used. The test wells were driven in place by use of a 
ram from 150 to 250 pounds in weight, simultaneously hydraulicking a passage 
for the pipe with water jet in |-inch standard wash pipe. In line material 
there were coupled ahead of the open-end well point 3 or 4 feet of pipe carry- 
ing a shoe coupling, so that the sand in running in through the open end of 
the pipe would not rise above the bottom of the screen inside of the finished well. 

The test wells were grouped as shown in figure 38. 

In case the weUs are not driven deeper than 25 feet, an "upstream" or "salt" 
well, A, is located, and three other wells, B, C, and D, are driven at a distance of 
4 feet from A, the distance between B and C and between C and D being about 2 
feet. The well C is located so that the line from A to C will coincide with the 



APPAE4TUS USED IN MEASUJRING UNDERFLOW. 



89 



probable direction of the expected ground-water movement. This direction 
should coincide, of course, with the local slope of the water plane. For deeper 
work the wells should be located farther apart, as shown in the right portion 
of figure 38. For depths exceeding 75 feet, a radius of 8 or 9 feet and chords of 
4 feet should be used, the general requirement being that the wells should be as 
close together as possible, so as to cut down to a minimum the time required for 




Fig. 39.— Diagram showing electrical method of determining the velocity of ground water. The ground water is supposed 
to be moving in the direction of the arrow. The upstream well is charged with an electrolyte. The gradual motion of 
the ground water toward the lower well and its final arrival at that well are registered by the ammeter A. B is the 
battery and a commutator clock which is used when A is a recording ammeter 

a single measurement, but not so close that important errors are liable to be 
introduced from the inabihty to drive the wells perfectly straight and plumb. On 
this account, the deeper the wells the farther apart they should be placed. The 
angles BAG and CAD should not exceed 30°. 

Electrical connection is made with the casing of each test well by means of a 
drilled coupling carrying a binding post. Each of the downstream wells, B, C, D, 



90 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

contains within the well point or screen section an electrode consisting of a nickeled 
brass rod three-eighths inch by 4 feet, insulated from the casing by wooden spools. 
This electrode communicates with the surface by means of a rubber-covered copper 
wire. Fig. 39 illustrates the arrangement of electric circuits between the upstream 
■ well and one of the downstream wells. An electrode is shown in PI. XX 
Each of the downstream wells is connected to the upstream well in the manner 
shown in that plate. 

FOEM& OF METERS. 

The meters used were of two types: (1) Direct reading or hand, which requu'ed 
the personal presence of the operator every hour for reading, and (2) self-recording, 
which required attention but once a day. 

DIRECT-READING METERS. 

A photograph of the direct-reading underflow meter is shown in PL XXI, A. 
Six standard dr}^ cells are contained in the bottom of the box, their poles being 
connected to the 6 switches shown at the rear of the case. By meaiis of these 
switches any number of the 6 cells may be thrown into the circuit in series. One 
side of the circuit terminates in 8 press keys, shown at the left end of the box. The 
other side of the circuit passes tlu'ough an ammeter shown in the center of the box, 
to 2 three-way switches at right end of the box. Four of the binding posts at the 
left end of the box are connected to the casing of well A, and to the tlnree electrodes 
of weDs B, C, and D, in order. The binding posts at the right end of the box are 
connected to the casings of wells B, C, and D. There are enough binding posts 
so that two difi^erent groups of wells can be connected to the same instrument. 
When the three-way switch occupies the position shown in photograph, pressing 
the first key at left end of box will cause the ammeter to show the amount of current 
between casing of well A and casing of well B. When the next key is pressed the 
ammeter wUl indicate the current between the casing of well B and the electrode 
contained within it. In one case the current is conducted between the two well 
casings by means of the ground water in the soil; in the second case by means of 
the water within weU B. By putting the three-way switch in second position and 
pressing the fii'st and the third keys in turn, similar readings can be had for the 
current between casings A and C, and between casing C and its internal electrode. 
Similarly with the switch in the third position readings are taken by pressing the 
first and the fourth keys. The results may be entered in a notebook, as shown 
in Table IX, p. 95. 

The electrolyte does not appear at one of the downstream wells with very 
great abruptness, but its appearance there is somewhat gradual, as shown in the 
curves in figs. 40 and 41. The time required for the electrolyte to reach its max- 
imum strength in one of the downstream wells (and, hence, for the current to reach 
its maximum value) may vary from a few minutes in a case of high ground-water 
velocity to several hours in a case of low velocity. The writer formerly supposed 
that the gradual appearance of the electrolyte at the downstream well was largeh' 
due to the diffusion of the dissolved salt, but it is now evident that diffusion plays 
but a small part in the result. The principal cause of the phenomenon is now 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 4+ PL. XX 




ELECTRODE AND PERFORATED BRASS BUCKETS USED IN CHARGING 
WELLS. 



FORMS OF UNDERFLOW METERS. 



91 



known to be the fact that the central thread of water in each capillar}^ pore of the 
soil moves faster than the water at the walls of the capillary pore, just as the water 
near the central line of a river channel usuall}'' flows faster than the water near 
the banks. For this reason, if the water of a river suddenly be made muddy at 
a certain upstream point, the muddy character of the water at a downstream 
point will appear somewhat gradually, being first brought down by the rapidly 




P^ 10 12 

A.M. M. 

MX® 5 



'AUa. 6 



Fig. 40.— Cui-ves showing electric current between casing of well A and casing of well B (heavy curves), and between 
casing of well B and its internal electrode (dotted curve) at station No. 5, San Gabriel River, California. These 
curves illustrate results made with the hand form of apparatus. 

moving water in the center of the channel, and later hj the more slowly moving 
water near the banks. The effect of the analogous gradual rise in the electrolyte 
in the downstream well requires us to select the "point of inflection" of the curve 
of electric current as the proper point to determine the true time at which the 
17116— No. 44—06 7 



92 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



arrival of the electrolyte should be counted. This point is designated by the letter 
^'M" in figs. 40 and 41. 

Owing to the repeated branching and subdivision of the capillary pores around 
the grains of the sand or gravel, the stream of electrolyte issuing from the well 
will gradually broaden as it passes downstream. The actual width of this charged 
water varies somewhat with the velocity of the ground water, but in no case is 
the rate of the divergence very great. Figures 42 and 43 show some actual deter- 
minations of the spread of the electrolyte around a well in a coarse sand, in one 
case the ground water moving 12 feet per day, and in the other case moving 23 
feet per day. Samples of ground water were taken from small test wells placed 
only 6 inches apart, and the amount of salt or electrolyte was determined chem- 



i i iiiiiiii i i i i i i ii i i iiiiii i iii iimi i m ill: 



Q.OI 



.24 



.20 



.16 



.12 



.04 





























Tquarts 


WATER 






























TAKE 


N FRC 


M WE 


LL 


































































































J 


2 QU/ 
TAKE 


RTS \ 
•i FRO 


VATEI 
M WE 


L 


























f 


r 


-X 
































/ 


/ 
































^ 


































/ 


*M 
































/ 


/ 




) ia 


JART 


; WAT 


ER TA 


KCN 


ROM 


VELL 








CASl^ 


G 






_^ 


/ 




J 


















,-- 


E 


LECTROOE 










. 


y 




















1 1 













2.40 

2.2C 

2.00 

1.80 

1.60 

1.40 

1.20 

1.00 

.80 

.60 

.40 

.20 



9 10 12 

A.M. 



2 4 8 10 12 

JUNE 21 & 22, 1903 



4 6 8 10 12 

VELOCITY 5.5 FEET PER DAv 



Fig. 41. — Curves showing possibility of using direct-reading apparatus when well points are not used. The casing in 
this instance consisted of common black 2-inch pipe, with a few small holes in bottom section. The "casing" curve 
must be relied upon for determining velocity. The "electrode" curve was obtained by drawing water from well C, as 
shown on diagram, the charged water penetrating tlie well through small holes and the open end of well. 

This diagi-am shows the velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Massapequa, L. I., Station No. I. 
Velocity 5.5 feet a day, S. 10° E. 

ically. The amount at any point is indicated by the area of the circles shown in 
the diagrams. It will be seen that the salt barely showed itself at a distance of 
3 inches upstream from the well. Three feet downstream from the well the width 
of the salt stream was about 3 feet in the first case and about 2 feet in the other 
case. 

Application of principles . — It is possible to dispense with the circuits from the 
casing of well A to those of the other wells, as the short circuit between the well and 
the electrode forms the best possible indication of the arrival of the electrolyte at 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 14 PL. XXI 




UNDERFLOW METER, SHOWING CONNECTIONS WHEN USED AS 
DIRECT-READING APPARATUS. 




B. COMMUTATOR CLOCK FOR USE WITH RECORDING AMMETER. 



FORMS OF UNDERFLOW METERS, 



98 



the downstream well. For cases in wliich the velocity of ground water is high tlie 
circuit to well A is practically of no value, but for slow motions this circuit shows 
a rising current before the ariival of the electrolyte at the lower well, often giving 
indications of nuich value to the observer. 

The method can be used quite successfully even though nothing but common 



WELL SALTED AT 2;00 P.M 




O O O 

8 P.M. 



Fig. 42. - Diugnim showing tlio inannor in whicli tlic ciccti-olytc sjirpads in passing downstrpiim with the ground walpr. 
Tho sl\a.d(Hl circle show.'f the location of tli(- salted well, and samples were taken from the sand at the corners ol 
(i-iiich squares, shown by dots in the diagram. The areas of the circles are proportional to the strength ol the electro- 
lyte found at their centers. The rough outline indicates the area covered by the charged water at the limes specified. 
The velocity of the ground water (in the direction of the arrows) was 12 feet a day. It can l)e seen that the clectro- 
lyto barely reached a distance of 3 inches against th(> direction of flow. 

pipe be used for the wells. In this case, liowever, the absence of screen or per- 
forations in the wells renders the internal electrodes useless, and one must depend 
upon the circuit from well casing of the upstream well to well casing of downstream 
well 



94 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



The results in the table on page 95 and fig. 41 present such a case. In this 
case the wells were not. provided with well points, but merely possessed a 4-foot 
length of pipe, provided with 4 or 5 holes on opposite sides of the pipe containing 
small 2-inch washer screens. These few openings are not sufficient to permit the 
electrolyte to freely enter the well, so that readings between casings were relied 





10:15 A.M. 



WELL SALTED 




Fig. 43. — Diagram showing spread of electrolyte from a well with ground water moving about twice as fast as in fig. 42, 
or 22.9 feet a day. The electrolyte spreads less rapidly for the higher velocity, as is shown at a glance. 

upon for results. As a matter of fact, enough of the electrolyte did get into the 
well to give small increased readings, but in order to secure the electrode readings 
given in the table, water was removed from the downstream wells by a small bucket 
holding about 6 ounces, so as to force a quantity of the water surrounding the 
well into the perforated sections. 



RECORD OF ELECTRIC CURRENT READINGS. 



95 



Table EX. — Station No. 1, Massapequa, Long Island, June 21 and 22, 1903. 

FIELD RECORD OP ELECTRIC CURRENT READINGS IN AMPERES, OBTAINED WITH DIRECT 

READING UNDERFLOW METER. 



Time. 



June 21, a. m: 
8.45 



Casing B. 



0.03 



Electrode B. 



0.08 



Casing C. 



0.03 



Electrode C. 



0.10 



Casing D. 



0.03 



Electrode D. 



0.09 



9.30'' 

10 

10.30 

11. 

11.30 

12 

June 21, p. in: 

1 

1.30 

2 

2.30 

3b 

3.30 

4 

4.30 

5 -.-- 

5.30 

6.30 

' 7 

7.30'' 



i.30. 



10.30. 
12.'... 



.04 .08 

.04 . 079 

. 04 . 079 

. 04 . 079 

. 04 . 079 

. 041 . 079 

. 042 . 079 

.042 .079 

. 043 . 079 

. 043 . 078 

. 043 . 078 

.043 .078 

. 043 . 078 

. 043 . 078 

. 043 . 078 

. 045 . 078 

. 045 . 078 

. 045 . 078 

. 045 . 078 

. 045 . 080 

.049 .080 

.048 ; .079 

.050 .079 

.050 1 .079 
a 10 pounds ol sal ammoniac placed in well A. b 2 



.04 

.039 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.04 

.041 

.041 

.040 

.042 

.042 

.042 

.043 

.043 

.046 

.046 

.048 

.049 

.050 

.070 

.095 



095 
.092 
.097 
.095 
.091 
.092 

.090 
.092 
.092 
.094 
.094 
.094 
.094 
.095 
.096 
.096 
.C97 
.099 
.099 
.099 
.100 
.100 
.101 
.106 



pounds of sal ammoniac placed 
\ 



.036 
.036 
.039 
.059 
.039 
.040 

.040 
.040 
.040 
.040 
.040 
.041 
.041 
.041 
.041 
.041 
.042 
.041 
.041 
.042 
.043 
.043 
.045 
.047 
in well A 



.088 
.088 
.087 
.087 
.087 
.087 

.088 
.088 
.089 
.088 
.090 
.090 
.090 
.090 
.090 
.090 
.091 
.091 
.090 
.093 
.094 
.094 
.095 
.095 



96 UNDEEGBOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table IX. — Station No. 1, Massafequa, Long Island, June 21 and 22, 190S — Contimifid. 

FIELD RECORD OF ELECTRIC CURRENT READINGS IN AMPERES, OBTAINED WITH DIRECT 
READING UNDERFLOW METER— Continued. 



Time. 


Casing B. 


Electrodes. 


Casing C. 


Electrode C. 


Casing D. 


Electrode D. 


June 22, a. in: 








■ 






1 


0. 051 


0.079 


0.120 


0.122 


0.049 


0. 099 


2 _ ... 


.051 


.079 


.147 


.152 


.050 


. 100 


3 '..- 


.050 


.079 


.168 


.195 


.050 


.100 


4 - -- 


■ .053 


.079 


.178 


.430 


.050 


.100 


4.30 


.053 


.079 


.188 


.470 
1.4 


.050 


.100 


4.40 




5 


.053 


.075 


.200 


.0.50 


.100 


6..-- --- 






.200 
.260 
.260 


1.4 

1.5 

<1.9 






7.45 - 










8 - ... 


.052 


.075 


.0-50 


/f.lOO 


8.15 








'•2.20 

'• 2. 20 
2.20 
2.20 

</2.30 
2.30 

a 2. 30 






8.30 










9.15 






.26 


.049 
.049 


099 


10 


.050 


.072 


.099 


10 . 


.25 
.245 




11... 








11 








1 


1 



a 2 pounds of sal ammoniac placed In well A. 

b Before this reading some watpr was taken from well C. 

c About 2 quarts of water were taken from well C before this reading. 

d After fi quarts of water were taken from well C. 

In cases where good well points are used the ground water charged with the 
electrolyte finds its v/ay graduall}^ and naturally into the well. The well point 
should be clean enough to allow as free passage into the well as through the soil 
itself. Second-hand points used for this purpose may show a marked lag in the 
entry of the electrolyte. By comparing the curves for station No. 1 (fig. 41) with 
those of stations No. 6 (fig. 46) and No. 21 (fig. 57), where good well -points 
were used, the lag caused by insufficient perforations in the well of station No. 1 
is brought out very clearly. 

Granulated sal ammoniac is used in well A, a single charge varying from 4 to 
10 pounds. If common pipe without points or screens is used for the wells, so 
that internal electrodes must be dispensed with, about 2 pounds should be used 
every hour. The dvy salt should not be poured directly into the well, but should 
be lowered in perforated buckets, shown in PI. XX. These buckets are If by 
30 inches and hold about 2 pounds of the salt. Two of these buckets may be tied 
one above the other for the initial change, followed by two more in ten or twenty 
minutes. 

If the wells are not too deep, the sal ammoniac may be introduced into the 
well in the form of a solution. A common bucketful of saturated solution is suffi- 



UNDEEFLOW METEES. 97 

cient. There is an uncertainty in introducing the sal ammoniac in solution in 
deep wells, as the time required for the solution to sink to the bottom of the well 
may be considerable. 

The ammeter used in the work has two scales, one reading from to 1.5 amperes 
and the other from to 5 amperes. With a given number of cells, the amount 
of current between the upstream and downstream wells will depend, of course, 
upon several factors, such as the depth of the wells and their distance apart, but 
more especially upon the amount of dissolved mineral matter in the ground water. 
The initial strength of the current can be readil}^ adjusted, however, after the wells 
have been connected with the instruments, by turning on or off some of the battery 
cells by means of the switches at the rear of the box. A good rule is to use enough 
cells to make the initial current, if practicable, about one-tenth of an ampere. 

SELF-RECORDING METER. 

In the second form of underflow meter, self-recording instruments are used so 
as to do away with the tedious work of taking the frequent observations day and 
night, required when direct-reading instruments are used. The arrangement of the 
apparatus is not materially different from that described above. In the place of 
the direct-reading ammeter a special recording ammeter is used, of range to 2 
amperes. It has been found practicable, although a matter of no small difficulty, 
to construct an instrument of this low range sufficiently portable for field use and 
not too delicate for the purpose for which it is intended. The ammeter has a 
resistance of about 1.6 ohms and is provided with an oil dash pot to dampen 
swing of arm carrying the recording pen. The instruments were manufactured 
by the Bristol Company; they have gone through hard usage in the field without 
breakage or mishap. The portability of the instruments will be materially 
increased by changes in design which are now being made. 

The methods of wiring the wells when the recording instruments are used is 
slightly changed. In this case one side of the battery circuit is connected to casing 
of well A and to all of the electrodes of wells B, C, and D. The other side of the 
battery is run through the recording ammeter to a commutator clock, which, once 
every hour, makes a contact and completes the circuits, one after the other, to a 
series of binding posts. One of these binding posts is connected to the casing of 
well B, one to the casing of well C, and one to the casing of well D. The time of 
contact is ten seconds, which gives the pen abundant time to reach its proper 
position and to properly ink its record. 

Pis. XXI, B, and XXII, A, show two commutator clocks made for this 
purpose by the instrument maker of the college of engineering, University of 
Wisconsin. The clock movement is a standard movement of fair grade, costing 
about $5. It can readily be taken from the case for cleaning or oiling and as 
quickty replaced. A seven-day marine movement with powerful springs is best 
for this purpose. 

It will be seen from the method of wiring the wells that the record will show 
the sum of the current between well A and well B added to the current between 



98 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



"Zi 



the casing of well B and its electrode. The removal of the connection to well A 
would permit the record to show the current between the casing of a downstream 
well and its electrode, but the connection to the upstream well involves no addi- 
tional trouble and occasionally its indications are of much service, especially if the 
velocities are low. 

All of the instruments above mentioned can be placed in a common box, 16 
by 22 by 36 inches, covered with tar paper and locked up. PI. XXII, B, shows a 
photograph of the instruments thus arranged. The shelf contains the recording 
ammeter (shown at left of cut) and the commutator clock (shown at right of cut) . 
The contacts of the commutator clock are arranged about five minutes apart, 
so that the record made for the wells will appear on the chart as a gi'oup of lines, 

one for each downstream well, of length cor- 
responding to the strength of the current. 
The increasing current corresponding to one 
of the wells will finally be indicated by the 
lengthening of the record lines for that well. 
This can be seen by consulting the photo- 
graphs of records shown in PI. XXIII. Light- 
green ink is used for record charts and red 
ink in the recording pen, so that record lines 
can be distinguished when superimposed 
upon the lines of the chart. A special chart 
has been designed for this work, and is fur- 
nished by the Bristol Company as Chart 458. 
The recording instruments in use have 
given perfect satisfaction, and the method 
is a great improvement in accuracy and con- 
venience over the direct-reading method. 
The highest as well as the lowest ground- 
water velocities yet found have been success- 
fully measured by the recording instru- 
ments. By using one or two additional dry 
cells the instrument is quite as sensitive as 
the direct-reading type. 

In using the recording instruments but a 
single charge of salt need be placed in the 
upstream well. If the wells are deep it is 
iiTiportant to use enough salt solution to be sure that the salt reaches as far down 
as the screen of the well pgint immediately after the solution is poured into the 
weH. A gallon of solution will fill about 6 feet of 2-inch wrought-iron pipe, so 
that 10 gallons of solution should be used if well is 60 feet deep. If the proper 
amount of solution be not used it will take an appreciable time for the solution 
to reach the bottom of the well by convection currents and the results will be 
vitiated to that extent. As before stated, it is preferable to introduce into the 
well granulated sal ammoniac contained in a suitable bucket, in case the depth 
of the well renders the use of a solution uncertain. 



1.20 


















r 


















1 




CO 

HI 




















LU 
















/ 


















^ 









































„^.,. . ^^^^ 21 , 

VELOCITY 6 FEET PER DAY. 
Fig. 44. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of 
flow of imdergi-ound water at Wantagh pumping 
station. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. « PL. XXII 




A. COMMUTATOR CLOCK FOR USE WITH RECORDING AMMETER. 







v^^ 


i- c^'^::^^ "^"^ .i— — . ' 


• -^£^"7^ 


." ^ilL3i*ii}4Wi' ■". 



B. RECORDING AMMETER, COMMUTATOR CLOCK, AND BATTERY BOX IN USE IN 

THE FIELD. 



UNDERFLOW METERS. 



99 



PRINCIPLES INVOLVED. 

The principles involved in the working of the apparatus are quite simple. 
The upstream well A is charged with a strong electrolyte, such as sal ammoniac, 
which passes downstream with the moving ground water, rendering the ground 
water a good electrolytic conductor of electricity. If the ground water moves in 
the direction of one of the lower wells, B, C, D, etc., the electric current between 
A and B, A and C, or A and D will gradually rise, mounting rapidly when the 




JUNE 29 10 A.M. 12 
JULY 3 12 M. 2 
AUG. 19 4 P.M. 6 



Fig. 45. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Aga^Ya^l pumping station (Stations). 

electrolyte begins to touch one of the lower wells. When the electrolyte finally 
reaches and enters one of the wells B, C, D, it forms a short circuit between the 
casing of the well and the internal electrode, causing an abrupt rise in the electric 
current. The result can be easily understood by consulting fig. 40, in which the 
current is depicted graphically. 

The time which elapses from the charging of the well A, to the arrival of the 
electrolyte at the lower well, gives the time necessary for the ground water to cover 
the distance between these two wells. Hence, if the distance between the wells be 
divided by this elapsed time, the result will be the velocity of the ground water. 



100 UNDEEGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. 



EXISTENCE OF UNDERFLOW. 

The 6-mile line from Freeport to Massapequa is, as has been stated, about 1 
mile distant from the edge of the tidal marshes bordering the Atlantic Ocean. 
North of this line for a distance of 9 or 10 miles the natural surface drainage of the 
land is toward the south, the slope for nearly 8 miles of the distance being almost 
exactly 15 feet to the mile. This drainage plain is not only very flat and unbroken, 
but the surface conditions are exceedingly favorable for the absorption of a large 
percentage of the rainfall. . The soil for the most part is coarse and sandy and 







L 


/ 


• B. 


». 










































O- 
























&D 
























ti 












^ 
























.2 


16 


5 












/ 


J 


\ 


\ 

































/- 


- 
































/ 


































































/ 


































/ 


































/ 


^'■ 
















Elec 


:rode 












.^ 


'/ 























Case 

1 


— 


— 


— 


— 


— - 


,^ 









JULY 1-- 



^ • JULY 2- 

VELOCITY 5 FEET PER DAY. 



Fig. 46. — Diagi'am sho^\•ing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Agawam pumpiQg station (Station 6). 

very porous. The slope of the water plane is somewhat less than that of the surface 
of the land, being approximately 10 or 12 feet to the mile. The underground 
drainage is in general toward the south, the main east-west underground water- 
shed probably coinciding within a mile or two with the surface watershed. The 
average rainfall is about 44 inches, a very large share of which enters the ground. 

In the localities where the test wells were bored the material for the first 30 to 
40 feet was yellow sand and gravel, quite clean and uniform, 'but growing finer with 
the depth. The first 20 feet below the water plane seemed in every case to be of 
high transmission capacity, and the material below this level was usually of increas- 
ing fineness, finally changing into a fine, dark-colored, micaceous sand. At a 
depth of from 40 to 60 feet a compact layer of clayey and bog-like material was 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXIII 




CHARTS MADE BY RECORDING AMMETER. 



EXISTENCE OF UNDERFLOW. 



101 



often met with, and in driving the test wells into and through this layer the water 
rose continuously in the wells until a marked artesian head was developed. Imme- 
diately below this compact layer good sands wei^e again encountered. 

In the report on New York's water supply made by John R. Freeman in the year 
1900 it is stated as probable that the layer of clayey material referred to above 
is distributed as a wide and practically unbroken sheet 40 to 60 feet beneath the 
surface of the south-sloping drainage plain of the island. 

One of the objects of the measurement of ground-water velocities was to 
determine whether or not there was a considerable southerly movement to this 
water in the sands and gravels above the supposed clay sheet and to determine 
the order of magnitude of such a movement if it existed. Whenever there 



Center line of road. 
























/ 






■ 
























/ 




























/ 


/ 


























/ 


\/ 


























/ 


/ 




























/ 




























































1 P.M. 


5 

)1.Y fi 


! 1 6 


3 

-JUL 


V 6— 


5 


9 





5 


9 

-JULY 


15 9 1 
7 .X 



VELOCITY 2.5 FEET PER DAY. 
Fig. 47.— Diagram showing dii-ection and velocity of flow of underground water at East Meadow Broolc and Babylon road 

(Station 7). 

exists in any drainage area a body of ground water which does not escape 
into the beds of surface streams as seepage water but continues seaward through 
the sands and gravels independent of the surface streams, this moving sheet 
of water is known as the underflow. One of the problems was, therefore, to 
determine whether or not a true underflow existed in this part of Long Island, 
and to learn something of its magnitude if it was found to exist. Another problem 
was to discover, if practicable, if any part of the underground drainage existed below 
the bed of clay; in other words, it was sought to determine whether the underground 
drainage consisted only of a surface zone of flow, or whether a deeper zone of 
flow — or possibly several deeper zones — were also present. 



102 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

In respect to the first problem above mentioned — the existence of an underfl^ow — 
there can be no question but that a true underflow of considerable importance 
exists within a depth below the surface of from 40 to 50 feet. In practically all of 
the stations established a good movement was found to exist, having a strong 
southerly component, in many cases surprisingly free from the influence of neighbor- 
ing surface streams. The velocity near the surface — from 16 to 24 feet below the 
water plane — ran as high as 5 to 12 feet per day. At greater depths the velocities 
ran much less; at two stations, at depths of 30 and 42 feet, the velocities were each 
about 15 inches per day. At station No. 9 the sand was so fine at a depth of 45 feet 









\* 










Y*o 








\4. 






20' 


Y A* 


o 
a 
"5. 










5 






1 




Merrick pu 


iP 


Stat 


on. 




1 




1 






u 







Pipe line 



1.0O 




























































HI -SO 

(E 

U 

< 

.20 
























r 


^N__ 


























J 


























__^/ 
































4 


P.M. 

«-JUL 


i 1 
Y 1+* 


2 * 


i 1 

—JUL 


2 

i 15- 


» a 12 4 


3 1 

— JUL> 


2 

( Ifi— 


t 


3 12 



VELOCITY 3.1 FEET PER DAY 
Fig. 4S. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water near Merrick pumping station (Station 8). 

that it could not be prevented from running into the bottom of the well above the 
top of the screen so that the wells could not be used. 

The existence of a deep zone of flow was also established. At station No. 15 
clay was encountered at a depth of about 44 feet. These wells were driven to a 
depth of about 62 feet, when an artesian head of about 30 inches developed. A 
measurement was then made, the screens on the wells being just below the imper- 
vious layer. A velocity of 6 feet per day was found to exist, in a direction about 
10° west of south. The rate of flow at the same point just above the clay was 
only 18 inches per day, so that a true deep zone of flow undoubtedly exists at this 
point. This result, although very important, was not" a surprise, as it had already 
been quite well established by the work of Mr. A. C. Veatch, of the United States 
Geological Survey, and others, that the clay layer, formerly supposed to be of 



EXISTENCE OF UNDEKl'LOW. 



103 



wide expanse and quite unbroken, is, as a matter of fact, absent over considerable 
areas of the island, so that no reason exists why a part of the undei'ground drain- 
age should not exist below this impervious bed. 

The surface zone of flow of the underground waters is probably divided into a 
number of drainage areas, although it is exceedingly doubtful if the underground 
drainage basins coincide very closely with the drainage areas of the surface streams. 
In general, the velocities seemed to increase from west to east, the lowest velocities, 
however, being in a middle area, where the yellow gravels contain a quantity of 



ROAD. 




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6 P.M. 9 1 

-ejULY 17^ 



-JULY 18- 



-JULY 19— 



VELOCITY 2.6 FEET PER DAY. 
Fig. 49. — Diagram showing velocity and dii-ection of flow of underground water at Cedar Brook (Station 10). 

fine, clay-like silt. The Wantagh area seemed to have the largest underflow. It 
would be exceedingly interesting to have series of measurements extended eastward 
into Suffolk County. By increasing somewhat the number of stations in the area 
already covered and comparing with results from drainage areas in Suffolk County, 
a comparative study of underground drainage systems would result which ought to 
have much value in planning new sources of supply for Brooklyn. 

The details of the measurements are given in the reports on individual stations 
contained in the following table. The locations of the stations are shown in 
fig. 37 (p. 87), and the curves of electrical current for various stations are given in 
fig. 41 and figs. 44 to 57. 



104 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORI^. 
Table X. — Underjhw measurements on Lomj Island. 



Velocity of 
Number of | ground 
station. water' per 
day. 



Direction. 



1. 

2. 
2x 
3- 
4. 
5. 
5x 

5y 

6. 

7. 

8. 

8' 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
15x 
16. 
16x 
16x 
17. 
18. 
21. 
22. 



Feet. 

5.5 

<2.0 

6.0 

<2. 

<2.0 

6.4 

5.4 

8.0 

5.0 

2.6 

.0 

3.1 

2.6 

.0 

1.07 

96.00 

6.90 

9.30 

1.53 

6.00 

.00 

77.00 

11.60 

10.60 

<1.00 

21.30 

5.60 



Date, 1903. 



S. 10° E ! June 21.. 

June 24 

S. 40° E \ August 21 

: June 26 

:| June 27 .. 

S.8°W June29 

S.8°W July 3, 4 

S. 22°E. August 19 

S.8° W \ July 1,2.... 

S ! July 5,6 

S i July 9, 11, 11 

N. 34°W July 14, 15, 16, 17... 

S. 37°E July 17, 18, 19, 20. . . 

July 27-August 8. . . 

S. 3° E July 27-August 1 . . . 

S i August 3, 4 

S ! August 3, 4 

S ' August 5, 8 '. 

S ; August 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 

S. 15°W I August 17,18,19... 

S. 30°E I August 10,11. 

S. 60°E ^ August 13,14 

S. 60° E \ August 13, 14....:.. 

S. 30°W ' August 12,13 

S I August 15-21 

S. 50° E i August 18,19 

S. 30° E August 20,21 



Depth of 
wells below 
water plane. 



Feet. 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
22 
34 
20 
21.6 
21.6 
28.0 
22.0 
.27.0 
16.0 
16.0 
17.0 
42.0 
62.5 
16.0 
16.0 
16.0 
20.0 
62.0 
16.5 
16.0 



Kind of point. 



Perforated pipe. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do, 
Common point. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Open-end point. 

Do. 
Common point. 

Do. 
Open-end point. 
Common point. 

Do. 

Do. 
Open-end point. 

Do. 
Common point. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Open-end point. 
Common point. 

Do 



EFFECT OF THE RAINFALL ON RATE OF MOTION OF GROUND WATER. 

An excellent opportunity was presented at one of the stations for noting the 
influence of a heav}^ rain upon the velocity of ground waters. 

At station No. 5, at Agawam pumping station (see figs. 45 and 58), the 
upstream well A was salted at 9.45 a. m., June 27, 1903. Between 9 a. m. and 
1 p. m. nearly 3 inches of rain fell, so that the heavy precipitation coincided with 
the early part of the ground-water measurements. The velocity found was 6.4 
feet per day. On July 3 the experiment was repeated, there being no rain in the 
intervening time. The velocity found in the second trial was 5.4 feet per day. 
The change in velocity was undoubtedly due to the enormous rainfall during the 
first experiment. Part of the high velocity during the rainstorm may be attrib- 



EFFECT OF RAINFALL ON RATE OF UNDERFLOW. 



105 



uted to the effect of the low barometer accompanying the storm, but part of it 
should be assigned to the increased head of ground-water pressure caused by the 
heavy rainfall upon the receiving area. As I have shown in another place," ground 
waters move very much as electricity is conducted in a good conductor, the most 
striking quahty in ground-water motion being an almost complete absence of true 
inertia. The motion of a mass of ground water, even for the highest velocities, 
is so slow that the resistance presented by the inertia of the ground water to an 
accelerating force is almost nothing when compared with the component of the 
retarding force, consisting of the capillary resistance in the small pores of the sand 




Grand Avenue 









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12 M. 

JULY 27-x 



12 M. 

•-28— 



I2M. 

-29- 



12 M. 

—30- 



12 M. 

-31 — 



12 M. 

-AUQ.1- 



12 M. 

2 



12 M. 

-3— 



VELOCITY 1.07 FEET PER DAY 
Fig. 50.— Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of uadergi'ound water at Grand avenue and Newbridge Brook 

(station 12). 

or gravel. Actual computation will show that in a uniform sand of diameter of 
grain of one-half millimeter the ground water will i^each within 1 per cent of its 
final maximum velocity by a sudden application of pressure or head in approxi- 
mately thirty seconds of time. This surprising result of the theory of ground- water 
motions receives a ver}^ striking verification in the increase in velocity noted during 
the rain storm as described above. 

These results have important bearings on our knowledge of ground-water 
phenomena in the neighborhood of a well. They indicate that the velocity of the 

1 Sliohter, C. S., Theoretical investigation of motion of ground waters: Nineteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 
pt. 2, 1S99, p. 331. 



106 TJNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



rantBf line of foad- 




ground waters in the neighborhood of a well reaches a maximum value soon after 
pumping is commenced. The gradual formation of the cone of depression near the 
well shows that there must be a progressive augmentation to the initial velocit}^ of 
the ground waters toward the well. Nevertheless, the rate of depression of the 
water table is so slow that the ground-water motion established soon after the 
pumping has begun is substantially the same as after prolonged pumping. These 
remarks have their most important bearing upon the phenomena of the mutual 
interference of wells. The interference of one well with the supply of a neighboring 
well is thus seen to come into existence almost instantaneously and need not wait 
for the establishment of a cone of depression of large area. The phenomena of the 
cone of depression have much to do with the permanent supply of the well, but have 

slight bearing upon the proper spacing 
of the wells or the percentage of inter- 
ference of one well with another. 

EFFECT OF SEEPAGE WATERS FROM PONDS 
AND RESERVOIRS ON RATE OF MOTION 
OF GROUND WATER. 

Some unusually good opportunities 
occurred during the work on Long Island 
of determining the rate of seepage below 
the impounding dams of some of the 
storage ponds which the Brooklyn water- 
works has established north of the con- 
duit line referred to in the opening pages 
of this chapter. The batteries of driven 
wells which have been placed a few hun- 
dred feet south of nearty all of these 
ponds were quiescent during the summer 
of 1903, as the heavy rains furnished a 
sufficient quantity of surface water, and 
the auxiliary supply from the wells was 
not drawn upon, as usual, during July 
and August. At station No. 5, below 
East Meadow Pond and somewhat within its line of seepage (see fig. 58), the normal 
velocity of the ground water is 5.4 feet per day. At station No. 7, just north of the 
pond, the velocity was 2.6 feet per day. It seems clear that the natural velocity at 
these points, if the influence of the dam and pond were removed, would be about 4 
feet per day. The velocity at station No. 6, located bxit a few feet from No. 5, at 
a depth of 34 feet, was 5 feet per day, as compared with 5.4 feet per day at a depth 
of 22 feet. The dam has the effect of making the water table nearly level in the 
immediate neighborhood of the pond, and also of greatly augmenting the slope of 
the water table for a short distance below the pond. The lower velocity above the 
pond and the higher velocity below the pond correspond with these facts. When 
there was no flow over the waste weu* of the dam I measured the flow of the small 



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< 



— -AUQ-5 X AUQ-6 » 

VELOCITY 8.6 FEET PER DAY. 
Fig. 51. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of 
underground water at Bellerue road (station 14) . 



EFFECT OF SEEPAGE ON BATE OF UNDERFLOW. 



107 



stream which rises below the dam at the bridge marked "A" in fig. 58. On July 10 
this flow was 1.2 second-feet, practically all of which represented seepage water 
from the reservoir. 

This amount, 1.2 second-feet, or 103,680 cubic feet per day, represents the 
amount of water that would flow through a bed of sand 30 feet deep and 1,000 feet 
wide at a velocity of 1 foot per day, the porosity of the sand being supposed equal 
to one- third. The normal velocity of the ground water is augmented, as shown 
by the measurement quoted above, by somewhat more than 1 foot per day. The 
width of the lower end of the pond, or the length of the earthen dam, is about 
1,400 feet; basing the estimate on this minimum length and on a minimum 
depth of 30 feet, and augmented velocity of 1 foot per day, gives a minimum esti- 




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•»-Auo.6-x— 



12 M. 

--Aug. 7- 



12 M. 

-—Aug. 8 — 



12 M. 

^AuG.9--- 



12 M. 

■Auo.10 



VELOCITY 1.53 FEET PER DAY. 
Fig. 52. — Diagram showing velocity and direction ol flow of underground water at Bellevue road (station 15). 

mate of the seepage from the dam of 1.6 second-feet; since 1.2 feet are known to 
actually come to the surface to feed the stream below the dam, it is evident that 
this estimate of seepage is a niinimum. It seems evident that a considerable 
volume of seepage water could be recovered, without seriously lowering the water 
plane, by extending the line of driven wells to the east of the present terminus a 
distance of 600 or 700 feet. 

A test well was driven in the lower south end of East Meadow Pond to a depth 
of 10 feet to determine the pressure gradient of ground water beneath the surface 
of the pond. The water in tliis test well stood about 1 foot lower than the water 
in the pond itself, showing a slope of the water plane, or a hydraulic gradient, of 
7 feet to a mile. These facts are shown in fig. 59 (p. 113). 
17116— No. 44— 06 8 



108 UNDKBGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

The gradient of the water plane below the dam — that is, between the dam 
and station No. 5 — was 17 feet to the mile, so that the velocities to be compared are: 

Pressure gradients and velocities above and below East Meadow Pond, Long Island. 



Station. 


Gradient of 

water plane 

per mile. 


Velocity of 

ground water 

per day. 


No. 7, above pond 

No. 5, below pond 


Feet. 
7 
17 


Feet. 
2.6 
5.4 





These results check very favorably, especially when it is considered that the 
gradient above or north of station No. 7 was probably 10 or 12 feet per mile, which 




S .30 






2 P.M. 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 lU 2 ti 10 ■: o lu •= 

«— AUG.17->' AUG.18 « AUG. 19 x-^- 

VELOCITY 6 FEET PER DAY. 
Fig. 53. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road (station 15x). 

would make the effective gradient at this station somewhat greater than 7 feet 
per mile. 

Very striking results were obtained below the dam at the Wantagh Pond, 
where measurements were undertaken especially to determine the rate of seepage. 
The dam of the Wantagh Pond runs parallel to the right of way of the Long 
Island Railroad about 75 feet north of the latter, and has an extreme length of 
500 or 600 feet. About 150 feet south of the railroad, downstream from the res- 
ervoir, the city of Brooklyn began in the summer of 1903 the construction of an 
infiltration gallery, consisting of a line of 36-inch double-strength tile laid at a depth 
of 16 feet below the water plane. It is purposed to extend this gallery for a mile east 
and west from the Wantagh pumping station. Stations Nos. 13, 16, and 17 were 



EFFECT OF SEEPAGE ON RATE OF UNDERFLOW. 



109 




Gate house 



Gate house 



established for the purpose of measuring the normal ground-water velocities at 
the depth (16 feet) of the purposed gallery. Two of these stations are immediately 
south of the pond and in the apparent direct line of seepage, while station No. 17 
is located slightly to the east of the edge of the pond, and, as seems evident from 
fig. 60, just on the edge of the main influence of seepage from the ponds. The 
seepage velocities at stations No. 13 and 16 turned out to be enormous, the velocity 
at No. 13 being 96 feet per day, S., while at station No. 16 it was 77 feet per day, 
about S. 30° E., the deflection being toward the neighboring stream as shown in fig. 60. 
These velocities are the highest the writer has determined, and may be regarded 
as record-making rates for the horizontal motion of ground waters. Both measure- 
ments were made with the re- ,^^ 

WAlfTAGB FON'D 



cording instruments; by consult- 
ing the curves in figs. 54, 55, and 
56 it will be noted that each 
curve has two maximum points, 
which must correspond to the 
velocities in two distinct layers of 
gravel. The secondary velocity 
for station No. 13 was 7.4 feet 
per day and for station No. 16, 
11.3 feet per day. A very strik- 
ing verification of the fact that 
the high movements here found 
were due to the escape of water 
from the pond will be noted 
when the temperatures of the 
waters in the wells of these sta- 
tions are compared with the tem- 
peratures of the water in the pond 
and the water in wells outside of 
the influence of seepage from the 
pond. Practically all water from 
wells on Long Island has a tem- 
perature between 58° and 60° F. 
In the present case, the tempera- 
ture of water drawn from H. A. 







^^= 


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* 



VELOCITYUr) 96 FEET PER DAY ;C2) 6.9 FEET PER DAY. 
Fig. .54. — Diagi-am showing velocity and direction of flow of under- 
ground water south of Wantagh Pond at station 13. 



Russell's well, 22 feet deep, located just west of the Wantagh Pond (see fig. 60), 
was 59° F. on August 8, 1903, while the temperature of water from wefl D, of 
station No. 17, just east and slightly below the pond, was 61.2° F. on August 11, 
1903. This well was 20 feet deep, the bottom being at the same depth as the 
wells of stations Nos. 13 and 16. The temperature of water in the pond varies 
more or less, especially the temperature of the surface layer. The temperature 
of the pond water on August 8, a cloudy day, was 72.5° F., and on July 30, a 
sunny day, 80° F. The temperature of water from the wells of station No. 13 
was 65.8° F. on July 30, and that from the wells of station No. 16 on August 8 
was 69.5° F. These high temperatures at stations Nos. 13 and 16 show that a 
large portion of the moving ground water must come directly from the pond, and 



110 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 




that the rate of motion is so great that the ground water has not time to be reduced 
to the normal temperature of the ground. 

At station No. 17 the water had a velocity of 10.6 feet per day in a direction 
S. 30° W., and a temperature of 61.5° F. The ground water at this point is probably 
not entirely free from the seepage water from the pond. The direction of flow, 
the velocity, and the temperature of the water all indicate, however, that a con- 
siderable part of the water is the natural underflow which at this point is diverted 
toward the lowland occupied by the streams below the pond. 

There can be no doubt but 
wANTAGu POND ^ t^^t thc proposcd infUtratiou 

gallery will intercept a large 
amount of seepage water from 
the pond which at present runs 
entirely to waste. The arnount 
of seepage in the first 16 feet 
of depth is probably somewhat 
less than 3 second-feet per 1,000 
feet of length of cross section, 
or about 2 million gallons per 
twenty-four hours. 

At station No. 21, located 
just above the Wantagh Pond, 
the velocity at a depth of 17 feet 
was 21.3 feet per day in a direc- 
tion 60° east of south. This 
station is near the west bank of 
the main brook that feeds the 
pond, and the greater share of 
the ground water at this point 
percolates into the bed of the 
stream. The true underflow at 
this point can be found by tak- 
ing the southerly component of 
this velocity, which gives 10.6 
feet per day. The temperature 
of the ground water at this 
point was 58° F. 

The increase of underflow rate at the Wantagh Pond from 10.6 feet per day 
to 96 and 77 feet per day, as compared with velocities above and below East Meadow 
Pond of 2.6 and 5.3 feet per day, respectively, are easily understood when the 
material constituting the bottom of the ponds is inspected. The material of the 
bed of the pond at Agawam is good, the soil being fine and compact, while at 
Wantagh the bottom of the pond is very sandy, in some places having a closer 
resemblance to a filter bed than to a puddled floor. 



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4 


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8 10 

^AUO.3 


12 2 4 6 8 10 

w .. AUG.4 5 



VELOCITY: (J) 77 FEET PER DAY; (2) 11.6 FEET PER DAY, 

Fig. 55. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of ilow of underground 

water at Wantagh Pond (station 16x) 



RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. 



Ill 




EFFECT OF PUMPING ON RATE OF MOTION OF GROUND WATER. 

Through the courtesy of Mr. I. M. De Varona, an excellent opportunity was 
furnished the writer of making some observations upon the influence of pumping 
upon the normal rate of motion of ground water in the neighborhood of some of 
the Brooklyn driven-well stations. For this special purpose, the pumping stations 
at Agawam and Wantagh, which had been idle since December, 1902, were started 
up for two days each in August, 1902. Agawam was operated continuously from 
7 a. m., August 19, to 7 a. ra., 

August21,and Wantagh was ==-- wantagh 

operated from 7 a. m., Au- 
gust 22, to 7 a. m., August 
24. At the Agawam station 
observations were made at 
station No. 5, by means of the 
recording instrument. Well 
A was charged at 4 p. m., 
August 19, or after nine hours 
of continuous pumping, an 
interval supposed to be suffi- 
cient for the establishment of 
the maximum rate of flow of 
the ground water, although, 
of course, the cone of depres- 
sion near the wells would still 
be changing quite rapidly. 

Station No. 5 is 30 feet 
north of the intersection of 
the chief suction mains com- 
municating with the line of 
driven wells and 12 feet east 
of the central discharge main 
(see fig. 58). The depth of 
the test wells was 22 feet, 
while the depth of the 30 sup- 
ply wells of the Agawam sta- 
tion system varies from 30 to 
105 feet, the wells being arranged at intervals of 50 feet along two suction mains, 
each 750 feet long. 

The rate of pumping during the 48-hour test was very uniform, this average 
being 2,250,000 gallons per twenty-four hours. The vacuum at the pump was 
maintained at 24 inches, while that at the first well east of the engine house was 
23.2 inches. The charge of the centrifugal pump v/as dropped from 4 p. m. to 
4.40 p. m. August 19, during which time the vacuum fell to 7 inches. This was 
the only interruption during the test. 



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1.60 
1.40 
1.20 
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.80 
.60 
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10 A.M. 12 
< 



-AUQ.-12 X: AUG.-13— - 

VELOCITY 10.6 FEET PER DAY. 



Fig. 56. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground 
water at Wantagh Pond (station 17). 



112 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



Fifth telephone pole south of grist mill. 



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The velocity determined at station No. 5 during the test was 8 feet per day, 
in a direction S. 22° E. The normal velocity at this station is 5.4 feet per day, 
S. 8° W., so that the influence of the pumping was to increase the velocity by 2.6 
feet per day, or an increase of about 50 per cent. The actual velocity found and 
the percentage of increase are both very moderate, and indicate that the pumping 
station is not making an unreasonable draft upon the ground-water supply at this 
point. 

The 30 wells of the Agawam supply station have screens each 10 feet long, 
or altogether about 730 square feet of screen. The maximum velocity of ground 
water as it enters these screens must be at the rate of 1,230 feet per day, since the 

actual pumpage was 2,250,000 gallons or 
300,000 cubic feet per twenty-four hours. 
The mean velocity in the area, 10 by 1,500 
feet cross section, immediately drawn upon 
by the wells (the supply wells covering an 
expanse of about 1,500 feet) was about 30 
feet per day. The reduction of this rate to 
2.6 feet per day represents a ratio of reduc- 
tion of 11 to 1, which could be taken care 
of by a depth of 110 feet in the water-bear- 
ing gravels, without going outside of the 
1,500-foot east and west line of the driven 
wells. 

To put this in another way: The daily 
pumpage of 300,000 cubic feet of water 
could be supplied by the normal rate of 
motion of the ground water at this point 
(5.4 feet per day) through a cross section 
of 510,000 square feet, or, say, 100 feet 
deep by 1 mile wide. To supply this amount 
of water, if removed from the ground on 
each of the 365 days in a year, would re- 
quire 1 foot of rainfall on 12 square miles 
of catchment area, or 18 inches of rainfall 
on 8 square miles of catchment area. Since 
the watershed is at least 12 miles north of 
the station, there is ample area to supply this amount of ground water, and the rate 
of removal at the Agawam station must, therefore, be regarded as moderate. 

The observations at Wantagh pumping station were made on August 21 and 
22. The pumping at this station began at 7 a. m., August 21, and continued 
forty-eight hours at the uniform rate of 4,366,000 gallons per twenty-four hours. 
The water at this station is drawn from 48 driven wells, arranged on three lines 
of suction mains, as shown in fig. 60. The east-west expanse of the two chief lines 
of wells is about 1,500 feet. The wells of this station are of two different types- 
shallow wells of depth of about 24 feet; and deeper wells, extending below an 
impervious bed to depths of from 60 to 112 feet. These latter wells have an artesian 



VELOCITY 21.3 FEET PER DAY. 
Fig. 57.— Diagram showing velocity and direction of 
flow of underground water above Wantagh Pond at 
station 21. 



EFFECT OF PUMPING ON EATE OF UNDEEFLOW. 



113 



head of 3 or 4 feet, and when the pumping plant is idle the water from the deep 
wells flows into the suction main and into the shallow wells, from the latter of 
which it escapes into the sands and gravels of the upper zone of flow, raising abnor- 
mally the zone of saturation. 

An attempt was made on June 24 to measure the rate of motion of the ground 
water at station No. 2, situated 17 feet west of the chief discharge pipe, and 300 
feet north of the intersection of the naain suction pipes from the driven wells, as 
shown in fig. 60. The attempted measurement was a failure, it not being known 




Fig. 58. — Map showing locations of stations 5 and 6 'with reference to Agawam pumping station and East Meadow Pond. 

at the time that the discharge from the numerous artesian wells was entering the 
surface layers of gravels and hence interfering with the normal flow in these 
gravels. The ground water at station No. 7 was, on account of this situation, 
either entirely stationary or moving slightlj^ toward the north. On August 21, 
well A, of station No. 2, was charged at 6 p. m., after eleven hours of continuous 



Ft 



Water piffne Slope 7 feet per 



•'r^'"""'"'^,.;,^ 



Level of po nd 



B "-"rj^Pond Slope 6 feet per mile 




■r^w-"''^ per mile 



Fig. 59. — Vertical sections through stations 5 and 7 and test wells in AgaTvam Pond, shown in fig. 5S 

pumping from the driven wells. The -velocity of the ground water observed was 
at the rate of 6 feet per day in a direction S. 10° E. As this station is distant 
only 300 feet from the lines of driven wells, it is evident that the withdrawal of 
4,366,000 gallons or 582,000 cubic feet per twenty-four hours has not an excessive 
influence on the normal rate of motion of the ground water. The results at 
Wantagh compare very well with the results at Agawam and indicate that the 
driven-well plants have not exhausted the possibilities of ground-water develop- 
ments. 



114 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

SPECIFIC CAPACITY. 

The writer uses the term "specific capacity'' to designate the numerical 
expression of the readiness with which a well furnishes water to the pump." This 
quantity can be obtained by dividing the yield of a well by the amount that the 
water is lowered in the well. Thus, in the case of the Agawam wells, the discharge 
was 1,560 gallons per minute under a vacuum of 23.2 inches of mercury at the 
first well east of the engine house. This vacuum corresponds to a head of 26 feet 
of water, but the water in the wells was lowered only 20 feet hj the pump. The 
specific capacity of the group of wells was therefore 78 gallons per minute. The 
area of all strainer surface in .the wells was 730 square feet. From these data it 
can be readity estimated that the specific capacity of the Agawam wells was 0.11 




Fig. 60. — Map showing locations of stations 2, 13, 16, and 17, near Wantagh pumping station and Wantagh Pond. 

gallon per square foot of well strainer under 1 foot head. This is a numerical 
expression of the degree of coarseness of the material in which the well is placed, 
combined, of course, with any resistance offered to the intake of water by the well 
strainer itself. At Wantagh station the discharge of 3,030 gallons per minute 
took place under a vacuum of 15.3 inches of mercury at the wells. The average 
head under which the water entered the wells was equivalent to 17.4 feet of water, 
from which the specific capacity is estimated to be 176 gallons per minute. The 
total strainer surface on the wells of this group amounts to 1,170 square feet, from 
which we conclude that the specific capacit}^ per square foot of well strainer is 0.15 
gallon per minute. This is nearly 40 per cent higher than at the Agaw^am wells. 
With carefully constructed wells of large diameter a minimum specific capacity of 
0.15 gallon per minute per square foot of strainer can be depended upon for all 
wells in the Long Island watershed if properly designed strainers be used. 



oSee Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 140, tJ. S. Geol. Survey, 1905, chapter 7. 



RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. 115 

CONCLUSION. 

The very evident conclusion from observations on Long Island is that large 
amounts of ground water can still be obtained along the south shore of the island, 
especially if deep wells of large diameter can be successfully bored. The writer 
has already called attention to the possibility of constructing 12-inch wells of 
the California or "stovepipe" type in the unconsolidated material met with to 
considerable depths on Long Island." Such wells, several hundred feet in depth, 
with perforations opposite the best water-bearing material, would utilize a large 
part of the underflow which now escapes to the sea. The practicability and success 
of such wells in this locality seem very probable, but the actual construction 
of a test well is the only way of arriving at an entirely satisfactory conclusion. 

aSlichter, C. S., The California or "stovepipe" method of well construction for water supply: Eng. News, Nov. 12, 
1903, p. 429. 



CHAPTER IV. 

WEI^Ii RECORDS OlST LONG ISLiAN^D. 

Compiled by A. C. Veatch and Isaiah Bowman. 
INTRODUCTION. 

The presentation in a compact form of the data and detailed well records 
collected during the work on Long Island has proved a considerable problem. 
Presented, in the text in connection with the geologic discussion, they furnish the 
necessary proof of many of the statements there made but so encumber the text 
that the mind loses itself in the mass of detail. Recourse has therefore been had 
to the presentation of all the well data in a compact table with notes giving such 
additional information as may be available. The arbitrary numbers assigned to 
the wells in the table correspond to those used in the index map (PI. XXIV) and 
through the text in Chapters I, II, and V. While an attempt has been made to 
indicate the geologic subdivisions in some of the records for a critical discussion 
of their geologic bearing, the reader is referred to the paper on the geology of Long 
Island, which will be published in a short time. 

AC KNO WLEDGMENTS . 

Thanks are due to Mr. I. M. De Varona, chief engineer of the Borough of 
Brooklyn, for access to some of the invaluable records collected by his department; 
to Mr. L. C. L. Smith, engineer in charge of the Borough of Queens, for many 
kindnesses and suggestions regarding that borough; to Mr. Cord Meyer and Mr. 
Edward Meyer, of the Citizens' Water Supply Company, and to Mr. Franklin B. 
Lord and Charles R. Bettes, of the Queens County Water Company, for much 
assistance in the study of the fluctuations of well waters. 

From the commission on additional water supply, samples were received from 
the many shallow wells which they put down in their study of the position of the 
ground-water table. Descriptions of these samples will be found in the descriptive 
notes following and the results of the sizing and filtration tests in Chapter V. 

The well drillers on the island almost without exception rendered valuable 
assistance, and it is a great pleasure to acknowledge aid from the following sources: 

Samuel H. Allen, well driver, 513 Broadway, Long Island City, N. Y. 
4.rthur & Tuthill, well drivers, Cutchogue, N. Y. 
Gilbert Baldwin, well driver, Woodmere, N. Y. 

116 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 117 

William H. Beers, well driver, Wading River, N. Y. 

Ralph B. Carter Company, artesian-well contractors, 47 Dey street, New York City. 

Cole Brothers, artesian-well contractoi-s, 102 Fulton street. New York City. 

P. H. & J. Conlan, artesian-well contractors, 253 Lafayette street, Newark, N. J. 

Chester D. Corwin,- artesian-well contractor, 198 Seventh avenue, New York City. 

C. H. Danis, artesian-well driller. Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. 

N. W. Davis, artesian-well driller. Port Jefferson, N. Y. 

DoUard Brothers, artesian-well drillers, Babylon, N. Y. 

H. J. Dubois, artesian-well driller, Huntington, N. Y. 

L. J. Dubois, artesian-well driller. Glen Cove, N. Y. 

J. EUiott, tile wells, Pinelawn, N. Y. 

John Fisher, well driller, Westbury, N. Y. 

I. H. Ford, artesian-well contractor, 102 Fulton street. New York City. 

C. L. Grant, artesian-well contractor, Hartford, Conn. 

Elisha Gregory, artesian-well contractor, 123 Liberty street. New York City. 

Paul Haller, well driver, Cedarhurst, N. Y. 

W. J. Hancock, well driver, Baldwin, N.. Y. 

Thomas B. Harper, artesian-well contractoi-, Jenkinstown, Pa. 

John Heerdegen, 44-46 Broadway, New York City. 

J. H. Herbert, tubular wells. Floral Park, N. Y. 

Hudson Engineer and Contracting Company, vrater supply engineers, 92 William street. New York City. 

E. K. Hutchinson, artesian-well driller. Oyster Bay, N. Y. 
W. C. Jeagle, artesian-well driller, Hicksville, N. Y. 
Isaac Kasteard, well digger, Port Washington, N. Y. 
Thomas J. Kirk, well driver, Patchogue, N. Y. 

J. W- Nichols, well driver, Manorville, N. Y. 
R. F. Nichols, well driller. Oyster Bay, N. Y. 
J. M. Peler, well driver, Manhasset, N. Y. 

Phillips & Worthington, artesian-well contractors, 136 Liberty street, New York City. 
Pierce Well Engineering and Supply Company, artesian-well contractors, 136 Liberty street, New York 
City. 

Charles E. Price, artesian-well driUer, Smithtown Branch, N. Y. 

O. W. Quinn, well driller, 257 Seventh avenue, New York City. 

J. B. Redwood, well digger, Smithtown, N. Y. 

Robinson Brothers, well drivers. Center Moriches, N. Y. 

T. B. Rogers, artesian-well driller, Ston3'brook, N. Y. 

Rust Well Machinery Company, artesian-weU contractors, Ithaca, N. Y. 

A. O. Ryder, well digger, 227 Franklin place. Flushing, N. Y. 

George Schmidt, well driller. East Williston, N. Y. 

Ed. Schmidt, well driver, Mineola, N. Y. 

Hany Strausbinger, well digger, Shelter Island, N. Y. 

H. S. Stewart, well contractor, 354 South Highland avenue. East End, Pittsburg, Pa. 

Stotthoff Brothers, artesian-well contractors, Flemington, N. Y. 

Sweeney & Gray, consulting engineers and well drillers, 81-85 Sixth street. Long Island City. 

John Tart, driller, with Hudson Engineering and Contracting Company, 92 William street. New York City. 

S. E. Terry, well borer, Holtsville, N. Y. 

Andrew Vandewater, weU digger, Hempstead, N. Y. 

A. J. Velsor, well digger. Fort Salonga, N. Y. 

Lawrence Verdon, well driller. Far Rockaway, N. Y., with Queens County Water Company. 

F. K. Walsh, artesian-well driller, Woodmere, N. Y. 

Frank Wankel, well driller, 535 Himrod street, Brooklyn, N. Y., with Hudson Engineering and Contract- 
ing Company. 

Alfred Wisson, well driller. Old Westbuiy, N. Y. 

W. V. Young, artesian-well driller. Baiting Hollow, N. Y. 



118 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 

Table XI. — Representative 



No. 



'*10 
*li 

*12 
*13 

14 

15 

*16 

17 
*18 
*19 

*20 

21 

22 

*23 

24 

*25 

26 
*27 

*28 

*29 
*30 
*31 



Location. 



Hoffmann Island. 



Fort Lafayette. 
Bay Ridge 



Bay Ridge Park. 

Brooklyn 

do 

do 

do 

do 



Governors Island. 
Ellis Island 



Brooklyn 

New York-Brooklyn . . . 
Manhattan Beach 



New Utrecht pumping 
station. 

Gravesend pumping sta- 
tion. 

Gravesend 

Mapleton 

Borough Park 



West Brooklyn. 
Blythebourne . . 
Flatbush 



Brooklyn: 

8th avenue and 18th 
street. 

12th street and Go- 
wanus Canal. 

9th street and Go- 
wanus Canal. 

Hoyt and 5th avenue 

3d avenue and 3d 
street. 

3d avenue, between 
Degraw and Doug- 
lass streets. 

Dean street, near 
Vanderbilt avenue. 

St. Marks and Grand 
avenues. 

Lewis and De Kalb 
avenues. 



Coordi- 
nates. 



IB. 
IB. 

IB. 

1 B. 

IC. 
IC 
IC. 
IC. 

IC. 
IC. 



IC... 
IC... 
2C.., 
2 A... 
2B.. 



2B.. 

2B.. 
2B.. 
2B.. 

2B.. 

2B.. 

2B.. 

2B.. 

2C... 

2C..- 

2C.. 
2C... 

2 0... 



2C... 
2C.... 

2C... 



Owner. 



New York Quarantine Sta- 
tion. 

U. S. Army 



Brooklyn sewer depart- 
ment. 

Blythebourne Water Co... 



Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co 

Mllliken Bros 

Barrett Manufacturing Co . . 

P. H. Gill& Sons I 

Crescent Chemical Co I 



Driller. 



Elisha Gregory. 



EUsha Gregory. 
Milliken Bros... 



U. S. Army. 



Long Island R. R . 
Rapid Transit 



Manhattan Beach Hotel. 
Brooklyn waterworks . . . 



.do. 



Brooklyn Borough Gas Co. . 
Pfalzgral estate 

(West Brooklyn Water Co.) 



.do. 



Blythebourne Water Co. 
Flatbush Water Co 



TheMaltineCo 

Brooklyn Union Gas Co. 
Tartar Chemical Co 



Brooklyn Union Gas Co.. 
Transit Development Co . 



Brooklyn Union Gas Co. 



Humbert & Andrews 

Knox Hat Co 

Borden Condensed Milk Co. 



P. H. and J. Conlan 

Pierce Well Engineering 
Co. 



DoUard Bros. 



W. D. Andi'ews & Bro. 



Foster Pump Works. . . 



Elisha Gregory. 



Chester D. Corwin. 

Elisha Gregory 

Chester D. Corwin. 



Authority. 



Elisha Gregory. 



E. Lewis 

J. C. Meem, engineer. 

L. B. Wards 



Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co 

Milliken Bros.. 

Barrett Manufacturing Co. . 
P. H. Gill& Sons 

Crescent Chemical Co. . . ^v . . 



Elisha Gregory 

Pierce Well Engineering Co. 



C. M. Jacobs, engineer. 
Chief engineer 



Dollard Bros. 
L. B. Ward!-. 



.do.6 . 



Brooklyn Borough Gas Co. 

L. B. Wards 

I. M. De Varona.f 



do.ff 

....do./ 

L. B. Ward 

TheMaltineCo 

Brooklyn Union Gas Co. 
EUsha Gregory 



Brooklyn Union Gas Co. 

Samples in office of Transit 
Development Co. 

Brooklyn Union Gas Co... 



Chester D. Corwin. 

Elisha Gregory 

Chester D. Corwin. 



* For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 

a Yield from a single shaft 

t> Merchants' Association report on water supply of the city of New York, 1900, table following p. 186. 

c Average per well lor 1899. 

d See Table VIII. 



WELL RECORDS. 
REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 



119 



wells on Long Island. 



Diameter 
of well 



Inches. 



60 

240 

8-6 

2i 



12-8 



96-5 

5 

96-8 



2 
&-4J 

6 
10 
R 



Depth of 
of well. 



Feet. 
1,000 

53 
40-90 

90 
90 
1,503 
65 
50 
50 
56 

1,822.5 
1,400 

120 

12-102 

' 40 
30 

50 

14 



Height of 
level. 



Feet. 
750-1,000 



Feet. 



52 
1,715 



65 

60 
44 
55 

177.6 

65 

143 

40 
30^50 

72-90 



331 
101 



- 10 

- 10 

- 35 

- 15 

Flows. 



- 10 

- 3.6 



17.4 



157.5-177.5 



140 



81-98 
217 



-157.5 



- 67 



Yield q 
per 
minute. 



Gallons. 
33 



Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 



Remarks. 



No. 



Cambro-SUurian (?)..; Rock encountered at a depth of 450 feet. 



Foundation test borings . 
Sewer tunnel 



2 520-695 Wisconsin. 



C139 



100 



c6.5 
cl5 



c27 
500 

JlOO 

'■ 1, 200 

i20 



!'38 



40-1- 



100 



-do I See Table VIII . 



Cambro-Silurian. 

Wisconsin 

do 

do .' 

....do 



Cambro-Sll urian. 



Salt water 

Hard water; used only for cooling 

Used for cooling purposes only 

Water salty and hard 

Slightly brackish; not used for boiler or 
drinking. 

Salty water 

Brackish water 



[Pleistocene; Cambro- 
\ Silurian. 

Pleistocene 

Wisconsin 



.do. 



Wisconsin. 



W isconsin . 
Tisbury?.. 



Jameco?. 



Jameco?. 



Tisbury?. 
Jameco . . . 
Tisbury . . 



Test boring . 



...do. 



Coarse sand and gravel . . . 
Group of 120 driven wells , 

Group of 113 driven wells . 



Blue clay at a depth of 14 feet 

Single well used for local water supply 

Reserve station of old West Brooklyn 
Water Co. 

Principal station of old West Brooklyn 
Water Co. 

Reserve station; not used 



Group of 55 wells 

Used for cooling and manufacturing; 
slightly hard. 

2 wells 



2 wells ; water not used for boilers . 



Group of 5 wells 

Test borings for foundations . 



Group of 11 wells. 



Bed rock at 331 feet. 



« Op. oit., p. 181. 

/History and Description of the Water Supply of Brooklyn, 1896, p. 139. 

sOp. cit., p. 138. 

i Average of each well. 



10 
11 

12 
13 

14 

<!15 

dl& 

17 

cil8 
19 

20 

d21 

U22 

23 
24 
25 

26 

27 

28 

29 
30 
31 



120 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK.. 

Table XI. — Representative wells 



No. 



32 

*33 
34 

*35 

36 

*37 

*38 

39 

*40 
*4] 

*42 



44 

*45 



*48 
49 
50 

*.51 

*52 
*53 



*55 

56 
57 
58 
59 
*60 
61 



Location.' 



Brooklyn— Continued. 
Pulaski street and 
Lewis avenue. 

■ 254 Hart street 

Central avenue and 
Grove street. 

Forest street and 
Evergreen avenue. 

Noll and Bremen 
streets. 

Bartlett street and 
Harrison avenue. 

Bartlett street and 
Flushing avenue. 

Flushing and Frank- 
lin avenues. 

20-.34 Ryerson street, 

163 Carlton avenue . 

Between Wallabout 
and Gowanus. 

Clarke, Willow, and 
Pineapple streets. 

66 Water street 

Brooklyn Bridge. . . 



Coordi- 
nates. 



2C. 



2C. 
2C. 



2C. 

2C. 

2C. 

2C. 

2C. 

2C. 
2C. 
20. 

2C. 

2C. 
2C. 



Pearl and Front 2C. 
streets. 



50 Jay street. 



John and Jay streets. 

Bridge and Ply- 
moiith streets. 

BrooklvnNavv-Yard 



Owner. 



Brooklyn Navy- Yard 2C 



Brooklyn Navy-Yard 
B rooklyn Navy- Yard 



2C. 
2C. 



BrooklvnNavv-Yard 2C 



556 Kent avenue. 



Keap street and 
Kent avenue. 

Harrison and Broad- 
way streets. 

Leonard and Meser- 
ole streets. 

Meserole and Hum- 
bolt streets. 

Bushwick and Mes- 
erole avenues. 

Wliite and Boerum 
streets. 



H. B. Scharmann & Sons- 



Excelsior Brewing Co. 
Jos. Epping — 



S. Li^bmann Sons Brewing 

Co. 
Obermeyer & Liebmann 

Pfeizer Chemical Co 

do 

Malcom Brewing Co 



Driller. 



Elisha Gregory 

Pierce Well 'Engineer- 
ing Co. 



Merger & Thrall (?) 

Walter M. Dehevoise 

( Johnson) 



Sweeney Manufacturing Co. 



2C.. . 

2C.... 

2C.... 
2C.... 



2C.... 

2C.... 
2C.... 
2C.... 
2C.... 
2C.... 
2C.... 



Jones Bros. 



John W. Masury & Son. 



Arbuckle Bros . 



Howard & Fuller Brewing 
Co. . 

U. S. Navy : 

..--do 



-do. 
.do. 

.do. 



BrookljTi ITnion Gas Co. 

Chrome Steel Works 

The J. H. ShultsCo 

Burger Brewing Co 

Congress Brewing Co 

Eastern Brewing Co 

F. H. KlabfleischCo 



C. D. Corwin 

Phillips & Worthington 
Stotthoff Bros 



C. D. Corwiiv . 
I. H. Ford-... 



I. H. i'ord. 



(Pierce Well Engineering 
J Co. 



H. S. Stewart. 



F. Wankel- 

--..do 

....do 



Chester D . Corwin . 



Authority. 



H. B. Scharmann. 



Elisha Gregory 

Pierce Well Engineering Co. 

Alfred Liebmann 

E . Obermeyer 

C. n. Corwin 

Phillips & Worthington... 

Stotthoff Bros.a 



C. D. Corvrin 

I. H. Ford 

W. W. Mather b . 

Arthur HolUckc. 

I. H. Ford 



lyong Island Historical So- 
ciety. 



*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 
a Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1898, 1899, p. 137,. 



Pierce Well Engineering Co 
John W. Masury & Son . . . 

H. S. Stewart 

Howai'd & Fuller 

Civil engineer of navy-yard 
F. Wankel 



.do. 
.do. 



Civil engineer of navy-yard 

Brooklyn Union Gas Co 

T.I. Jones, treasurer 

The J. H. ShultsCo 

L. G. Burger...; 

James D. I-ong, manager... 

Chester D. Corwin 

F. H. KlabfleischCo 



REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 



121 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(-l-) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 


Feet. 
105 

138 
100 

275 

60-70 

165 

176 

62 

84 
90 
84 

65 

60 
89 

60 

100 

53-75 

f 2, 148 

800 

50 

50 

316 

220 
108 


Feet: 


Feet. 


Gallons. 




Nothing but sand 


■^0 


10 
6 






200 
100 


Pleistocene 




33 




-10 
-63 


do 


Brown sand, to 100 feet 


34 


63-105 






•15 








3 wells ; all sand . . . 


36 


6 
8 


150-165 
124-176 


— 5 


360 
350 






37 


Pleistocene 




38 




Water 8 feet from cellar floor 


39 


2 











Bed rock Ht 84 feet 


40 








41 












42 










Pleistocene 




43 


4 








.do 


Bowlder clay 


44 










Foundation sounding 


45 




21-60 


-12 








46 


6 
5-6 


300 

225 


Pleistocene . . . 








- 7 


do 


Group of wells. Water rather hard ' 

Bed rock at 93. No water in rock 

Bed rock at 97. 


1" 




1 










I 4S 


4 






Flows. 


.50 


Pleistocene 


Coarse reddish sand, to 50 feet 


49 






Struck rock or bowlders and al)andoned . . . 
Bed rock at 103 feet 


50 


6 

6 
6 


1 275 

I 296 

190 


-.50 
-50 


60 
80 
60 


isUurian? 

do 


51 


Bed rock at 96 feet . . . 


5'> 






Nothing but brackish water. Rock at 101 
feet. 

Record of beds penetrated in dry-dock exca- 
vations. 

Original yield in 1 873, 500 gallon s per minute . 


53 










54 


f 3 

4 

I 6 


129.5 
85 
85 
65 

65 

35-45 

140 

117 

50 






100 
100 
100 










do 


I ^'i 






do 


2 wells 












56 


4 




-20 


5 




Hard water; temperature, .50° F 

All sand 


57 






58 




90 
101-117 








Blue clav, 90 to 140 feet 


51 




S 


-51 
-15 


400 


Pleistocene 




60 


.do 


Used for cooling purposes only 


61 













b Geology of the First District, 1843, p. 259. 
c Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 225. 



122 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Representative wells 



No. 



Location. 



Coordi- 
nates. 



Owner. 



Driller. 



Authority. 



*62 

63 

*fi4 

*65 
*66 
*67 



69 
70 

*71 
*72 

73 

74 

*75 
*76 

77 

78 



Brooklyn — Continued. 
Ten Eyck street, 
between Bushmck 
and Florence 



Sen- 



Montrose and 
eca streets. 

Maspeth and Gardi- 
ner avenues. 

Porter and Maspeth 
avenues. 

Meeker and Kings- 
land avenues. 

Meeker avenue, be- 
tween North 
Moore and Moni- 
tor streets. 

Wythe and Metro- 
politan avenues. 

Kent avenue and 
North 12th street. 

110-118 North nth 
street. 

99-117 North 11th 
street. 

Kent and 12th 
streets. 

Noble and West 
streets. 

Fly Island, New- 
town Creek. 

Long Island City: 

BUssville 



Blissville . 



Laurel Hill. 



Laurel Hill 

New Calvary Ceme- 
tery. 



2C. 
2C. 
2C. 

.2C. 
2C. 
2C. 

2C. 

2C. 
2C. 
2C. 
2C. 

}-2C. 
2C. 

2C. 
2C. 



2C... 

2C... 
2C... 



N. Seitz's Sons , 

Robinson Bros 

Peter Cooper Glue Co . 



JPhilUps & Worthington 
|l. H. Ford 



BrookhTi Union Gas Co. 



Neptune Consumers Ice 
Co. 



Streeter & Dennison 

BrookhTi Union Gas Co . 
Hecla Iron Works 



New York Quinine and 
Chemical Co. 

Standard Oil Co 



/American Cordage and 
\ Manufacturing Co. 

Empire OD Refinery 



JFleischmann Manufactur- 
\ ingCo. 

Standard Oil Co 



81 
*82 



*83 
84 



*8S 



*87 



Van Dam street. 



Manhattan 
ough to 
son street. 

Near depot 

6th and'West . . . 

Vernon avenue . 



Bor- 
Thom- 



Nichols Chemical Co.. 

General Chemical Co. 
Calvary Cemetery 



2C 
2C 
2C ! Flower estate 



! J Department Water Supply, 
"".\ gas and electricit}'. 



2C.. 
2C.. 

2C.. 

2C.. 
2C.. 
2C. . 



Flower estate . 



Pennsylvania, New York 
and Long Island R. R. 

Westinghouse Electric Co. . 

A. & S. B. Coyson 

Jas. GllUs & Sons 



I. H. Ford 

Chester D. Corwtn. 



The Rust Well Ma- 
chinery Co. 



P. H. & J. Conlan. 

Elisha Gregory 

I. H; Ford 



fP. H. &T. Conlan 

{Nichols Chemical Co 

General Chemical Co. . . 

Pierce Well Engineering. 
Co. 

Commission 



Pierce Well Engineering 
Co. 

Commission 



Pierce Well Engineering 
Co. 



W. E. Dohrman 

Sweeney & Gray 

Pierce Well Engineering 
Co. . 



PhilUps & Worthington 

I. H. Ford 

Robinson Bros '. 

Peter Cooper Glue Co 

Brookl\-n Union Gas Co 

C. Harty, foreman 

Chester D . Corwin 

Streeter & Dennison 

BrookljTi Union Gas Co 

Hecla Iron Works 

New York Quinine and 
Chemical Co. 

H. L. Pratt.., 

P. H. &-.T. Conlana 

EUsha Gregory 

I.H.Ford 

Jacob Blumer, chemist 

Chas. O 'Conner, superin- 
tendent. 

P. H. & J. Conlan c 

Nichols Chemical Co 

General Chemical Co 

E . Lewis tf 

Commission 

L. B. Ward« 

Chas. D. Pierce, manager . . . 

Commission 

Pierce Well Engineering Co 

Chief engineer 

W. E. Dohrman 

Sweeney & Gray 

Pierce Well Engineering Co, 



*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 
a Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1900, 1901, p. 156. 
^ Originally — .5. 
c Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1897, 1898, p. 284. 



REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 



128 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
of well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 

8 

12-9 

72 

3 


Feet. 
240 
160 
15 

30 

190 

54 
225 

73 

60 

46 

60 

333 

±200 

80 
610 
300 

60-70 

275-450 

60-70 

100-135 

60 

66 

582 

38 
70 
30 
145 

40 
100 

10-150 

69 
152 
lOO' 


Feet. 
52-75 
58-76 


Feet. 


Gallons. 
400 
100 
50 

10 

200 
125 


Tisbury? 




I 62 
63 




do 




- 10 

- 19 


Wisconsin. . . 


Hard water used for cooling 


19 

f 48 
1 190 


do 


Temperature, 54°. Six wells 


64 






6 
10-8-6 

8 






1" 


28-32 
63-70 




AVisconsin . . 


No water below 3^^ feet 


66 










67 








'• Water cold and pure and plenty of it". . 


68 


4 

6 

' 10 






7 
125 




69 






Wisconsin . . 


Hard water . . . 


70 




- 10 


Silurian ? 


Rock below 125 feet. Not used for drinking. 
Stnick rock and abandoned 


71 






7? 












Brackish water 


1 73 

74 


8 










Rock, 90 to 610 feet; brackish water 

Rock, 100 to 300 feet 










f 6 

<{ 

180-6 




- 40 

J -220 

1 -250 

b- 60 


200 
1 10-125 

75-100 
66 


Pleistocene 


Water lowered from —15 to - 40 feet 

Rock below 124 feet . 


1 




Silurian ? 


" 




Pleistocene 




) 

76 




..do 


Water of good quality 


) 


10 

4 




- 15 




Group of 6 wells. Used only for cooUng 


[77 






78 






70 




Gneiss, 182-582 feet 


79 


2 

f e 

[ 570 
8 

2 
6 










80 


I 




/474 
75 




Long Island City pumping station No. 1 

Rook, 112 to 145 feet; no water 


ffSl 


1 

90-100 






82 






S3 




- 6 






Rock, 50 to 100 feet 


84 








Test borings for East River Tunnel 

Test borings for f oimdations 


85 












86 




152 


-19 


72 
100 




Gneiss, 2''-152 feet; brackish water. 


87 


8 




Rock, 30 to 100 feet; brackish water. ... 


88 









dAnnals N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, p. 346; Bull. U. S. Gool. Survey No. 138, p. 31. 

« Merchants' Association report on water supply of the city of New York, 1900, table following p. 186. 

/ ."Average from station for 1899. 

aSee Table VIII. 



17116— No. 44—06- 



-9 



124 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISL4ND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Revresentative wells 



No. 



Location. 



Coordi- 
nates. 



Owner. 



Driller. 



Authofity. 



*89 

90 

*91 

*92 
*93 

*94 

*95 
*96 



Long Island City — Cod. 

Vernon and Nott 
avenues. 

SkiUman avenue and 
School street. 

Skillman avenue and 
School street. 

596 Jackson avenue . 

Jackson avenue 
and Hill street. 

Long Island R. R. 
and Remsen 
street. 

MiBersburg avenue 
and Moore street. 

Buckley and Mid- 
dleburg. 



*99 

*10O 

*101 

*102 
103 

*]04 
*105 
*106 

107 

108 
109 

*110 

HI 

112 
113 

114 
*115 
*116 

*117 



2C....i C. A. WiUey A- Co. 



2C.. 



Sweeney & Gray Sweeney & Gray-. 



Mrs. Mary Ryan S. H. .\llen. 



2 C Bragnaw estate . 



2D... Gus. Steinhert 

2D...' Long Island R.R. 



S. H. Allen, foreman do . 



Sweeney & Gray ! Sweeney &. Gray . . 

Long Island R.R. 



2D... Westcott Express Co S. H. .Ulen 



S. H. Allen . 



2D .. 
2D .. 



Smith ; do «. 

Sweeney & Gray. 



Long Island R. R. 
and Lowerv street. 



Long Island R. R. 
and Grove street. 



2D... 
}2D... 

I 



Ed. O'Kiefe 

Consumers Hygeia Ice Co - 



I /Department water supply, 
I gas, and electricity. 



S. H. Allen 

.do 

Sweeney i Gray. 



2 D . 



2D ... 

2D ... 



Steinway avenue 
between Pierce 
and Graham. 

5th avenue between 
Pierce and Gra- 
ham. 

Washington and 
4th avenues. 

2d avenue between 
Pierce and Wash- 
ington avenues. 

Pierce avenue and 
Crescent street. 

Williams street and 
Beebe avenue. 

Ely Ijfetween Pa>-n- 
tar and Beebe 
avenues. 

Hancock avenue near 
Bodine street. 

337 Vemon avenue. 

Vernon and Harris 
avenues. 

401 Vemon avenue. . i 2 D 



("ommission. 
2 D ...i I S. H. .A.llen.. 



Frank Froellich . 
ilartin Hummel. 



2 D ...j Mrs. Wonder 

2 D ...| W. J. Matherson & Co. 
2 D 



2D . 



2D.. 
2D.. 



Vemon avenue . 



2D... 



Vemon avenue | 2D 



Vemon avenue 



2D . 



725 \'emon avenue. . i 2 D . 
' 2D. 



Broadway and . 2D.. 
Academy street. 

9th and Jamaica 2D., 
avenues. 



Emken Chemical Co. 



Young & Metzner . 
D. G. Morrison. .. 



New York Architectural 
Terra Cotta Co. 

John Good Cordage and 
Macliine Co 



Young Bag Co 

East River Gas Co.. 



Witherspoon & Son 

New York .Asbestos Co. 
Wm. Siebrecht 



Rudolph Harek . 



.do. 

.do. 
.do. 



do 

C. C. Vermeule. 
S. H. .\llen 



do 

Sweeney. & Gray. 

S. H. .Ulen 

do 



Sweeney & Gray. 

L.B.Ward 6.... 

\K. S. Farmer 

[Commission 

S. H. AUen.. 



.do. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 



Sweeney & Gray. 

do 

-...do 



W. J. Matherson & Co. 
S. H. Allen ; 



Sweeney & Gray . 



.do. 
.do. 



.do. 



.do. 



Pierce Well Engineering I Pierce Well Engineerine Co. 
Co. • 



.do. 
.do. 



.do. 
.do. 



Sweeney & Gray I Sweeney & Gray . 

F. W. MiUer 

Sweeney & Gray ' Sweeney & Gray . 



S. H. .Ulen i S. H. Allen. 



*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 
o Several inches. 



EEPEESENTATIVE WELLS. 



125 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 


Feet. 
85 

31 

30 

30 
30 

53 

38 

19 

42 

51-66 

62 
41 
125 
42 
43 

60 

57 
63 

74 
30 
22 

80 

125 
125 

115 

350 

150 
100 

125 
31 
90 

74 


Feet. 
8.5 


Feet. 

(a) 

+ 2 
+ 3 

- h 


Gallons. 




Gneiss, 25 to 86 feet 


89 


4 
6 


8 
15 




Group of 4 wells; all flowing; pumps 78gal- 
lons per minute. 

Well now entirely clogged up 


90 


30 


.. do 


91 




92 




Flows. 






Slight flow 


p;^ 


36-lJ 
2 


42-53 








P4 


Flows. 



-16 

J - 3 

1 - 5 

-22 

-10 








95 










96 


2 

4 

6 

4 










97 




I 48-60 


Plei.stocene . . . 








do 




I 98 




36 


Tisburv 


Long Island City pumping station No. 3 

Fordham gneiss, 118 to 125 feet 




I 




ic99 


1} 

36 

3 

240 

2 

6 




1 


+ 0.7 

-30 

-30 
-55 


14 






lOO 






Rock at 60 feet; water level formerly —18 .. 


101 








102 








Rock, at 63 feet 


103 










104 





+ 2 


34 
5 




Used for manufacturing 


105 








106 




Fordham gneiss 

do 


Gneiss,8 to 80 feet; water slightly brackish . 

Gneiss, 6 to 125 feet; brackish watei- 

Gneiss, to 125 feet; brackish water 

Gneiss, 22 to 115 feet; brackish water 

Gneiss, 20 to 350 feet. 


107 




- 5 

-25 

-40 

-20 

-25 
(?) 

-40 
Flows. 
-18 

-43 




108 








do. 


109 


6 

6 

8 
6 

6 

4J-3 

6 

36-2 






do 


110 




50 


do 


111 




do 


Gneiss, 20 to 150 feet 


112 




75 


. do 


Gneiss, 20 to 100 feet; well probably aban- 
doned. 

Gneiss, to 125 feet; water very brackish . . . 

Rock at 31 feet 






do... 


114 






Pleistocene 


115 




Good... 


do 


Brackish waters 


116 










117 













f) Annals N. Y.Acad. Sci., vol. 3, p. 346; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 138, p. 34. 
c See Table VIII. 



126 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Representative quells 



No. 



Location. 



Coordi- 
nates. 



Owner. 



Driller. 



Authority. 



*U8 
*U9 

*120 

*121 

*122 
*123 

124 
*125 
*126 

127 

*128 
*129 
*130 
*131 

*132 
*133 



*135 



*136 
*137 



*1.38 



*139 



Long Island City— Con. 

408 9tli avenue 

Steinway and Ja- 
maica avenues. 

Albert street and 
Jamaica avenue. 

12th between Broad- 
way and Jamaica 
avenue. 

Grand street and 
3d avenue. 

Elm street and 
Hopkins avenue. 

Fulton and Halsey 
streets. 

Munson and Or- 
chard streets. 

Steinway avenue 
and River road. 

Woolsey and Van 
Alst avenues. 



Barren Island . 

do 

do... 



140 



*141 



do 

Crook Island 

East New York: 

r Pennsylvania and 
L Stanley avenues. 



New Lots road and 
Fountain avenue. 



Brooklyn Aqueduct 
Brooklyn Aqueduct 



r Old Spring Creek 
\ pumping station. 



Temporary Spring 
Creek "pumping 
station. 

Ridgewood pump- 
ing station. 

Jamaica avenue and 
Aqueduct. 



*U2 Woodhaven 3C 



2D .. 
2D.. 

2D.. 

2D.. 

2D.. 

2D.. 

2D.. 

2D.. 

2D.. 

2D.. 

2D.. 
3 A.. 
3 A., 
3B. 

3B. 
3B. 

|3 B . 
|3C.. 



30. 
3C. 



Dr. Hamier 

Chas. Bickerman. 



S. H. Allen . 
....do 



S. H;. Allen . 
....do. 



.do. 
.do. 



.do. 
.do. 



Commission 

Mrs. Fleming 

Ward's ship yards . . . 

Astoria Steel Co 

Consolidated Gas Co . 
Newwitter & Migel . . . 



S.H.Allen 

....do 

Elisha Gregory. 



McKievery . . , 

Thos. F.White Co. 



.' New York Sanitary Utiliza- 
\ tion Co. 

do 

.! White Lead Co 



S. H.Allen 

Thos. B. Harper. 

do 

....do 



Commission 

S.H. Allen 

....do 

Elisha Gregory. . . . .. .- 

Phillips & Worthington 

S.H. Allen 

....do 



Thos. B. Harper. . 
Lewis Woolmann. 
do.n 



Chester D . Corwin . 
do 



Chester D. Corwin. 
do 



(German American Improve- 
\ ment Co. 



/Department water supply,. 
\ gas, and electricity. 



-do. 
.do. 



L.B.Ward 

Robt. Van Buren, engineer. 
[l. B.Ward'' 



.3C. 



3C. 



3C. 
3C. 



.do. 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 



I. M. De Varona f . 

do.f/ 

do.'' 



L. B. Wardd. 



W. D. Andrews & Bro . 



W.D. Andrews & Bro. 
I. M. De Varona' 



L.B.Ward 

I. M. De Varona n. 

.do.. 9 ;... 



fWoodhaven Water Supply ( j p w„i.(irf 

I \ Co. ) I '■ ■ 



*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 

o Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey for 1896, pp. 155-156. 

b Average per well for 1899. 

cSee Table VIII. 

d Merchants' Association report on water supply of the city of New York, 1900, table facing p. 186. 

e Report of P. H. & J. Conlan, drillers: Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1898, p. 142. 

/ Ann. Rept. Dept. City Works, Brooklyn, 1896, p. 298. 

9 History and Description of the Brooklyn Waterworks, 1896, pi. 40. 

AOp. cit.,p. 20. 



REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 



127 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth ol 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 


Feet. 

57 
65 

60 

65 

31 

35 

22 
008 

55 

100 

48 
740 
740 
720 

700 
134 

60 

65 

70 

168 

45-50 

80-90 

24+ 

191 

148 

30^1 

36 

150 

150 

100+ 

42-75 

42-75 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Gallons. 




Marine shells at 50 feet. 


IIS 






-47 
-42 








119 




42-60 








TO 










T^l 


2 












199 




- 1 


10 




Rock at 35 feet 

■ 

Well unsatisfactory ; i-ock at 22 feet 

Rock 28 to 608 feet; salty water 

Hard water 

Abandoned 

Bad water at 14 feet 


123 








124 


10-8 
3 










125 




- 4 


18 




Fordham gneiss 


^9.e• 




127 


2 

6 

' 6 

6 

ia-4J 
2 

f ^ 
6 

I 6 

6 

1 • 

I 288-6 
5 
5 
2 

1 i 

2 
6 

6 




- 1 
Flows. 

+ 10 
+ 10 

- 4 






128 






Lloyd gravel 


129 




103 
50 


do - 




130 




do 




131 




.do 


Pumps 105 gallons per minute 

Salt water at 134 feet 


13' 








133 


1 




6 16 






<'134 


1 




Jaraeco 


New Lots pumping station c 


135 






e270 


("Wisconsin and Tis- 
l bury. 


Average for whole station of 40 wells for 1899 
was 3,007 gallons per minute. 

Brooklyn waterworks test well No. 17 

Brooklyn waterworks test well No. 4 

Test of 1894 






None. 


136 




- 2.5 






137 




i 80-103 










do 








-12.1 


■;■ 2, 759 






[l38 




do 




Ul 




+ 2 


* 30-40 
n»240 




Test wells sunk in 1882 






Wisconsin and Tis- 


Test in 1894: group of 13 wells 






-11 


160 
Good. 

Good. 

6 24 


bury. 
do 


Average for 1899 


ll39 




do 


Temporary pumping station yielded 4,000,- 
000 gallons daily. 

Brooklyn waterworks test well No. 5. 
>Group of 16 wells 


■•140 


5 

J * 
I 6 


284 
■ 80-150 




-46 
—30 


Jameco 


141 




fWisconsin and Tis- 
\ bury. 


"14? 









i Tests ol separate weUs. Average per well lor test of whole plant at same time 30+ gallons. 
j Average for whole station of 108 wells for 1899. 
fcWith a hand pump. 

I History and Description of the Brooklyn Waterworks, 1896, p. 21. 
'« Average yield in 1899 was 160 gallons. 
nOp. cit.,p. 100. 



128 UNDEEGKOUND WATER EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Representative wells 



No. 


Location. 


"n^afef 


Driller. 


Authority. 


*143 


Woodhaven 


3C.... 

3C.... 
3C.. 


Lalance & Grosjean Manu- 
facturing Co. 

Commission . 




.Tnhn Bryson a 


*144 


Union Place 




Commission . . . 


*145 


Glendale 


do . .. 




do 


146 


Evergreen 


3C.... 

3C.... 

3C.... 
3C.... 
3C.... 

3C 


The Frank Brewery ■. . . 




The Frank Brewery 1 

Montauk Brewing Co | 


*147 


Metropolitan 






*148 


Middle ViUage 






*149 


Middle Village 


H. Bottjer 


F.d. Schmidt 


Ed. Schmidt 


150 


Flnshinf^ Prpplr 


Citizens' Water Supply Co 




J. Edward Meyer, superin- 
tendent. 

do ... 


*151 


Flushing Creek 


do 




*152 


Flushing Creek 


3C.... 
3C.... 
30.... 
3C... 


CoTTiTTiiRsion 




Commission . . ' ." 


*153 


Maspeth 


Woodside Water Co 






*154 


New Calvary Cemetery . 
New Calvary Cemetery . 
New Calvary Cemetery . 
Newtown 


New Calvary Cemetery 

...do 


S.H.Allen 

do 


S. H. Allen 


*155 


do 


*156 


3C 


...do 


do 


do 


*157 


30.... 
30.... 
3 0.... 

3D... 

3D... 
3D... 

3D... 
3D... 


CnTnTnissioTi 




Commission 

L. B. Ward . . 


158 


Newtown 






*159 

*160 

*161 
*162 


Elmhurst 








Woodside 


/New York and Queens 
\ CoimtyR.E. 


Is. H. Allen 


S. H. Allen 


Do 






Do 


Citizens' Water Supply Co. . 
I. tsenburg 




L. B. Ward 


Stotthofi Bros 






Long Island City: 
*163 Albert street near 


S. H. Allen 


S. H. Allen 


Grand avenue. 
*164 Grand and 9th ave- 




do 


. do 


*165 


nues. 

13th avenue near 
Vandeventer. 

Bowery Bay road 
near Flushing 
avenue. 

Albert street and 
Ditmars avenue. 

Steinway avenue . . . 

Potter avenue near 
Park place 

Merchant.street and 
Ditmars avenue. 

Near Merchant 
street and Dit- 
mars avenue. 

Crescent street near 
Ditmars avenue. 

Lawrence street and 
Wolcott avenue. 

Bowery Bay 


3D... . 


do 


do 


*166 


3D... 


Commission 




Commission 


*167 


3D... 

3D... 
3D... 

3D... 

3D... 


Commission 




do 


*168 


Astoria Silk Works 

Dillman 


S.H.Allen 

do 


S. H. Allen 


*1fi9 


do 


*170 


Rivercrest Sanitarium . . 


.. do 


do 


*171 


do 


do 


. ..do 


*172 


3D... 


do 


do 


do 


*173 


3D... 
3D... 


Commission 




OnTnTTiis.<5ion 


174 


Stelnwav & Son 


Pierce Well Engineering Pierce Well Engineering Co . 
Co. 1 







*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 
a Am. Geol., vol. 2, 1888, pp. 136-137; vol. 3, 1889, pp. 218-219. 
b Estimate for whole station. 
cSee Table VIII. 



REPKESENTATIVE WELLS. 



129 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above (+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No 


Inches. 


Feet. 
577 

46 

76 
110 
106 
109 

96 
135 

50 

J 50 

1 190 

22 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Gallons. 





Gneiss 556 to 577 feet 


14^ 


2 

2 

96 

1 ^ 

1 5 

2 

2 

6 

4i-6 
2 








Commission No. .567 


144 










Commission No. 1372 , 


145 




-85 


104 


Pleistocene 


Temperature 50° F. 


146 




do 




|l47 


109 




100 


do . 


Temperattu'e 51° R . . . , 






CommisRiori No. 1204 


148 




-35 
Flows. 

Flows. 








149 




6 1,735 
61,388 




Station No. 4; group of 16 wells 


"1.50 




do 


Station No. 5; group of 13 wells 


ll51 


50-90 




Test well ; no water below 90 feet 








Commission No. 1188 


15? 










Pumping station No. 1 


«1.53 


6 
8 

8 
2 
6 
2 

1 i 


70 
51 
56 
26 
45-62 
69 
32 
52 
60 




Flows. 

- 1 
-26 




Pleistocene 


Rockat80feet; pumps 80 gallons perminute. 


154 




80 
80 


do.. 


155 




do. 




I.W 






Commission No. 1189 


l.W 






dl5 


Wisconsin 


Pumping station No. 1; 28 wells 


"l.w 






do 


Commission No. 662. . 


1W 




- 2 

- 8 


85 
30 
40 


Pleistocene 








160 






Pumping station No. 2 

[Pumping station No. 2; 78 wsUs 








'■161 


4J 


45-80 
227 

61 

60 

72 

40 

40 

112 
63 

48 

70 

42 
31 
100 




e -15 


dl4 



Pleistocene 


ll62 




(Gneiss, 138 to 227 feet 


do 










163 










do . 




164 










do 




165 


2 

■ 2 

8 










Commission No. 827; rock at 40 feet, prob- 
ably a bowlder. 

Commission No. 828 


166 










167 


80 




210 






168 




do 




169 






-31 
-.59 


200 




Group of 3 wells 


170 








Water in crevice in rock 


171 


36 

o 

6 




3.5-40 






179 








Commission well No. 859 

Rock, 50 to 100 feet 


173 




- 6 






<;174 















d Average per well for 1899. 

e Report of J. Ed. Meyer, who states that a few of these weUs were originally artesian. 

/ Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey for 1899. 1900, p. 80. 



130 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — -Representative wells 



No. 



175 
*176 

*177 
*178 

*179 

*180 

*181 

*182 
183 

*184 
185 

*186 

*187 

*188 

*189 
*190 

*191 

192 

*193 

194 

*195 
*196 

*197 

198 
*199 

*200 



Location. 



*201 



*202 
*203 



Long Island City — Con. 

r Cabinet and Bowery 
[ Bay road. 

North Beach 



North Beach 

Flusliing and Ehret 
avenues. 

Trains Meadow and 
Highway roads. 

Trains Meadow 
road near Jacli- 
son avenue. 

Junction avenueand 
Strongs Lane. 

College Point 

.-..do 

....do 

....do 

Tallman Island 



Far Eockaway. 
....do 



.do. 
.do. 



....do 

Nigger Point. 



Shetucket pumping sta- 
tion. 

....do 



/Springfield pumping 
\ station. 

Near Springfield pump- 
ing station. 

Oconee pumping station 

Near Oconee pumping 
station. 

/Baisley's pumping sta- 
\ tion. 



)ameco pumping sta- 
tion. 



Aqueduct and Cornell 
Creek. 

Aqueduct and Rocka- 
way road. 



Coordi- 
nates, 



JSD. 



3D.. 



3D. 
3D. 

3D. 

3D. 

3D. 



3D... 
3D... 
3D... 
3D... 
3D... 

4B... 

4B... 

4B... 
4B... 

4B... 

4B... 
4B... 
4B... 



4B. 
•4B. 
4B. 



Owner. 



fDepartment water supply, 
1 gas, and electricity. 

Bowery Bay Building and 
Improvement Association. 



4C. 

4 0. 



4C. 



4C. 



4 0. 
4C. 



Woodside Water Co . 

Commission 

....do 



.do. 



India Rubber Comb Co 

Stonebanks 

American Hard Rubber Co 



Long Island R. R. 

Jas. Cafiery 

B. L. Carroll 



Jas. Cafiery 

Long Island R. R . 



Queens County Water Co . . 

Idlewlld Hotel 

Theo. R Chapman 

Department water supply, 
gas,, and electricity. 

....do 



.do. 
.do. 



.do. 
.do. 



.do. 



.do. 



.do. 
.do. 



Driller. 



Sweeney & Gray. 



Chester D. Corwin , 



Lawrence Verdon . 
Gilbert Baldwin . . . 
F. K. Walsh 



0. A. I/Ockwood. 



Theo. R. Chapman. 



W. D. Andrews & Bro. 



.do. 



Authority. 



L. B.Ward. 



L. C. L. Smith, consulting 
engineer. 



Commission . 
....do 



.do. 



A. D . SchUssinger, president 

A. D. SchUssinger 

Chester D. Corwin 

A. D. ScUissinger 

C. M. Jacobs, consulting 
engineer. 

Lawrence Verdon 



Gilbert Baldwin. 



F. K. Walsh, 

Long Island R. R. 

C. A. Lockwood. ., 



Theo. R. Chapman. 

do 

L. B. Ward 



I. M. De Varona. 



JL. B. Ward 

1 Peter C. Jacobsen < 

I. M. De Varona.. 



L. B.Ward ,. 

I. M. De Varona 

W. D. Andrews & Bro. 

I. M. De'Varona 

L, B.Ward 

I. M. De Varona 



.do. 



I 

* For additional data see descriptive no^es, pp. 168 et seq. 

a Average yield to pumps per minute from whole station, 1899. 

i See Table VIII. 

c Reports to Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona. 



L. B. Ward 

I. M. De Varona. 
....do 



REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 



131 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
of well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above (+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No 


Inches. 

1 4 

i 192 

6 

6 


Feet. 
45 
22 
70 

40-50 


Feet. 
I 


Feet. 

Flows. 

-12 


Gallons. 

557 

20 




Longlsland City station No. 2; 29 wells ... 
Group of 17 wells 


hl75 


J 


do 


M76 






Group of 3 well s 


177 










Station No. 3; not used 


6178 


2 
2 


28.5 
31 

53 

35 
28 
86 
60 
149 

112 
190 
90 
30 
20-30 
50 
200 
200 
203 
180 

154 

170 
156-207 

271 

195 

192 

+ 100 

28-65 

44 

200 

150 

155 

151 

290 

151 

23-73 

160 

156 

257 










Commission No. 767 . . . 


179 










Commission No. 762 


180 










Commission No. 768 


181 










Poor water 


^m 


36 
2 


1 






Lignitized wood at 28 feet. 


183 


1 


50 








184 


i 




Blue clav, 0-60 feet 


185 




1 




Fordham gneiss, 110 to 149 feet 


186 


6 
( - 6 
1 6 




Flows. 

Flows. 



-20 




187 


lEO-190 

90 

20-30 






Salt water 








Fresh water 


188 


Good. 


Tisbury 




189 








190 


f 5 

1 5 

2 

8 

8 

5 

8 
8 

5 

8 
5 
2 
2 
2 
2 

f * 
6 

6 

10 

8 

I 4-10 
5 

5 


1 




Tisbury 

Jameco 

do 


Abandoned station 


1 


200 
200 
202 






Brackish water 


191 


Flows. 

Flows. 

-10.3 

f -10.7 

1 -16.7 

- 9.6 

Flows. 






192 




.do 




193 


/97 
I 


do 


Group of 12 wells 


6194 


146-154 


do 


Brooklyn test well No. 16 

G roup of 20 wells 


195 


1 

/74 
15-25 

m 

/95 


do 

do 




117-207 


Well No. 15 jielded on test 694 gaUons a 
mlnute.lowering water to about — 14feet. 

Brooklyn test well No. 9 

Group of 12 wells; pumps 


Il96 
W 

197 




+ .8 


Jameco 

do 


6198 


185-192 


BrookljTi test well No. 18 

Test well of 1884 


199 


+ 3 

-10.6 

-11.7 

Flows. 

«+ 7 




do - . - - 






18-42 

10 

Small. 

90 

100 

475 


Wisconsin 

do 


Test of 1894 

Average for 1899 


200 




(») 


140-170 


Test well of 1894 




Jameco 

do 

do 


Pumps 280 gaUons per minute 

Pumps 300 gallons per minute 










e+U 


Pumps 500 gallons per minute 

Andrews's well; abandoned 

Pumps 700 gallons 






201 


137-151 


Flows. 


154 
1 


Jameco 


('') 


Group of 207 wells 






- 3.4 
+ 1 

+ 2 




J 


Jameco 

., ..do 


Brooklyn test well No. 1; flows 30 gallons 
per minute. 

Brooklyn test well No. 2; flows 5 gallons 
per minute. 




141-1.56 
146-162 


202 




?03 









d No water was obtained below surface gravel. 

•■ Letter from W. D. Andrews & Bro. ■ 

/ Average yield to pumps per well per minute for : 



132 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Representative wells 



No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


DrUler. 


Authority. 


*?M 


Aqueduct aud New 
York avenue. 

Aqueduct and Fanners 
avenue. 

Aqueduct 


4 C. . . . 
4 C. . . . 


Department water supply, 
gas, and electricity. 

do 




I. M. De Varona , 


'^n.'i 




do ' 


*?.nfi 


4 C 


do 




do 


*-?07 


New York avenue near 
Locust avenue. 

Rockaway road 


4C.... 
4C 






1 
Commission. 1 

do , 


*?,ns 


do 




nm 


4 C 


do 




do 


nw 


Morris Park 


4 C 


do 




do ':■ 


*?.ii 


Jamaica 


4C 


do 




...do ----- 


*212 


do 


4C.... 
4C.... 

4C.... 

4C 


(■Department water supply, 
1 gas. and electricity. 

Jamaica Water Supply Co. . 


\ 


I. M. De Varona .. .. . - . 

L. B. Ward 




do 


J 


*213 


(C. A. Lookwood 


C. A. Lockwood ... 






*214 


Commission. 


*?15 




...do 




do - 


*?lfi 




4C 


do 




do .-- 


*?17 




4C.... 
4 C 


do 




do 


*218 


Queens 

HolUs 

do 

WoodhuUPark 

West Jamaica . 


do 




do 


219 


4C.... 
4C.... 

4C.... 
4 C 


F W. Dunton 


C. A. Lookwood 


C. A. Lockwood 


*220 


Department water supply, 
gas and electricity. 


I. M. De Varona 


*221 






*222 


do 




do 




Dunton 

Willow Glen 


4C.... 

4C.... 
4C.... 

4C ... 
4C.... 
4 C 


Montauk Water Co . 




L.B. Ward 


*223 


C. A. Lockwood 


C. A. Lockwood 




Commission 


*224 


Commission . . . .* 


*225 


Head of riushing Creek. 
Deep Glen Spring 


Citizens' Water Supply Co . 




L. B.Ward 


*226 


.. 




*227 






Commission 


=f=228 






R. S. Hopkins 


*229 
*230 




4C.... 
4C.... 

}4C.... 

4D... 
4D... 






Commission 






f 


Engineer 


1 Sweeney & Gray 






fDepartment water supply, 
\ gas and electricity 




L. B. Ward---- 


*231 


fFresh Meadow pump- 
\ ing station. 


Chester D. Corwm 

1 do 


Chester D . Corwin- - - - 

do 




do 


do 


*232 




Commission 


*233 


Broadway 


do 




do 



*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 

o With hand pump from water-bearing stratum between 176 and 182 feet. 

b Average of whole station for 1899. 



EEPEESENTATIVE WELLS. 



133 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 
principal 

water 
supply. 


Height of 

water 
above (+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 
5 

5 

5 

2 

2 
2 
2 
2 

5 

1 a 

f 96 

8 
10 
5 
10-4 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

5 

2 
2 
10 

10 
2 
6 

Spring. 

2 

30 

2 

f 8 

1 2 

8 

Springs. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 


Feet. 
277 

295 

419 
29.5 

31 

44 
50.5 
122 

197 

50-60 

57 
50 

150 
50 

352 
31 

25.5 

24.5 
32 
60 
80 

406 

29 

52 

30-50 

64 
25 
45 


Feet. 
1-82 

6-28 

f 20-78 
I 176-182 


Feet. 

- 1 


Gallons. 


Wisconsin and Tis- 
bury. 

Wisconsin 


Brooklyn test well No. 3 


204 




Brooklyn test well No. 8 


W^ 


1 ~ " 


al 


/Wisconsin, Tisbury, 
\ and Jameco. 


terooklyn test well No. 7 


206 


Commission No. 628 


'KM 










Commission No. 638 


''OS 










Commission No. 467 . . 


'ym 










Commission No. 673 


■Jin 










Commission No. 426 


•'ii 


( 11-95 
1 190-198 


-11 
-11 


Large... 

Large... 

6 1,041 


W isconsin and Tis- 
bury. 

Jameco 


[•Brooklyn test well No. 11 


?12 


G roup of 19 wells ; Jamaica pumping sta- 
tion. 




/Wisconsin and Tis- 
l bury. 




. 














Tile well 


213 












i'^; 






173 










- 1 




Chalybeate water 










Commission No. 588 


?14 










Commission No. 627 


■'IS 










Commission No. 639 


216 










Commission No. 717 


917 










CnmTni.^sion No. 688 


918 




-60 




Wisconsin 


Reddish brown sand and gravel to 80 feet. 
Brooklyn test well No. 6 


?19 








990 










Commission No. 687 


?91 












292 






d61 
139 


Wisconsin and Tis- 
bury. 

. do . . 


Group of 17 tOe wells 






-22 




I223 






Comm ssion No. 1373 


994 




Flow. 


d46 
347 


Wisconsin and Tis- 
bury. 


Station No. 3. Group of 31 wells 


<:99,>; 






^96 


46 
86 
35 
35 
35 
40 








Commission No. 1374 


■'97 












99S 










Commission No. 695 


999 










Pumps 400 gallons per minute 


1 




Flow. 
+ 1 




do 




U30 


35-40 




do 




1 


6 432 
1.5 


do . ... 






80 
55 
80 
33 
40 


49 
35-40 
26-55 


+ 2 






231 
(0 






















Commission No. 860 


939 










Commission No. 1089 


233 



cSee Table VIII. 

(« Average yield to pumps per well per minute for 1899. 



184 [JNDEEGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Re-presentative 



No. 


Location- 


[ 
f 

Coordi- 
nates. 


1 Owner. 


DriUer. 


Authority. 


*234 


1 

Comer Queens avenue 
and Rocky Hill road. 

Aubumdale 


I 4I>... 

4D... 
4D... 
4D... 

}4D... 

4D... 

4D... 
4D... 
41)... 

41)... 
4D... 
4D... 
4D... 
4D... 
4D... 
4D... 


CommissioTi 




Commission 


*235 


do 




do 


*236 


Bayside 


do 


i 


do 


*237 


do 


do 




do 


*238 
*239 


/Bayside pumping sta- 
\ tion. 

Whitestone pumping 
station No. 1. 

Whitestone Landing . . . 

do 

Whitestone pumping 
station No. 2. 

Whitestone 

Willets Point 


/Department water supply, 
( gas and electricity. 

do 


} 


fJ. Laughlin, engineer 

N. S. Hill, chief engineer ... 
L.B.Ward.. 


*240 


McWOliams Coal Co 

Long Island R. R 

Department water supply, 
gas and electricity. 

W. W.Cole -.... 


Sweeney <Si Gray 

Frank Wankel 


Sweeney & Gray ' ' 


*241 


Frank Wankel ■ ^ 


*242 




L. B. Ward 


*243 


Stotthoff Bros 


Stotthoff Bros.f 


*244 


U. S. Army 


Daniel Dull 




24S 


Elm Point: Great Neck. 

do.. 

do 

do 

do 

do 


Geo. B. Holt 




J. H. Herbert.. 


*246 


H. Bramhall Gilbert 

Jos. E. Martin 

H. Bramhall Gilbert 

do 


J. H. Herbert 

do 


do 


*247 


.. do 


248 


do 


.. . do 


*249 


do 


.. . do 


250 


4D... 




.. . do 


*251 




4D... 
4D... 
4D... 
4D... 
4D... 
41)... 
4D... 


Harris C. ChUds 

do.... 

David L. Provost 

Chas. L. Griffin 

Wm. H. Arnold 

Mrs. Marion E. Scott • 

do 


do 


do... 


*252 


do 


do 


do 


253 


do 


do 

do 

Stotthoff Bros 

J. H. Herbert 

do 


do 


*254 


do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Lawrence Beach 

Isle of Wight 

Lawrence 

do 

do 

Cedarhurst 


do 


*255 


do 


*256 


Stotthoff Bros 


*257 


J. H. Herbert 


*258 


4D... 
SB... 

SB... 

SB... 
SB... 

SB... 

SB... 
SB... 
SB... 
SB... 
SB... 
SB... 
SB... 
SB... 
SB... 


Geo. B. Wilson 


. do . 


*259 


Lawrence Beach Bathing 
Association. 

John Lawrence 


Paul Haller 


Paul Haller. 


*260 


F. K. Walsh 

Jesse Conklin 

Paul Haller 


F. K. Walsh .... 


*261 


Dfl.Tiiel D. Lord 


GObert Baldwin, foreman. . 
Paul Haller 


*262 


Anson AV. Hart. . . . 


*263 


Edward Man 


F. K. Walsh 


Edward Man 


264 


James Keene 


. ...do. 


P. K. Walsh . . \ 


*265 


. do 


Judge Diver 


.do 


do 

Paul Haller 


*266 


.. do 


Dr. Wm. B. Anderson 

Louis Touscher. 


Paul Haller 

do.. 


*267 


do 


do : 

Gilbert Baldwin ! 


*268 






Gilbert Baldwin 

F. K. Walsh 1 

Gilbert Baldwin 

F.K.Walsh 


269 




F. K. Walsh 


F. K.Walsh 


270 


do 


Gilbert Bald^vin 


Gilbert Baldwin , 

F. K. Walsh 


271 ' 


do 


Warren B rower 

WilUam C. Baker 


*272 


Hook Creek 





*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 
a See Table VIII. 
b Weir measurement. 



EEPEESENTATIVE WELLS. 



135 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

prmeipal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(+) 

or 

below(— ) 

gi'ound 

level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 
2 

2 

2 

2 

f 2i 

1 3 

4 

I 6 


Feet. 

41 

38 
64 
71 

38-50 


■ Feet. 


Feet. 


Gallons. 




Commission No. 1187 


234 










Commission No. 1090 


n^<\ 










Commission No. 1144 


236 










Commission No. 1170 


237 


38-50 


Flow. 




Tisbury? 


Group of 21 wells. Pumps 43 gallons 

Discharge of Oakland Lake, c 

Group of 17 wells 




6 1,236 
d6 






I238 


4-5 
8 


55-75 

175 
120 
80 

96 
500 
93 
104 
67 
40 
60 
40 
66 
102 
28 
68 
159 
512 
164 
108 
62 

100 

100 
70 

416 

30 
35 
42 
37 
35 
40 
31 
30 
228 


45-95 


Flow. 


Jameco 


n'>-^t\ 






240 


... 

85-120 




Jameco . 


Ttrfl.cVish wpter 


241 


4-3 

6 


Flow? 
-60 






Group of 5 wells. Reserve station 


ao^o 




10 


Pleistocene 


94^ 






Brackish water from bed rock 


244 


36-6 




-55 
-38 
-12 
-15 




'''It 


103-104 






''■16 


2\ 

4 


+22 

+20 






Tisbury . . . 


Elevation 46 feet above tide 

All glacial gravel 

Cretaceous below 12 feet 

Very stiff clay to 40 feet 


''17 




do 


''48 






94q 










''■iO 


2 

36-6 

5 


66 


-28 


75 


Cretaceous ?... 


''■il 






959 




-22 

-42 

■ -40 


58 






253 




Cretaceous ? 


• 


''.54 


2 
8 






do 




255 








Good.. . 




Rock 230 to 512 feet 


?5R 










257 


2} 

n 

8-2 

5 
6 

6-3. 

6 


93-108 






Salt water 40 to 60 feet 


258 






Jameco ? 




''59 


20-30 

70-100 

60-70 

40 

150 

416 

25-30 


- 6 

— 5 
-26 




Wisconsin and Tis- 
bury. 

Jameco 




?60 


Large . . 




261 


Jameco ? 


First water encountered at 16 feet . . . . . 


''fi'? 




Tisbury 

Jameco 

Cretaceous 

Tisbury 


Contaminated with sewage 


1 


-15 
-15 




Chalybeate 


1263 




Salty 


1 






■>64 


-20 
-16 
-16 
-18 
-15 
-19 
-12.5 
Plow. 








265 


8 
6 
5 


16-42 
16-37 
27-35 
15-40 

228 


1 




266 


1 




267 






268 


' do 


All sand and gravel 


269 


6 
6 


' do 


All sand and gravel. Water chalybeate — 


270 


dn 


271 




Jameco 


Slight flow at 150 feet 


272 



= Also called Douglass Pond. 

' Average per well for 1899. Estimated capacity per well per minute, 33 gallons. 

•■ Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1899, 1900, p. 132. 



136 UNDEKGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Representative wells 



No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


*?~^ 


(Queens County Water 
i. Co. pumping sta- 
[ tion. 

Hewlett 


SB... 

5B... 
SB... 
SB... 

SB... 

SB... 
SB... 


Queens County Water Co . . . 




fChas. R. Bettes, chief engi- 
\ neer. 

F. K. Walsh 


*?.74 


Jirden Abrames 


F. K. Walsh 


*?75 


Lynbroolc 


Mrs. Julia Flower 


..do. . 


.do 


?7fi 


do 








mi 


do 


Queens County Water Co. . . 




f Franklin B. Lord, presi- 
\ dent. 

I. M. De Varona 


*278 


Brooklyn Aqueduct 

do 


Department water supply, 
gas and electricity. 

do 




*?7P 




do 


*'>m 


do 


SB. . 


do 




do .,- . 


*?M 


do 


SB. . 


do 




do 


nm 


do 


SB.. 


do 




do 


*?R3 


Valley Stream 


SB... 
SB... 
SB... 

SB... 

SB... 

}s B . . . 

SB... 

Is B . . . 

S C 


C. Schreiber 


Gilbert Baldwin 




*?84 


do 


Long Island R. R 




*?85 


Brooklyn Aqueduct 

Watts Pond pumping 
station. 

do 


Department water supply, 
gas, and electricity. 

.do 




I. M. De Varona 


*286 


J. Edwards &Co 


do 


*?87 


do 




..do 




rClear Stream pumping 
\ station. 

do 


do : 


W. D. Andrews & Bro. . 
....do 


(.. do 


*288 


II. B. Ward 




.do 




W. D. Andrews &Bro..'... 
I. M. De Varona 


*289 






fForest Stream pump- 
\ Ing station. 

Brooklyn Aqueduct 

do 

do .. 

Rosedale 

Springfield 

Fosters Meadows 

1 mile north of Valley 
Stream. 

2 miles north of Valley 
Stream. 


do 


W. D. Andrews & Bro . 
do 


[ do 




[L. B. Ward 




W. D. Andrews & Bro 

IPhillips and Worthington.. 

I. M. De Varona 

.do . .. 


*290 
*291 


do 


PhUlips and Worthing- 
ton. 


*292 


S C 


do 




*293 


5 C 


do 




. ..do 


*294 


5C.... 
.5 C. . . . 

5C.... 
SO 


Commission 




Commission 

I. M. De Varona 


*295 


Department water supply, 
gas, and electricity. 

Commission 




*296 




Commission 


*297 


do 




do 


*298 


SC 


do 




do 


*299 


5 C 


do 




do 


*300 




5 C 


do 




do . - 


*301 




SC 


do 




. do 


*302 


Elmont 


SC 


do 




do 


*303 


Floral Park 


5C 


do 




do 


*.sn4 




5 C. . . . 


do 




do 



* For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 
a Maximum daily pumpage for whole station in 1902. 



REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 



137 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 
( 4-0 


Feet. 

33 

150-190 

160 

70 
180 

65 
504 

74 

14 
200 

390 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Gallons. 
} a 3, 125 


Tisbury 

Jameco. 










Flow. 
Flow. 
-12 
-13.5 




6 




273 


6 




do 


C) 


5 


70 




do 




974 




Small. 







27.'i 








Clay 47 to 65 feet 

Pumps xna gallons ppr minutp 


27fi 


f 8 




+ 2 
+ 1 




V277 


1 I 

5 

5 



5 
5 
















• Flows intermittently 

Brooklyn test well No. 24 

Brooklyn test well No. 23 

Brooklyn test well No. 22 

Brooklyn test well No. 21 

Brooklyn test well No. 20 - 


J 









Small. 
Small. 
Small. 




278 








?79 


370 
410 








'80 


300-305 




do 


981 


212 
18 






do 


282 










283 










Analysis 

B rooklyn test well No. 19 

Test of January, 1895; group of 12 wells 

B rooklyn test well No. 25 


284 


5 

- 6 

5 
2 

2 
2 

5 , 
2 
2 

4-2 

4 

4 

5 
5 
5 
2 
5 

2. 
2 

2 

2 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 


207 

48-53 

331 
29-53 

38 

+ 106 

190 

33-56 




Flow. 
-10.3 


Small. 
144 


Cretaceous ? 


''SS 






?>2S6 






987 






c 25-53 

cl2 
10 

22 
21 

5-10 

5 


Wisconsin and Tis- 
bury. 

do 


Test of 1894; group of 150 wells 

Average for 1899; group of 150 wells 

Test well driven in 1884 

Brooklyn test well No. 15 






-11.6 
+ 3 


288 




Jameco (?) 








?89 






[Wisconsin and Tis- 
1 bury. 

/Jameco and Cretace- 
t ous. 


/Group of 110 wells 






- 5 
I Flows. 




/Test well driven in 1884 




300 
400 

435 

406 
412 
390 
30.5 
357 

35.5 
26 

25.5 

120.5 

41 

25.5 

14-34 
41 
38 


f 60 

\ 100 

1 300 

35 

105 




Test well driven in 1884; no water below 35 
feet. 


290 

















Brooklyn test well No. 12 


991 










29? 










293 










294 











Brooklyn test well No. 10 


995 










996 












997 








1 Commission No. 672 . 


998 










299 








\ Commission No. 606 


son 








r,nTnmi.<;sion No. 590 


301 










Commission Nos. 1013-1033, 1146-11.54 


30? 








303 






' Commission No. 552 


304 



i See Table VIII. 



: Yield per well. 



138 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Representative wells 



No. 



Location. 



Alley Creek 5D- 

Douglaston 5D. 



Lake Success. 



do.... 

Lakeville. 



*305 
*306 
*.307 
*308 

309 
*310 

311 
*312 

313 

314 

*315 

*316 

*317 

*318 
*319 
*320 
*321 
*322 
*323 

*324 
*325 
*326 
*327 
328 

*329 

*330 

331 
*332 

333 

334 

*335 

i 
336 I Manhasset Hill . 



Coordi- 
nates. 



New Hyde Park : 5 0. 

do ' 5C. 

do ; I .5 0. 

do ' 50. 

do ! 50. 

Floral Park \ 5 0. 

do [ 50. 

Creedraoor \ 5 C. 

do ! 5C. 

do ' 5 0. 



Plattsdale 

do 

1 mile south of Manhas- 
set. 

Little Neck 

do 

Thomaston 

do 

do 



(Thomaston (Great 
t Neck station). 



Manhasset . 

do 

do 

do...;. 

do 

do 



*337 
*338 

339 
*340 
*341 
*342 

343 
*344 
*345 



do 

do 

do 

do 

Great Neck . 

do 

do 

do 

do 



-346 do. 

*347 do. 

*348 ' do. 

349 ' do. 



5D... 

5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 

5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D = .. 

k5 D . . . 

5D... 
5D... 
5 D . . . 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 

5D... 

5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 



5D. 
5D. 
5D. 
5D. 



Owner. 



Commission . . . 

do 

do 

....do 

Ohas. Morgan . . 
Commission. . . 

Freestone 

Commission... 
Anthony Graf . 
C. W. Ward... 



Citizens' Water Supply Co 

Jagnow Bros 

W. K. Vanderbilt, jr 

Commission 



Commission 

Ed. C. WDletts . 

A. Kiefer 

Commission 



W. J. Hamilton. 

D. O'Leary 

Commission 

J. B. Hixon 



Long Island R. R. Co. 



Commission 

Henry Huher 

J. F. Hamilton 

John H. Rice 

Herman Klothe 

J. H. L'Hommedieu's Sons 

Estate of L. A. Seaman... 



Commission 

Henry Lustgarten. . 

Christ Church 

Commission 

Great Neck school. . 
Mrs. Mary E. King. 

0. F. Recknagel 

H. B. Booth 

H. B. Anderson 



Wm. R. Grace. 

do 

V. P. Travis... 



Driller. 



Ed. Schmidt. 



Ed. Schmidt. 



Andrew Vandewater. 



J.H.Herbert.... 
Thos. B. Harper. 



Ed. Schmidt 

Andrew Vandewater . 



J. H. Herbert. 
do 



J. H. Herbert. 
do 



Phillips & Worthington 



J. M. Peler. 



Isaac Kasteard. 
do 



J. H. Herbert 

Phillips & Worthington 

J. H. Herbert 

do 



Authority. 



Commission . . . 

do 

do 

do 

Ed. Schmidt... 
Commission. . . 
Ed. Schmidt... 
Commission . . . 
Anthony Graf . 
0. W. Ward... 



J. Edward Meyer.. 
J. H. Herbert..:.. 
Thos. B. Harper a. 



Commission 

Henry Onderdonk, sr. 

Commission 

Ed. Schmidt 

Andrew Vandewater... 
Commission 



J.H.Herbert 

do 

Commission 

J. H. Herbert 

do 

Long Island R. R. Co. . . 

do 

Phillips & Worthington. 
Commission 



J. F. Hamilton. 



J. H L'Hommedieu's Sons . 
W. A. Skidmore 



Commission 

Henry Lustgarten . 

Ohas. Newbold . . . - 

Commission 

Isaac Kasteard 

do 

J.H.Herbert 

H. B. Booth 

Wm. Mahoney, 
tendent. 

J.H. Herbert 

Phillips & Worthington... 

J. H. Herbert 

do 



superm- 



■''For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 
a Through A. S. Farmer, C. E. 



EEPEESENTATIVE WELLS. 



139 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 

well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(-l-) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 

2 
2 
2 
2 
IJ 
2 

n 

2 
33 

48 

a 

6 

8Hli 

2 

36 

2 

36 
2 

2i 

2i 

2 

2i 

2i 

6 


Feet. 
32.5 
.56 
74 
66.5 
37 
106 
40 
56 
60 
70 

32-42 

127 

755 

35 

140 

45 

37 
116 

48.5 

136 
142 

79 

93 

87 

96 
117 
112 

25 

30 

78 

37 

35 

10 

86 

28 
122 
108 

87.5 

52 

52 

96 
240 
237 

86 
104 
119 

32 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Gallons. 




Commission No. 553 


305 










Commission No. 740 


^Ofi 










307 












308 


35-37 


- 35 






Bowlders, 35 to 37 feet 


309 






Commission No. 829 


310 










Coarse white sand, 28 to 40 feet 


311 










Commission No. 619 


312 


55-60 
62-70 


- 55 

- 62 

1 ll 




Wisconsin 




313 




do 




314 


Flow. 
0-50 




Group of 8 wells; 6 flowing 


315 




Tisbury?.. 




316 


191 
■ 700-750 


-116 
-135 


40 
+300 


Cretaceous . 


I 




Lloyd gravel 




1 
Commission No. 864 






318 












319 










Commission No. 776 


320 




- 22 
114 




Wisconsin 

Cretaceous? 


Depends on perched water table 


321 








322 








Commission No. 956 


3?3 








Cretaceous 




324 








do 




325 








do 


Commission No. 1191 


326 




- 87 




do 




327 






do 




398 






+ 30 
150 
100 




Well 200 feet from station 




117 
93-112 


b- 10 
- 53 




2 wells one-fourth mile apart 


U'>P 


6 
2 
2 
2 

i 
1 

34 

2 

34-2 

36 

2 








Commission No. 957 

Elevation 20i feet 


830 




Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 

1 - 80 






331 




* 




332 








333 




2 






3.34 








335 


f 40 
1 80 








336 






Commission No. 1190 


337 




- 81 
-103 








338 








Temperatui'e about 50° F 


8.39 






Cretaceous 


Commission No. 963 


840 




- 30 

- 48 








.341 












.342 




92 

-240 

237 






Blue clay to 92 feet' 


.343 












.344 












.345 




- 74 






Well is near barn 


346 


6 
2 




60 
500 
500 






347 




- 77 

- 8 


Tisbury ? 


Surface water at 24 feet 


,848 




Wisconsin 


Elevation about 95 feet 


,349 



17116— No. 44—06- 



-10 



i Pumps down to —40. 



140 UNDEKaKOUND WATEE EE80UBCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW TOEK. 

Table XI. — Representative vjells 



No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


DrUler. 


Authority. 


*3o0 




5D... 

5D... 

5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
5D... 
oD... 
5D... 
oD... 
5E... 
5E... 
5E... 
5E... 
5E... 

SE... 
5E... 

5E... 


Robert Cox 


J. H. Herbert 

Geo. Schmidt 

Isaac Kasteard 


J. H. Herbert 


*351 


Plandome Mills 

Port Washington 

do 


Robert Seizer 


Geo. Rnhmidt 


*3o2 


Chas. Vanderbilt 


Isaac Kasteard 


353 


J. Reed 

Commission 


do 


do 


*354 


do 




355 


do 


Isaac Kasteard 


356 


do 


Stephen Kimmerly 

Theo. Valentine 

N. H.Jacobs 

T,orpn7.n Smiill 


do 

do 

do 


do .... 


*357 


do 


do 


*358 


do .... 


do .'... 


359 


do .... 


Lorenzo Smull 


*360 


do. . 


Thos. E.Webb 


Geo. Schmidt 


Thos. E. Webb 


*361 


do 




*362 


do 


Long Island R. R 




Long Island R. R 


*363 


do 

.• do 

do ■ 

do 

Barker Point 






*364 








*365 






Isaac Kasteard 


*366 


Dodge estate 

W. De Forest Wright 

Geo. Zabriskie 


do 

Geo. Schmidt 


do. 


367 


Oscar Darling, consulting 
engineer. 

Geo. Schmidt 


*368 


Sands Point 


*369 




Isaac Kasteard 


*370 


do 


do 


C.H. Danis 

/Hudson Engineering 
\ and Contracting Co. 

C. H. Danis 


C.H. Danis ■ 

\j. D. Kilpatrick a 

C. H. Danis 

Wm. C. Jaegle 


*371 
*372 


do 


5E... 
5E... 

6B... 

6B... 
6B... 
6 B . . . 
6B... 

6B... 

6B... 
6B... 

6B... 
6B... 
6B ... 
6B... 
6B... 
6B ... 
6B ... 
6B... 
6B ... 
6B... 
6B ... 
6B ... 
6B ... 


do..... 

Bourke Cockran 


*373 


Long Beach 


Long Beach Association 

Hempstead Poor House. . . . 
Long Beach Association 


Wm. C. Jaegle.. 

Theo. A. Carmen 


*374 
*375 


Bamum Island 

East Rockaway 

do....' 

Eockville Center 

Smith Pnnd 


E. Lewis, jr., Theo. Carmen. 


*37oA 


J.H.Clark 


Chas. A. Fass 


Chas. A. Fass...^ 

E. E. McCarten 

I. M. De Varona ' 


*376 


J. M. Smith 


E. E. McCarten 

[ 

F. K. Walsh 


*377 


/Department water supply, 
1, gas and electricity. 

Commission 

Rockville Center water- 
works. 

Commission 

do 

do 

.....do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 


*378 
*379 


RockvlUe Center 

.do.. 


Commission 

Village clerk 


*380 


do 





Commission 

do 

do 

do - I 

do 

do 


*d81 
*382 


Millbum Reservoir 

do 


*383 


do 


*384 
*385 


do 

do 


*386 


do 


do 


*387 


do 


do 

do 

do 


*388 


do 


*389 


do 


♦390 


do 


do 


*391 


do 


do 


*392 


do 


do 



* For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 

o Superintendent lor Hudson Engineeilng and Contracting Co. 



REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 



141 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above (+) 

or, 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Geologic horizon of 

water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 


Feet. 
107 

113 

80 
76 
87 
69 
46 

129 
35 
55 

206. 5 
69 
60-70 
46 
83 
54 
91 
30 

250 

88 

65 

300 

f 169 

1 120 

354 

386 

383 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Gallons. 


Cretaceous 




350 


3 

32 
32 
.2 
32 
32 
32 
32 
3 
4 
32 


1 '^ 
[100-113 


- 17 

- 80 

- 76 

- 72 


166 


Jameco ? 




351 




352 






Tisbury 


Sand to 76 feet 


.353 






CoTnmisRion Nn. 114."^ 


354 




-65 

- 42 
-125 

- 31 

- 41 

- 71 

- 65 




' Sand 2 to 69 feet 


355 






Whitfi fl.nd yellow sand tn 46 feet 


356 








357 






1 


358 




+ 12 
Small. 


Tisbury? 

Cretaceous 


White sand and gravel 42 to 55 feet .... 


359 


205.6 


360 






361 










362 


32 

30-6 

32 




- 42 

- 50 

- 50 




Cretaceous ? 




363 




Large. 






364 




Tisbury 




365 




Small. 






366 


3 

6 

32 

f 6 

1 6-4 




- 20 




" Coarse sandy gravel, with water of great 
purity." 

Rock at 250 feet 


367 








368 




- 84 

- 20 

- 20 








369 




Large. 


Tisbury 


2 weUs - 


1 




Cretaceous 


Abandoned 


370 




30 

102 

Small. 

5 


...do 










do 




\ 371 




J 




Flows. 
■ + 6 


.. .do 


Pipe clogs with quicksand 


372 


6 


220 
270 
340 

[ 383 
123 

Shallow. 


do 


Water chalybeate 


373 




Well abandoned 


374 










Pumping station for Long Beach 


6375 


4 


27 
18 

587 

74 
40-50 

24 

38 

97 

31 

32 

31 

25.5 

25.6 

25 

25.5 

29.8 

32.3 

31.7 






Tisbury 




375 A 




- 17 
I Flows. 




do 




376 


5 

2 
8 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 


f 40^5 
1578-587 


5 




Brooklyn test weU No. 26 


377 




Commission No. 605 


378 




- 8 


c26 




Group of 4 wells 


!>379 






Commission No. 844 


380 










Commission No. 697 


381 










Commission No. 658 


382 










Commission No. 641 


383 










Commission No. 640 


384 










Commission No. 630 


385 




1 




Commission No. 615 


386 










Commission No. 629 


387 








Commission No. 616 


388 








Commission No. 623 


389 








Commission No. 617 


390 








Commission No. 618 


391 








Commission No. 622 


392 



b See Table VIII. 



o Average for 1903. 



142 UNDEEGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Kepresentative wells 



No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


DrUler. 


Authority. 


*393 




6B... 
6B... 
6B... 
6B... 

6B... 

6C... 


M. S. Thomas 






*394 


do 


0. H. Southard 






*395 


do 




do 


do ... 


*396 


do 


Adolph Schreiber ' 


A. Schreiber 


397 










398 


Hempstead reservoir... 








*399 


6C... 
60... 








*400 




do. 




do ; 


*401 




60... 
60... 
60... 
60... 


.. .do 




do 


*402 


Greenwich Point 


. .do . 




do 


*403 


... .do 




do 


*404 


do 


do 




do... .....;.. 


405 


do 


60... 

6C... 
6C... 


Hempstead Water Co 




Engineer 


*406 


do 






Commission 


*407 


East Meadow Brook . . . 


do 




do 


*408 


60 . 


do 


do 


*409 


.Garden City 


60... 


do 




do 


*410 


do 


60... 


do 




do 


*411 


do 


60... 


do 




do ...;... 


412 


do 


60... 

60... 
60... 

60... 
60... 
60... 

60... 
6D... 


St. Paul School 


Andrew Vandewater . . . 


A ndrew Vandewater 

Commission 


*413 


do 


OOTTlTTliRSiOTl 


*414 


do 


Garden City Water Supply 
Co. 




Geo. L. Hubbell, general 
manager. 

C. A. Lockwood 


415 


Mineola 


C. A. Lockwood 


*416 


.....do 

do 

do 


Commission 


Commission 


417 


Long Island R. R. Co 


C. A. Lockwood 


C. A. Lockwood 


*418 


Commission 


*419 


do 


.. do 




do 


*420 


East Williston 


6D... 
6D... 
6D... 




Geo. Schmidt 


Geo. Schmidt 


*421 


do 


Commission . . i 


Commission 


*422 


Albertson 


. .do . . - 


do 


*423 


Old Westbury 


6D... 
6D... 
6D... 
6 D . . . 
6D... 

6D... 
6D... 
6D... 

61)... 


W. G. Parks 




*424 


do. 


W. P.Kelsey 

Jas. F. Brady 

R. L. Cottnet 


.Tnhn Fisher 


John Fisher 


*425 


do... 


Wm. Jaegle 


Wm. Jaegle 


*426 


do 






*4?7 


;....do 




Long Island Historical So- 
ciety. 

Alfred Wisson 


*428 


do 






*429 


do 








*430 


do 


H B Duryea 


Hudson Engineering 
and Contracting Co. 


John Tart i 




Wheatley Hills.. , 


E. D. Morgan 


John Fisher 










Alfred Wisson 


Alfred Wisson 


*43I 




E D Morgan 






A. W. Gallierme 

Hudson Engineering 
and Contracting Co. 


Ed. Danis i> . . 




F. Wankel « 







*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 

a Foreman for Hudson Engineering and Corftracttng Co. 

6 Dj-Uling the Harriman well (512) at the time this well was sunk. 



If 

I 



REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 



143 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(+) 

or 

below (—) 

ground 

level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 


Feet. 

18 

35 

50 

370 

! =' 

360 
34 
32 
32 
30 
33.5 
97 
50 

52.7 
125 
35 
37 
37 
25 
40 

38.5 
40 

80 

42.5 

90 

56 
53.5 
56.5 
55 
37 
230 
150 
143 
180 
103 

150 
383 
343 

298 
280 
280 
284 
283 
434 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Gallons. 




Average of all wells about Baldwin 


393 


4 










394 










Very black mud at 50 feet. 


395 


8 




+ I 

- 10 

Flows. 








396 


1 ' 




40 
10 


Tisbur V 


4 wells , , 


'•397 


1 10 




Cretaceous 




398 


2 
2 
2 
2 

! 2 
2 






Commission No. 825 _ 

Commission No. 845 

Commission No. 846 

Commission No. 604 

Commission No. 847 

Commission No. 848 

Group of 8 wells. 


399 










400 










401 










402 










403 










404 




- 15 


10 


AVisoonsin and Tis- 
bury. 


"405 


2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
120 

2 
600 




Commission No. 425 


406 










Commission No. 424 


407 










Commission No. 42.3 


408 










Commission No. 422 l 


409 










Commission No. 862 


4in 










411 




- 30 


Large. 


Wisconsin and Tis- 
bury. 




41? 




Commission No. 589 


413 




- 19 

- 60 






See Table VIII 

Reddish sand and gravel to 80 feet 

Commission No. 863 

Sand and gra vel to 90 feet ■ . . 


414 








415 


2 
10 

2 
2 
36 
2 
2 








416 


30-90 - 30 




Wisconsin and Tis- 
bury. 


417 




Commission No. 901 

Commission No. 587 


418 








419 


50-56 - 50 




Tisbury 




4''0 






Commission No. 906 . . 


4''1 










49? 




-100 
-100 
- 73 
-110 








493 












494 


6 
6 










495 




+30 


Cretaceous 




49(1 








497 


5 




-146 


25 






498 








499 


1 ' 




-117 
-274 


^10 


do 




430 


















' 




00 00 




-250 












-244 


8 


Cretaceous 


Well completed in 1896 


,431 










8 




-245 


150 

















c See Table VIII. 



144 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XL — Representative wells 



No. 



Location. 



Coordi-| 
nates. 



Owner. 



Driller. 



Authority. 



*432 
*433 

*434 

*435 

*436 

*437 

*438 

439 

*440 

*441 

442 

443 

*444 

*445 

*446 

447 

44S 

449 

*450 

451 

*452 

*453 

*454 

*465 

*456 

*457 
*458 
*459 

*460 

461 
*462 

*463 

*464 
*465 



*466 



*467 
468 



Wheatley Hills . 
do 



.do. 



6D. 
6D. 

6D. 



Wm. C. Whitney. 
do 



....do ! 6D. 

I 
Roslyn 1 6 D. 



Stanley Mortimer . 

W. Stowe 

Mrs. I. Vowman. . 



.do. 



do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Glenwood I/anding. 

Glenhead 

Greenvale 

Hempstead Harbor. 

Sea Cliff 

do 

do 

do 

Glenhead 



6D. 

6D. 
6D. 
6D. 
6D. 
6D. 
6D. 
61). 
6D. 
6D. 
6D. 
6E. 
6E. 
6E. 
6E. 
6E. 
6E. 
6E. 



fNassau Electric Light and 
1 Power Co. 



[Alfred Wisson . . . 

[John Fisher 

fl. H. Ford 

[John Heerdegan. 
George Schmidt. 

!-John Heerdegan . 



Wm. C. Whitney. 
Thos. Griffin a.... 

Alfred Wisson 

John Fisher 

I. H. Ford 

John Heerdegan . . 
George Schmidt . . 



Jolm Heerdegan . 



Glen Cove fi E 



Locust Valley . 

Glen Cove 

do 



.do. 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 



6E... 
6E... 
6E... 
6 E . . . 

BE... 



.! 6E. 
.\ 6E. 

-! 6E. 



Glen Cove Landing j 6 E . 

Dosoris 6 E . 



.do. 



6E. 



do 

Dosoris Island . 



6E... 
6E... 



Theo. Valentine. 



Ed. Schmidt. 
C. H. Danis.. 



Ed. Schmidt. 
C. H. Danis.. 



Commission 

do 

C. H. Mackay 

L. F. Powell 

Walter Willetts 

Ward J. Post brickyard , 

A. A. Knowles 

Frank Nostrand 

J. B. King* Co 



Kersona 

F. W. Geissenhainer. 
Sea Cliff Water Co . . 

Thos. C. Watt 

Commission 



Nassau County Water Co. 



Friends' Academy. 

F.E. Willets 

S. Seeman 

S. Burke 



North Country Club . 



Frank Bemheim . 
John Minniken . . . 



Crystal Springs Ice Co. 



J. P. Tangeman... 
Wm. M. Valentine . 



Pratt estate . 



do 

Paul Dana. 



L. J. Dubois 

Jesse Conklin . . . 

George Schmidt . 
L. J. Dubois 

do 



L. J. Dubois. 
do 



L. J. Dubois. 



L. J. Dubois.. 

A. J. Corcoran <• 

George Schmidt 

L. J. Dubois 

do 

J. B. King & Co 

L. J. Dubois 

do 

.....do 

J. T. Pirie, president 

L. J. Dubois 

Commission 



fW. F. Clapton, superintend- 
t en1 



L. J. Dubois. 

do 

do 

do 



ent. 

L. J. Dubois. 

....do 

do 

....do 



C. H. Danis. 



C. H. Danis. 



L. J. Dubois. 
do 



L. J. Dubois. 
do 



.do. 



Phillips & Worthington . 
L. J. Dubois 



Phillips & Worthington . 
L. J. Dubois^ 



f 



M. Mimger, superintend- 
ent. 



.do. 



L. J. Dubois ' L. J. Dubois. 



*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 

a Superintendent for W. C. Whitney. 

b See Table VIII. 

c Windmill manufacturer, 11 John street, New York. 



EEPKESENTATIVE WELLS. 



145 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above (+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Yield 

per 

minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 
10 


Feet. 
400 
340 
300 
205 
389 
265 
115 

2.50 

128 

300^00 

52 

25 


Feet. 


Feet. 
-230 


Gallons. 

35 

4-5 

50 

Large. 


Cretaceous 


Water soft 


43? 




do 




433 


8 






do 




434 








Water in gravel 










Very httle water 


8 

6 

8 

32 
6 
2 
2 




-218 

- 96 

- 78 


17 
Good. 
83 
49 
^ 16 
42 


Cretaceous 




435 




Pleistocene 




4S6 




Cretaceous 




437 




Pleistocene ? 




438 




- 70 






Abandoned 


439 






Pleistocene 


Commission No. 1199 


440 




Flows. 




do 


Commission No. 1185. Slight flow 


441 








Private pumping plant. Shallow wells 


ft449 


3 
6 
3 
2 
2 
'6 


82.5 

190 

69 

141 

96 

98 

Shallow. 

106 

32 

60 

140 

52 

45-60 

40 
222 
186 
140 
170 
J 109 
1 129 
130 
80 
73 
72 
106 
215 
38 
48 
38 
82 
125 
125 
44 




- 70 

- 50 

- 22 
-122 

- 66 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 

- 23 
(d) 
-122 


18 




443 








444 


69 


50 
12 






44=> 


Cretaceous . . 




446 






All sand .... 


447 








Flows into pit 2 feet above tide level '. . 


448 








449 


2 
2 
6 
3 
2 

f ^^ 
I 4 
3i 
3 

2 
2 

1 

6 
2 
2 

I 4 
4 
2 
6 
6 
6 
6 

I H 


45 


Small. 
+25 






450 






451 






Group of 6 wells. Pumps 70 gallons e 


''45? 








453 








Commission No. 960 


454 


34-60 

34-40 
212-222 
182-186 


Flows. 

Flows. 

- 75 
-108 

- 98 

- 98 




do 


Group of 4 wells. Pumps 315 gallons per 
well per minute. 

Flows 18 gallons per minute. . 






do 


[455 
(b) 


30 
16 
12 
12 


Cretaceous 




456 


Cretaceous ? 




457 


. -do.. 




458 


165-170 
I 


Cretaceous 




459 






460 


1 


Flows. 
Flows. 

+ 14 

- 40 

- 65 
Flows. 








461 


78-80 

70-73 

90-100 
79-83 








46? 


t /18 

1 /30 

30 


1 do 




463 


1 




464 






465 


Large. 



















(.466 




.4 wells; abandoned 


75-82 


Flows. 


I.'') 








2 wells; abandoned 


467 




- 8 


Tisburv 


All sand and gravel 


468 



i Originally all were flowing wells. 

« Yield per well per minute on a 10-hour test. 

/ Natural flow at ground level. 

g Since pumping these wells have ceased to flow. 



146 UNDERGKOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Bepresentative wells 



No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


i 
Authority. 


*469 


Dosoris Pond 


6E... 
6E... 
6E... 
6E... 
6E... 

6E... 

6E... 
6E... 
6E... 
6E... 
6E... 
6E... 
6E... 
6E... 
6E... 
6E... 
6E... 
7 B 


D. F. Bush 


L. J. Dubois 




*470 


Peacock Point 


C. 0. Gates 


P. H. & J. Conlan 

E . K. Hutchinson 

C. H. Danis 


M. TaUona ' 


*471 


do 


do... 


K. K^. TTntnhinsnn 


*472 


do 


do 


0. H. Danis 


*47,3 




W. D. Gutherie 


E. K. Hutchinson 

L. J. Dubois 


Foreman for E. K. Hutch- 
inson. 


*474 


do 


do 


*475 


do 


Wm. Price 


do 


do 


*476 


do 


■VV H. Baldwin, jr 


do.. 


W. H. Baldwin jr 


477 


do 


Berger 


E. K. Hutchinson 

0. H. Danls 




478 


do 


A. C. Bedford 


C. H. Danis 


*479 


do 


L. C. Wier 


do.. 


Ed. Danis, foreman.. ...... 

Phillips & Worthingtoii 

Ed. Danis, foreman 

do 


*480 


do 


do ... 


PhilUps & Worthlngton 
0. H. Danis 


*481 


do 


do 


*482 


do 


Paul D. Cravath 


do 


*483 


do 


Ed. Latting. ,. 


do 


. ..do 


*484 


do 


W. D. Gutherie 


do... 


do 


*485 


do 


do 


do 


C. H. Danis 


486 


Freeport 






C. S. Slichter 




f Agawam pumping sta- 
\ tion. 

Old Freeport pumping 
station 

/Merrick pumping sta- 
\ tion. 

Merrick 


}7B... 
7B 


/Department water supply, 
1 gas, and electricity. 

do : 


I 


[I. M. De Varona 6 . 


*487 


[L. B. Ward 




/ 


*488 






l7B 


do 




I. M. De Varona 'i . . . 


*489 


L. B. Ward . i 




/ 
7B... 

}7B... 
7B... 

7C.... 
7 C 


Merrick Water Co. 




*490 


E. C. Oammann, secretary. . 

fl. M. De Varona 

E.B.Ward 


*491 


fMatowa pumping sta- 
\ tion, 

do 


/Department water supply, 
\ gas, and electricity. 


I 




1 


*492 


Commission 




fWantagh pumping sta- 
\ tion. 

do 


/Department water supply, 
1 gas. and electricity. 

Commission 


I 


[I. M. De Varona 


*493 


|L. B.Ward 




/ 


*494 


Commission 


*495 


Wantagli 

do 


do 




. .do 


*496 


7C 


. -do 




do 


*497 


do 


70 . 


do . .. 




.....do 


*498 


Camp meeting grounds. 

Smith-ialle South 

Hempstead Plains 


7C 


do 




do 


499 


7 C 


do 




. do 


*500 


70?... 


U.S. Army Camp Black 


Dollard Bros 


Dollard Bros | 



*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 

a Foreman for P. H. & J. Conlan. 

b Ann. Kept. Dept. of City Works, Brooklyn, 1896, p. 263, 1897. 

c Average of whole station, June 17, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896. 

d Samples show depth of 110 feet. 

« Average of whole station for 1899. 

/See Table VIII. 

» History and Description of the Water Supply of Brooklyn, 1896, p. 78. 



i 



REPEESENTATIVE WELLS. 



147 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above (+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Supply 

per 
minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 
3 

6 
6 


Feet. 
97 
230 
225 
210 
342 

92 

162 
265 
110 
148 
132 
123.5 

91.9 
105 
138 
108 
144 

60 


Feet. 
95-97 
230 
225 


Feet. 

+ 6 

Flows. 

Flows. 

Flows. 

Flows.' 

+ 2 
+ 2.5 

- 90 
-125 

- 94 
-110 
-114 

- 93.5 

- 76 

- 80 


Gallons. 


Jameco? 

Llovd sand 


Flows 30 gallons per minute 


469 


30 
5 


470 


do 




471 


do 




47? 


6 

2 

2 

24 

2i 


260-342 

13 

25 

162 

260-265 


10 

I. 


do 




473 


Pleistocene 


Test wells 


474 


1 

+ 12 
+ 10 






475 


do 




476 




Reported as all sand and gi'avel 


477 




25 
+ 25 
+40 

+ 2.5 




478 










479 


6. 
6 
4 
4 
3 
3 








480 








481 








48' 










483 




- 70 

- 60 
Flows. 








484 




+ 25 




Group of 3 wells 


48,5 








486 






c3,131 
e361 


Pleistocene 




1487 
488 


6 
4i-6 

4i-6 
4i 


d 33-91 
37 

f 45 

1106-109 

40-110 

30^0 

1 83 






Tisbury; Jameco ? . . . 
Pleistocene 


Group of 32 wells 






Group of 40 wells; abandoned because of ex- 
cess of chlorine. 

Group of 62 wells 






'3,259 
e378 

1 = 


Tisbury; Jameco ? ... 








do : 


1489 




- 4 
1 - 8 


Pleistocene 


Group of 8 wells 


■1 


6-35 




No water below 40 feet 


1490 
[CO 






i3,122 
e618 




Formerly called Newbridge 


1 


4i 
2 


38-97 
20 




1 ~ ® 
1 fc Flow. 


[Tisbury 


> Group of 46 wells 


1491 


Jameco ? 


((./■) 




Commission No. 1161. Slichter underflow 
station No. 3. 


1 




492 






! 2,777 




1 


4i-6 

2 

2 

2 

2 
2 
2 


24-92 

20 

71 

83 

13 
17 
14 
22 




I - 2.7 
1 k Flow, 




[Group of 49 wells 


l493 








Slichter underflow station No. 2, commis- 
sion No. 1176. 

Commission No. 1272. Slichter underflow 
station No. 2. 

Commission No. 1293. Slichter underflow 
station No. 15. 

Commission No. 13.56 


1 






494 




m Flows. 
m Flows. 






495 








49fi 








497 










Commission No. 1357 


498 










Commission No 1375 


499 




- 17 




Pleistocene ? 




500 



'' Ann Rept. Dept. of City Works, Brooklyn, 1896, p. 266. 1897; History and Description of the Water Supply of Brooklyn, 
1896, p 79 

i Average of whole station, Jan. 23, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896. 
.;■ Average of whole station, Sept. 23, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896 
k Deep wells onlv 

' Average of whole station from July 16, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896. 
«i Flow began at 62 feet. 



148 ITNDEBGKOUND WATER EES0UKCE8 OF LONG ISLATSTD, NEW YOEK. 

Table XI. — Representative wells 



No. 



*501 
*502 
*503 

504 
*505 
*506 
*507 

*508 

*509 

510 

*511 

*512 
*513 
*514 

*515 
*516 
*517 

*518 
*519 
*520 
*521 
*522 
*523 
*524 

*525 

*526 
*527 
*528 
*529 
*530 
*531 
*532 
*533 
*534 

*535 

536 
537 
538 

*539 
540 
541 

*542 
-*543 



Location. 



Hicks ville . 

....do 

....do 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 



Westbury 

Old Westbury. 
-...do 



Wheatley Hills . 

Jericho 

....do 



.do. 
.do. 
-do. 



Syosset 

do 

Broolrville 

do 

East Norwich. 

do 

....do 



Oyster Bay. 

.:..do 

....do 

....do 

....do....... 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

do 



-do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
-do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



Coordi- 
nates. 



7D.. 
7D.. 
7D.. 

7D.. 
7D.. 
7D.. 

7D.. 

7D.. 

7D.. 
7D.. 
7D.. 

7 D.. 
7D.. 
7D.. 

7D.. 
7D.. 
7D.. 

7D.. 
7D.. 
7D.". 
7D.. 

7E.. 
7E.. 
7E.. 

7E.. 

7E.. 
7E.. 
7E.. 
7E.. 
7E.. 
7E.. 
7E.. 
7E.. 
7E.. 

7E.. 

7E.. 
7E.. 
7E.. 
7E .. 
7E .. 
7E ., 
7E ., 
'7E ., 



Owner. 



Commission 

do 

Nassau County Water Co . 

Fassbender & Stande. . . -. 

H.J. Heinz Co 

Commission 

Joseph Steinart 



St. John's Protectory. 



Colored Children's Home. 

Robert Winthrop 

Wm. Payne Thompson. . . 



J. H. Harriman. 

Commission 

H. R. Winthrop. 

Theo. Willis 

Jacob Jackson. -- 
Jtiles Kunz 



Allard & McGuire . 

John Kennedy 

Cotmty poor farm. 
Henry Rushmore. . 

Commission 

Qutnan 

Ludlum 



Nassau County Water Co . 



Townsend Underbill. 

Charles Weeks 

John M. Sammis 

VanSis9& Co 

D. W. Smith 

A. S. Hutchinson 

E. K. Hutchinson. . . 

Townsend heirs 

Jas. Norton 



Capt. Alfred Ludlum. 



Mrs. Coles White 

John M. Sammis 

Peter N. Lay ton 

A. J. & A. S. Hutchinson. 

Oysterman's Dock Co 

Long Island R. R 

Dr. O. L. Jones 

do 



Driller. 



W. C. Jaegle. 
....do 



W. C. Jaegle. 
....do....... 

F. K. Walsh. 
Ed. Schmidt. 



Hudson Engineering 

and Contracting Co. 

C. H. Danis 



Hudson Engineering 
and Contracting Co. 

Geo. Schmidt 

W. C. Jaegle 

J. W. Hendrickson 



W. C. Jaegle 

....do 

E. K. Hutchinson. 



C. H. Danis. 
do 



E. K. Hutchinson. 
do 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

-do. 

.do. 



Authority. 



■Commission 

do :.. 

Oscar Darling, consulting 
engtaeer. 

Fassbender & Stande 

W. C. Jaegle 

Commission 

Joseph Stetaart 

St. John's Protectory 

F. K. Walsh 

Ed. Schmidt 

Robert Winthrop 

G. H. Pease, foreman . . 



Ed. Danis, foreman. . 

Commission 

Thos. Shay, foreman. 

Geo. Schmidt .' 

W.C. Jaegle 



Long Island Historical So- 
ciety. 

W. C. Jaegle 

.....do 

C. A. Zanor, foreman 

J. L. Bogart... 

Commission 

C. H. Danis 

do 



/Oscar Darling, consulting 
\ engineer. 

A. S. Hutchinson b 

do 

The Long Islander « 

A. S. Hutchinson b 

do 



E. K. Hutchinson. 
do 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

-do. 



E. K. Hutchinson. 



do 

E. M. Sammis b . . . . 

Peter N. Layton b 

A. S. Hutchinson b 

do 

Engineer b 

A.'S. Hutchinson') 

R. F. Nichols, foreman. 



*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 

oSee Table VIII. 

Records transmitted to the Survey by Mr. W. H. C. Pynchon, civil engineer and geologist. Oyster Bay, N. Y. 



REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 



149 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of weU. 


Depth of 
welL 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Supply 

per 
minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 
2 
2 
8 

6 
42-4 
2 
6 
6 
6 
36 
10 


Feet. 
56 
135.5 

85 

79 

90 

80.5 
150 

73 

80 

60 
377 
209 

220 
60 
183 

175 
168 
147.5 

53 

+ 150 
278 
396 

23 
224 
149 
160 

35 
165 
110 
140 

56 

65 
aO-lCO 

83 

133 

65-70 

82 
118 
115 

60 

48 
190 

36 

20 
126 
220 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Gallons. 




CoTntnissinn Nn. 909 


501 











Commission No. 955 


,50? 


63-85 


- 63 

- 71 

- 68 




Tisbury 


2 wells 


"503 


Lai-ge. 
4 


Tisbury? 


504 




Cretaceous 




505 






Commission No. 1142 


,506 


130-150 


- 75 

- 61 

- 60 

- 35 
-200 








,507 


35 




* 






,5(W 










Small. 
25 
60 

+ 25 


,509 




Cretaceous . 


Water slightly hard 


510 


195-205 
200-220 


do 




.511 




-180 


do 




.512 


2 
3 

6 

36-3 

36 




Commission No. 1193 


.51, S 


150-183 


-150 

-160 
-165 




Cretaceous 




.514 




Cretaceous ? 




.551 








Originally reported 210 feet deep 


.516 










,517 


47-50 




Large. 






,518 








Well "blows" at a depth of 150 feet 


.519 






-105 






,520 













.521 


2 
3 
3 

1 :' 

3 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

! : 

2 

3 

1| 

5 

2 

4 

2 

4 








Commission No. 1192 


,522 












5?.S 




-213 








524 


4-10 

10-30 

162 

90-110 






Abandoned 


1.525 



+ 13 
Flows. 
Flows. 
+ 1.5 
Flows. 
+ 6 






Group of wells 


JC) 


cdlOO 
c20 






,5?6 


do 




527 




Snouder's pharmacy 


528 


53-57 


c3 

c5 

c8.5 
.-/21 
c/15 

c4 

c2 
c30 

c7.5 

c5.5 

cl 
c70 
4-5 
+66 

18 
0-26.5 




Original flow 9 gallons . ... 


.5W 


do 


Original flow 15 gallons .- 

do 


,5.30 




do 

do 


,531 






,5,32 




Flows. 


do 




5,33 




do 

do 

do 

do 


Original flow 10 gallons 


.5.34 




+ 2.3 
+ 7 
+ 1.5 
+ 2 
+ .3 
+ 17 
Flows. 
- 10 
+ 9 


Original flow 9 to 10 gallons 






Original flow 36 gallons 


[t)35 






.536 




do 


,537 




do 

do 


Ceases to flow at low tide 


,538 


185 




.5.39 


Does not flow at low tide 


.540 






541 




Jameco? 


542 




do 1 


543 



c Rate of flow varies with the tide. 

d Flow at ground level. At + 17 feet furnishes 5 gallons per minute. 

e Huntington, N.Y., June 15, 1895. 

/ Initial flow. 

g Flow at low tide JiUy 30, 1903. 



150 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Representative wells 



No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


DrOler. 


Authority. 


*544 


Oyster Bay 


7E ..'. 
7E ... 
7E ... 
7E ... 

7E ... 

7E ... 
7E ... 
7E ... 

7E ... 

7E ... 
7E ... 
7E ... 
7E ... 
7E ... 
7E ... 
7E ... 
7E... 
7E ... 

7E ... 

7E ... 
7E ... 
8B ... 
8C ... 

8C ... 

8C ... 
8C ... 
8C ... 
8C ... 
8C ... 
8C ... 
8C ... 
8C ... 
8C.... 
8 0.... 
8C.... 
8 C. . . . 
8C.... 
8D... 
SD... 
8D... 
8D... 
8D... 
8D... 


Mohannes Casino 


E . K. Hutchinson 

do 


A. S. Hutchinson o- 

do .. 


*M.'i 


do 




♦.Mfi 


do 






R. F. Nichols.. 


*M7 


do 








*MH 


do 




E. K. Hutchinson 

do 


E. K. Hutchinson 


*.=i4P 


do 


Wm. Trotter . 


do 


.S.W 


do 




do 




*,W1 


do 










do 




fEd. Schmidt 


Ed. Schmidt 


*,',W 


[H. J. Dubois 






do 




*.W,S 


E. K. Hutelunson 

P. H. & J. Conlan 

E. K. Hutchinson ; 


R. F. Nichols, foreman..... 
G. M. Fletcher... : 


*^M 


Center Island 


G. C. MacKenzie 


*.W.'i 


do 


G. M. Fletcher 


do 


*.'),'ifi 


do 


C. S. Sherman 


do 


E. K. Hutchinson 


♦.'i.'i? 


do 


S. T. Shaw 

Colgate Hoyt 

C, W. Wetmore 


do 

.....do 

do 


G. M. Fletcher 


*.55S 


do 




*nm 


do 


do. 


*nm 


BayvUle 




R. F. Nichols 


R.F.Nichols 


561 


do 


Mrs. Elizabeth Godfrey 

Winslow Pierce 


George Schmidt 

E. K. Hutchinson 

George Schmidt 

C. H. banis 

J.Elliott 


Walter Dudley 


*562 


do 


A. Neilson, superintendent. 
Edward Knierum 


563 


do 


*.564 


Mill Neck 


Irving Cox.. 


C. H. Danis 


565 




J. EUiott 


*^m 


Massapequa pumping 
station. 

do 




Commission 


*567 


/Department water supply, 
\ gas, and electricity. 

Amityville Water Co 


1 


I. M. De Varona 

L.B.Ward 




Amityville 


) 


*568 


S. Ketohem. secretary 

Commission 

do 


*569 








*570 


do 


do 




*571 


do 


do 




.do... 


*572 


do 


do 




.do 


*573 


do 


do 




.do 


*574 


do 


do 




...do 


*575 


do 


do 




...do 


*576 


Central Park . . 




W. C. Jaegle 


W. C. Jaegle 


*577 


Farm in gd ale 


Village of Farmingdale 

,T. Keller & Sons 


J. Elliott 


J. E'Uott 


*578 


do 


do 


do 


579 


do 








*580 


.do 






Commission 


581 


do 


W. Smith 


•T. Elliott. 


J. Elliott 


*582 


Plfl.invip.w 


Chas. Keil 


J. H. Gutheil 


J. H. Gutheil 


*583 


do 


Harms estate 


W. C. Jaegle 


W. C. Jaegle 


*584 


do . 




J. Elliott 


J. EUiott 


*585 


West Hills 




J. H. Gutheil 


J. H. Gutheil 


*,586 


do 


H. L. Stimpson 


H.J. Dubois 


H.J.Dubois 



*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 

a Records transmitted to the Survey by Mr. W. H. C. Pynohon, civO engineer and geologist, Oyster Bay, N. Y. 

b Flow varies with the tide. 

c Depth July, 1903, 188.3. 



EEPEESENTATIVE WELLS. 



151 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diam- 
eter of 
well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

\vater 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Supply 

per 
minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 
3 
2 
3 
2 


Feet. 

99 
107 
C200 
155.5 
227 
105 

90 

77 
259 

60 
212 
465 
378 
370 
351 
292 
320 
318 
295 

23 

40 

80 

45 

330 

27 
24 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Gallons. 
6 20-100 

6 18 

no 

1)25 
I 


Jameco? 




544 




+ 2 
Flows. 
Flows. 


do 




545 




do 




546 




.. ..do 




547 


130 
105 








Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 

- 1 

- 3 
+ 13 

Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Plows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 

- 17i 

- 27 


548 


3 
3 

2J 

4 

2 


J 

6 100 
(-100 


Jameco ? 




549 




do 




550 


259 


Cretaceous .... 


Well flows into pit. . . 


551 




1 








65 


552 


1 
Lloyd sand . 


Abandoned because of breaking of pipe 




465 


5.53 




b 4:5-75 

6 30 

6 20-30 

5-6 

50 

25 

8 

83 

25 

+25 

Large. 

6 120 


.. ..do .. 


554 




360 


.do 




555 




.. ..do. . 




556 






Cretaceous 


Does not flow at low tide 


557 




300-320 
300-318 


Lloyd sand 


do 


558 




do 




559 




Lloyd sand 




■160 


84 

f 60-6 
1 6 
6 
3 
8 
2 




Pleistocene 


Private water supply system supplying 
Pine Island Park and vicinity. 


,561 




do 






do 


MV, 








- 39 


do 


563 


300-330 






,564 


- 22 




2 tile wells 


,565 








Commission No. 1173. Slichter underflow 
station No. 1. 


566 






<i3,731 




1567 


6 
2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 


37. 5-106 
40 
31 
18 
31 

35.5 
25 
85 
41.5 
55 
34-36 
40 




« Flow. 
- 12 


Tisbury, Jameco ? 


Group of 106 wells 


J(/) 




3 72 




r,568 






Commission No. 849 ■. 

Commission No. 1354 

Commission No, 720 

Commission No. 696 

Commission No. 858 

Commission No. 865 


.569 




■ 






570 










.57, 










572 










573 










574 










Commission No. 908 


575 




- 28 

- 16 

- 28 






576 


20 
12 




Large. 
Large. 


Pleistocene ? 


4 tile wells used for fire protection ; . 

Tile well 


.577 




578 




f579 


2 

8 

36-11 


21 

34 
111 

65 

70 

141.5 
343 










Commission No. 771 


580 




- 25 




Pleistocene .... 


,581 




Good. 






58? 




- 61 






583 


8 

36-lJ 

2 










584 












.585 




-294 


7 


Cretaceous 




.586 



d Average pumped from April 13, 1896, to December 31, 1896. 
e Only the deeper wells flow. 
/ See Table VIII. 
g Average for 1902. 



152 UNDEKGKOUJSfD WATER KESOUEOES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Bepreseniative wells 



No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


*587 




8D... 
8D... 
8D... 
8D... 
8D... 
8D... 
SD... 
8E... 
8 E . 


Richard Collier 


W. C. Jaegle 


W. C. Jaegle 


*588 


do 


Decker Bros 


do 


do 


*,'iRq 


do 


Fred Bosch 




do 


*590 


do 


Peter Hoenighaiisen 




.....do 


*591 


Cold Spring station 

do . -. 


Cold Spring Creamery 

H. A. Monfort 


C. H. Danis . 


C. H. Danis 

Ed. Danis, foreman 


*592 


do . 


*.W3 


West Hills 


Mountain Mist Springs 




*5q4 


Cold SpringHarbor 

do 

do....; 

do 

do 

do 

do 

f 

do 

do 

do 

do - 


Columbia Farm 


H. J. Dubois 


H. J. Dubois. 


*595 


.do 


do" 


do 


♦Sfifi 


8E... 
8E... 
8E... 
8E... 
8E... 
8E... 
8E... 
8E... 
8E... 
8E... 
BE... 
8E... 
8E... 
8E... 
8E... 
BE... 
BE... 
BE... 
BE... 

8E... 
BE... 
8E... 
8E... 
BE... 
8E... 

BE... 

BE... 
BE... 
BE... 
BE... 
BE... 
BE... 
BE... 
BE... 

BE... 

BE... 
BE... 
8F... 


Walter R. Jones 


C.H. Danis 

do 


C. H. Danis 


597 


Ed. Danis, foreman ;. . 

H. J. Dubois ■ 


*598 


Mrs. Welton Wood 


H. J. Dubois 

do 


*599 


Van Wyke heirs 


do —r 


fifin 


Cold Spring Hatchery 






*601 


W. E. Jones 


C. H. Danis 


C. H. Danis 


*602 


Edwin Jones 




do 


*fin3 


G. E. Brightson 

L. C. Tiffany 


H. J. Dubois 

do 


H. J. Dubois 


*604 


do 


605 


do 


do 


do. 


606 


Walter Hewlett 


.. do ; 


. do... 


*607 


do 


Wm. White 


C. H. Danis 


Ed. Danis, foreman 

C. H. Danis 


*fins 


do 


Joshua T. Jones 


... .do 


*fin9 


do 


L. C. Tiffany 


do 


do 


*fiin 


do 


Henry De Forest 


....do 


do 


fill 


do 


Bleeker 


H. J. Dubois 




*fil51 


do 


R. De Forest 

Eagle Dock 


C. H. Danis 


C. H. Danis.. 


*fil3 


do 

do 

....do 


do 


do 


*fil4 


James Bowen 


E. IC. Hutchinson 

Dollard Bros 


Albert L. Webster, con- 
sulting engineer. 

Dollard Bros 


*615 


L. V. Bell 


*filfi 


do 


L. C. Tiflan V 


H.J. Dubois 

P. H. & J. Conlan 


H. J. Dubois 


*617 


Theo. Roosevelt 


J. Conlan 


filR 


Coopers Bluff 

do ; 


Long Island Sand Co 


C. H. Danis 


619 


Sarah Talmon 

T. S. Williams 


E. K. Hutchinson 

C. H. Danis 


E. K. Hutchinson' 


*62n 


Cold Spring Harbor 

...do 


C. H. Danis 




Walter Jennings 


r do 


... do 


*(iV,l 


[E. K. Hutchinson 

H J.Dubois 


E. K. Hutchinson 




. ..do 


Fred Conklin 


*622 


H. J. Dubois 


*623 


West Neck 


Robert De Forest 


. . do 


. do. . 


*624 


Huntington 


Alex. Denton 


do 


.do 


*625 


do 


H. J- Dubois 


do 


do 


*626 


do 

West Neck. 


Consolidated Ice Co 

Wilton Wood 

Barclay Ward 

Mrs. M. H. Clots 

August Heckscher 


C. H. Danis 


Engineer 


*627 


H. J. Dubois 


H. J. Dubois 


*628 


do 

do 

Halesite 

West Neck 


do 


do ... 


*629 


do 

..do 


... do 


*630 


do 


*631 


Mrs. A. W. Marsh 

Roland B. Conklin 

Dr. 0. L. Jones 


C. H. Danis 


C.H. Danis 


632 


do 


Stotthoff Bros 


StotthoS Bros 


*633 


Lloyd Neck 


Germantown Artesian 
Well Co. 


Dr. . L. Jones 









*ror additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 
1/ Flow varies with the tide. 



REPEESENTATIVE WELLS. 



153 



071 Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 

well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Supply 

per 
minute 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 

6 

6-4 


Feet. 
144 
185 


Feet. 
138-144 


Feet. 
-100 


Gallons. 
+ 10 


do 




587 




Well blows at 120 to 1.50 feet 


588 












589 




200 
96 
195 










do 


590 










Cretaceous 




.591 


4 
SDrins - . 




-135 


25 ' 


do.-. 




592 






. 


.593 


4 
4 
2 
4 
2 


235 
~ 295 
228 
260 
163 
150 




-200 


Small. 

Small. 

6 

25 


Cretaceous . . , 




594 




.do 




595 




-19S 
-232 

- 5 

- 20 


.do 




596 


232-260 






597 




■ 


598 


150 


150 
hi. 5 

65 


Cretaceous 




599 


Spring . . 






600 


3 


195 
49 
177 
243 
256 

51 

179 
70 
77 

165 
45' 

184 

176 
58 

65 




+ 2 


Pleistocene 




601 


49 
170-177 
235-243 
200-256 


do 




602 


-117 






603 


6 
3 


+ 30 






604 


-150 
- 4 

Flows. 

Flows. 

Flows. 






605 


''33 
6 60 
6 75 


Pleistocene 


Elevation about 20 feet above tide 


606 


3 
3 

1 


179 
66-70 
58-77 




607 






608 




Initial flow estimated 125 gallons 


609 








610 


4 
6 
3 
6 


35-45 
177-184 


Flows. 
Flows. 








611 


6 45-65 

3-5 

16-50 


Cretaceous 




612 


Pleistocene 




613 










fi14 




- 50 

- 15 
-125 






615 


8 
4 
4 
2 








Elevation . 40 feet above tide 


616 


140 
248 

75 

398 

76-92 

246 

68 

90 
181 
264 
±60 
166 
499 

97 
142 
147 
131 

56 
248.5 




25 

Large. 

16 

10 

a 18-20 

^50 






617 






Salt water. 


618 










619 


394-398 


Flows. 

c Flows. 






620 


3 

6 




Group of 3 wells 

. ..do 


|621 








- 18 

- 25 
-152 
-144 

Flows. 

- 40 






e,n 


2 










6?3 




+ 10 






fi?4 


3 

6 

3^ 

3 

2 

f 4 

1 5 

36-4 


255-264 






625 


5-10 




Pumps 80 gallons 


6?fi 








6»7 











6?S 




- 35 






fi^q 




elO 

«18 


j Cretaceous 






1 


6;-«) 












631 




- 32 
Flows. 


25 
5 






63? 


8 






633 











c At extremely high tide. 

"i Each well. 

« Flows into underground cistern 17 feet below the sui-face. 



154 UNDEKGROUND WATEE RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Representative wells 



No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


634 




9C.... 
90.... 
9C.. . 


Breslau fire department 

Commission 


J. Elliott 


J. Elliott 


*635 


1 mile northeast ol Am- 
ityville. 

1 mile north of Linden- 
hurst. 




Commission 


*636 


' do 




do. 


*637 


9C 


..do 




.....do...... 


*638 




9C.... 


.do 




do . 


*639 




9C.... 


do 




...:.do 


*640 




9C.... 


. .do 




do 


*641 




9C.... 


..do 




do 


*642 




9 D... 


....do 




do 


*643 


Colonial Springs 

Dix Hills 


9D... 

9D... 
9D... 

9E... 








*644 


Geo. Carll 




Geo. Carll 


*645 
646 
647 


Melville 


J. Elliott 


J. Elliott 


J. Elliott 


Dix Hills 






D. W. Johnson 


"Pn.irfrrnnTld 


9 E _ _ _ 


Alex. S. Gardner 




Alex. S. Gardner 


*648 ! do i 9 E . . . 


A. C. Soper & Co 


H. J. Dubois 


A. C. Soper & Co 


649 Huntington 9E... 

*650 . do 8 E. .. 


F. Gallienne 


do . ... 


H. J. Dubois 


Huntington Waterworks 
Co. 

Huntington Gas Co 




Oscar Darling, consulting 
engineer.. 

H.J. Dubois 


651 


Halesite , 9E... 

do 9E... 


H. J. Dubois 


*652 


Huntington Light and 
Power Co. 

R. F. Carmen 


do 


do 


*653 1 Centerport 9E... 

*654 do 9E... 


do 


. do 


E. S. McCrary 


do 


do 


*655 


do 1 9E... 

do 9E... 

do 9E... 


C. A. Hallock 


do 


do 


656 


Hiram \ckerly 


do 


.. do 


*657 


J. J. Robinson 


do 


do 




Northport waterworks 

A. 0. Gildersleeve 




/Oscar Darling, consulting 
\ engineer. 

Henry Cabre . . 


*658 




9E... 

9E... 
9E... 
9E... 
9E... 
9E... 
9E... 
9E... 
9E... 
9E.. 


Henry Cabre 




Larkfield 


*659 


W. C. Jaegle 


A. 0. Gildersleeve 


*660 


Northpoft 


Fred Nevlns 


H. J. Dubois 


Fred Nevins 


661 


..do 


Edward Thompson 

F. J. Smith. . 


Edward Thompson 


Edward Thompson 


*662 


.. ..do . . 




*663 


..do . . 


Dexter Cole . 






*664 


Little Neck 


D. B. Moss. . . . 


H. .T. Dubois 


H. J. Dubois 


665 


do 

.. do 


Morrell 


do 


. . do 


*666 


P. Van Iderstine*s Sons 


do 


dn 


667 


.. .do 


do 


do . . do 


668 


.. .do 


9E... 






*669 


Eaton Neck 


9F... 

9F... 

10 B . , 


Dr. 0. L. Jones 


C. H. Dani.s 


*670 


. ..do 


L. A. Bevin 


C.H. Danis 

E . K. Hutchinson 

T. B. Rogers 

C. A. Lockwood 


do 


*671 


Muncie Island 


Dr. E. H. Muncie 


E. K. Hutchinson c 


672 


Babylon (?) 


Maude Adams 


T B. Rogers 


*673 


Babylon 


IOC... 
IOC... 
IOC... 


Long Island R. R 

Sumpwaras Water Co 

Great South Bay Water Co 


Engineer 


*674 


do 


E Camerdon chief engineer 


*675 


Bayshore 


C. A. Lockwood 



*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 
a Estimated yield per well, 
fc See Table VIII. 



REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 



155 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
ol well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Supply 

per 
minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks, 


No 


Inches. 
18 
2 
2 

2 

2 
2 
2 
2 


Feet. 
25-35 

25 

21 

2.), 5 

30 

P2 

30.5 

31 

42 


Feet. 


Feet. 

- 12 

- 32 


Gallons. 
Large. 


Pleistocene 




634 






Commission No. 743 


63 "i 










Commission No. 757. . 


636 










Commission Nn. 729 


637 










CnmTni.ssinn N" 75>8 


638 










.Commission No. 826 . 


639 








~ 


Commission No. 763 

Commission No. 758 


640 










141 










Commission No. 772 


64'' 










The Colonial spring and the Mo-Mo-Ne 
spring. 


643 




136 

56 




-124 
- 44 






644 


8 










645 










646 


3 
30^ 
. 2 

8. 

3 

4 

3 
3 


374 
267 
2a5 
60 

102 
75 

238 
185 
42 
131 
117 




-150 
-120 
-113 

- 5 

- 5 
4- 2 

-188? 

- 75 

- 13 

- 28 

- 19 


20 

10 

7-8 

a 150 

100 


Cretaceous 


Small water-bearing horizon at 100 feet 


647 




do 


64S 








649 






3 wells 


hMn 






Light-colored gravel to 102 feet 


651 








65'> 










653 


175-185 








654 


25 






655 








Bluish sandy clay to 131 feel 


656 












657 


, 




200 

C125 

12 

+25 


Pleistocene 


Springs 




1 8 
2 
6 
2i 
1} 
30 
2 
4 
3 
3 
3 


50 
51 
186 
196 
92 
15 




Flows. 

Flows. 
-172 
-141 

Flows. 

- n 

+ 5 

- 48 

- 42 
-130 
-100 


Tisbury 


Elevation 32 feet 


1.658 




do 




(.''; 


172-186 




Soft water 


659 






660 




10-15 







661 






L^sed for botthng . . . 


66'' 






Pleistocene 


Depth shallow, flows 2 gallons perminute. . 


663 


75 
50 
143 
127 
28-55 
340 
366 

270 

140 

22 

70 

40-45 


67-75 


Large. 
30 




664 






665 






All sand and gravel 


666 








do 


667 








Group ol wells, all fine white sand 


668 


3 






d Flows. 

Flows. 

Flows. 

- 60 

- 6 

- 8 

- 4 






Salt water; abandoned 


669 








.. .do 


670 


3-2 
6 


1 200 
1 270 


14 
8 


Cretaceous 


Dirty water 


1 


do 




671 


Pleistocene? 




67'' 










673 


8 
5 




/.300 
y 1,545 




Group of 4 wells 


''674 




do 


Group of 20 wells 


6675 



c Yield to pumps. 

d Slight flow of salty water at high tide. 

« Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey lor 1899, 1900, p. 79. 

/ Each well. 

a Estimated capacity of whole station. . 



17116— No. 44—06- 



-11 



156 UNDEKGEOUND WATER EESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Representative wells 



No. 


, Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. 


676 


Deerpark 


10 D.. 

10 E.. 

10 E.. 
10 E.. 
10 E.. 
10 E.. 
10 E?. 
10 E.. 
10 E.. 

10 E.. 

10 E. . 
10 E. . 
10 E.. 
10 E. . 

10 E.. 

lie. . 

11 C 


H. G. Totten 




H. G. Totten 


677 










678 


.do 


Victor V. Smith 




i 
Victor F. Smith j 


679 


do 


J. Otis Smith 




J. Otis Smith 


*680 


TTings Pfl.rk 


Carl S. Burr 




H. J- Dnbms 


*681 




Captain Clarke 


do rlo_ 


682 








*683 








684 


do 








*685 


Middleville 


Edward Thompson 

J". F. McGifl 


H.J.Dubois 

A. J. Velsor 


Edward Thompson 

A. J. Velsor. . . 


*686 


Fort Salonga . 


687 


do 


Edward Rowley 


do 


fin 


*688 


. ..do 


Doctor GQlette 


do . do _ . _ - . _ 1 


689 


.. ..do 


H. C. Brown 




H.C.Brown 


690 


do 


Justin Butterfield 


A. .1. Velsor 


Justin Butteriield 






Great South Bay Water Co . 






*69l 






do 


Strong 


Ed. Schmidt 


*692 


Ed. Schmidt 


693 


Islip 


n c 


General 






*694 


Bayshore n C 


Commission 






*695 


do 


11 c. . 


do........ 




do 


*696 


East Islip 


11 c. . 
11 D.. 
11 D 


do 




.do 


*697 


Brentwood 


do 




.do 


*698 


. .do. 


do 




do 


=i-699 


Islip . . . 


11 D.. 
11 D 


do :. 




do 


*700 


do 


do 




do .... 


*701 


do 


11 D 


do 




do 


*702 


Central Islip 


UD.. 
11 D. 


do 




do 


*703 


do 

do 


do !. 




.do 


704 


11 D.. 

11 D.. 

U D.. 

11 D.. 
U D.. 

11 D.. 

11 D.. 
HE.. 
HE.. 
HE.. 
HE.. 
HE. . 
HE. . 
HE. . 


Manhattan State Hospital . 




Dr. G. A. Smith, superin- 
tendent. 

Oscar Darling, consulting 
engineer. 

J. Elliott 


*705 


Brentwood 

do 


St. Joseph's in the Pines 




*706 


General 


J. Elliott . 


*707 


do 








*708 


do 


do 




do 


709 


Central Islip 


General 






*710 


Hauppauge 


Chas. Blyndenburgh 

C. B. Pedrick 


C. E. Price 


C E Price 


*711 


Smithtown 


do .. 


do . . 


*712 


do 


J. B. Payne. 


J. B. Payne 


J. B. Payne 


*713 


Smithtown Branch 

do 


Fredrick Noback 


C. E. Price . .. 


C. E. Price 


*714 


C.D.Smith 


J. B. Redwood. ... 


J. B. Redwood- 

T. B. Rogers 

. ..do 


*715 


do 


E.M. Smith 


T. B. Rogers 


*71fi 


do 


do 


*717 


do 


Rassapeaque Club 


N.W. Davis 


N.W. Davis 



*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 



RBPEESENTATIVE WELLS. 



157 



on Long Island— Continned. 



Diameter 
of well. 


! 

Depth of 
Depth of ' principal 
well. water 
supply. 


Height of 

water 
ahove(+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Supply 

per 
minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


^ 


Inches. 
30 


Feet. 
43 

15-75 

96 

110 

142 

170 

136 

152 

153 

.33 

33 

162 

45 

120 

106 

73 

116 

106 

60 

+262 

67 

112-15 

102.5 

36 

30 

30 

30.5 

40.5 

41 

35 

25 

35 

40 

52 

50-80 

103 

44 

50-60 

49.5 
168 
127 
125 

95 
100 
160 

18 


Feet. 


Feet. 

- 37 

1 


Gallons. 








J 15-30 
1 50-75 








36 

36-6 

36-3 

36-3 

72 

6 

30 

f IJ 

1 ^ 

6 

I 6-l| 
36^ 
33 


1 

- 93 

- 95 






Soft water 










do 




138-142 


Large. 
Smah. 


















-100 
-142 
-148 

Flows. 

Flows. 

Flows. 

Flows. 
-110 
-100 
- 66 












Tisbury 












All sand and gravel 
















50 
10 


















120 










All sand and gravel 


















Small. 
4 








48 
' 5 




-100 










Pleistocene 


Group of wells; abandoned. . . 


1 


262 


Flows. 

- 7 
a- 8 


49.5 






1 


2 


Pleistocene 
















2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

8 








Commission No. 861 






t 




Commission No. 843 










Cnrnmissinn Nn. lORfi 










Commission No. 1087 












Commission No. 1088 












Commission No. 842 






























\ 










1 










- 21 

- 25 

f - 28 
1 - 52 


i> + 125 
150 


Pleistocene 


Group of 17 wells 






Pleistocene ? 
















Pleistocene 




2 
2 


























f - 45 

1 - 50 

- 43 


1 


Pleistocene? 




















165-168 










2 
36-2 


- 30 

- 50 

- 84 

- 85 










125 




Pleistocene 








do 






6 




















6 


Flows. 


60 




1 




' 



No. 



676 

677 
678 



681 
682 
683 
684 

685 



687 
688 
689 
690 

691 

692 
693 
694 
695 
696 
697 



700 
701 
702 
703 
704 

705 

706 
707 



709 

710 
711 
712 
713 
714 
715 
716 
717 



a Average for this vicinity. 



b For whole system. 



158 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, 

Table XI. — Representative wells 



No. 



*718 
*719 

720 
*721 
*722 
*723 
*724 
725 
726 
*727 

728 

• *729 
*730 
*731 
*732 

733 
*734 

735 
♦736 

*737 

*738 
*739 
*740 
*741 

742 
*743 
*744 
*745 
*746 

747 

748 
*749 
*750 
*751 
*752 
*753 
*754 
*755 
*756 
*757 

758 
*759 
*760 
*761 
*762 
*763 
*764' 
*765 



Location. 



Coordi- 
nates. 



King's Park HE. 

do U E. 



Nissequogue River ! HE. 

do j 11 E. 

do ■ 11 E. 

Stony Brook Harbor... J HE. 

....do ' 11 E. 

Oakdale I 12 C . 

....do...'. 12C . 

....do 12 C. 



WestSayville 12 C . 

Sayville : 12 C . 

Ronkonkoma 12 D . 



do 

do 

do 

do 

Lake Ronkonkoma. 
do 



.do. 



do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Lake Grove.. 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

St. James 

....do 

....do 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Stony Brook. 

do 

do 

Setauket 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 



12 D. 
12 D. 
iSD. 
12 D. 
12 D. 
12 D. 

12 D. 

12 D. 
12 D. 
12 D. 
12 D. 
12 D. 
12 D. 
12 E. 
12 E. 
12 E. 
12 E. 
12 E. 
12 E. 
12 E. 
12 E. 
12 E. 
12 E. 
12 E. 
12 E. 
12 E. 
12 F. 
12 F. 
12 F. 
12 F. 
12 F. 
12 F. 
12 F. 
12 F. 
12 F. 
*For 



Owner. 



Society of St. Johnsland 

Long Island State Hospital. 

W. W. Kenyon 

W. J.Matherson 

L. Harris 

R. H. Smith ". 

H. W. Reboul 

W. K. Vanderbilt 

F. G. Bourne 

C. R. Roberts 



General. 



Commission . . . 

do 

do 

do 

General 

JohnKlaiber.. 

P. G. Hallock. 

Wm. Ralston. 

J. Weber 



George E. Plimkett 

R. W. Newton. 

W. Imhauser estate 

Nelson Newton 

E. Hollis Newton 

W. H. Warner , 

John Morrissey 

Irving Overton 

Dr. Monecke 

M. A. Metzner 

B. Franklin Hallock 

Commission 

Father Ducey 

Jerome Saxe 

D. Emmett 

....do 

....do 

Commission 

....do 

Chas. T. Darling 

Wm. Shipman estate 

George Erland, sr 

Woodhuil Rowland 

Wm. Clarke 

Howard Wallace 

Wilmot T. Cox 

Nort House 

Chas. Benner. 

additional data see descriptive 



Driller. 



George Schmidt 

Hudson Engineering 
and Contracting Co. 

H. J. Dubois 

C. H. Danis 

T. B. Rogers 

do 

do 

J. Elliott 

do 

Theo. J. Kirk 



S. E. Terry 

Arthur & Tuthill. 
Wm. Ralston 



Arthur & Tuthill . 



-...do 

T. B. Rogers 

Arthur & Tuthill. 
Wm. Ralston 



Arthur & Tuthill. 

S. E. Terry 

....do 

....do 



T. B. Rogers. 



T. B. Rogers 

.-..do 

....do 

....do 

A. J. Velsor.. 



Plat Gildersleeve . . . 

....do 

T. B. Rogers 

....do 

....do 

....do 

E. K. Hutchinson. . 
Nelson W. Davis . . . 

....do 

notes, pp. 168 et seq. 



Authority. 



Society of St. Johnsland 

Long Island State Hospital. 

H.J. Dubois 

C. H. Danis 

T. B. Rogers,; 

do........ 

do 

J. Elliott ■ 

do 

Theo. J. Kirk '. . . 



Postmaster... 

Commission... 

do 

do 

....do... 

Postmaster. .. 
S. E. Terry... 
W. T. Arthur. 
Wm. Ralston. 



W. T. Arthur. 



....do 

T. B.- Rogers 

W. T. Arthur 

Wm. Ralston 

E. Hollis Newton 

W. T. Arthur 

S. E. Terry 

....do 

....do 

B. Franklin Hallock. 

do 

Commission 

T. B. Rogers 

do 

....do 

....do 

A. J. Velsor - 

Commission 

....do 

Chas. T. Darling- 

....do 

T. B. Rogers 

do..: 

do 

do 

Wilmot T. Cox 

Nelson W . Davis 

do 



i 



KEPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 



159 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 

above(+) 

or 

beIow(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Supply 

per 
mmute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 
6 
6 

4 
3 


Feet. 
68 
90 

212 
140 
100 
117 
110 
50 
40 
170 

10-50 

45 
62 
56 
25 
60-90 
81 
73 
54 

117 

70 
60 
75 
33 
27 
47 
86 
58 
24 


Feet. 


Feet. 

- 55 

a Flow. 

-114 

- 8 

- 80 

- 60 

- 80 

- 10 

- 5 


Gallons. 




Hard water 


718 


40 
196-212 


6 625 


Pleistocene 


Group of 12 wells. Water hard and salty. . 


719 
7?0 




Cretaceous ? 

Tisbury 

Tisbury ? 




7''1 






7''? 








7?3 








do 


All sand 


7''4 


12 
12 
2 






Pleistocene 


2 tile wells 

do 


"''5 






do 


"•'6 






Wfl.tpr nn.^fltisfilf'tnrv 


7''7 




1 ~ ^^ 
I - 20 


1 






7''S 


2 
2 
2 
2 




1 




Commission No. 1198 

Commission No. 1196 

Commission No. 1200 

Commission No. 1202 


7W 










730 










731 










732 




- 65 

- 63 

- 63 

- 50 

1- 

- 62 

- 48 

- 8 

- 30 

- 23 

- 35 

- 72 

- 52 

- 17 






733 


8 
li 
36 

ii 

36-lJ 
6 

14 
36 

40 

i 
8 
8 
8 


63-81 
63-73 








734 








735 








736 


f 32 
1 112 




do 




737 








738 








739 








740 








741 


5 




Hard water 


742 




Water used for local irrigation 


743 






744 


' 








745 






Clay 8 to 21 feet 


746 






Group of 4 wells used for irrigation 


747 


2 
2 
6 
t 6 
6 
6 

36 

2 

2 

30-6 

36 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
2 
3 


38 

59 

150 

250 

300 

97 

160 

90 

70 

123 

90 

107 

252 

90 

70 

320 

40 

SO 




- 28 


1 
1 


748 








Commission No. 1205 


749 




-132 
-208? 

- 90 

- 83 
-156 


Large. 


Pleistocene 

Tisbury 


7.50 




751 






752 









7.53 










7.54 






Tisburj' 


Commission No. 1206 


7.55 








.. do.. 


756 


88.5-123 


- 88.5 




do... 




7.57 




do 


do 


758 












7.59 








Cretaceous 




760 




- 75 

- 50 
Flows. 

- 24 

- 44 








7fil 










76? 




+ 18 




Flow varies with the tide 


763 








764 






do 




765 



a When not pumping. 



i> Yield to pumps from whole plant of 12 wells. 



160 UNDERGEOUND WATER EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 

Table XI. — Representative wells 



No. 



Location. 



Coordi- 
nates. 



Owner. 



Driller. 



Authority. 



*766 
767 



*770 
*771 

*772 
*773 
*774 

*77.5 



*778 
*7/9 
*780 
*781 
*782 

783 
*784 
*785 
*786 
*787 
*788 
*789 
*790 
*791 
*792 
*793 
*794 
*795 
*796 
*797 
*798 

799 
*800 
*801 

802 
*803 

*804 
805 

*806 



810 

*811 
*812 
*813 



Crane Neck 

do 

do 

Old Field Point 

do 

Mount Misery Point. . . 

Sayrille 

Bayport station 

Patchogue 



-do. 



do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Holbrook 

HoltsvUle 

Farmingville 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Farmingville (?). 

Selden 

do 

do 

New Village 

Terryville 

do 

Echo 

do 

do 

Port Jefferson . . . 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



do 

Mount Sinai. 
Bellport 



Elversley Childs . . , 
Frank Melville, jr. 
John Thatcher 



General. 



T. B. Rogers. 

do 

do. 

do 

do 

Cole Bros 



General 

Long Island R. R. 
Sea Cliff Hotel 



Arthur & Tuthill . 
Theo. J. Ejrk 



Nassau Oyster Co. 



.do. 



.do. 



Theo. J. Kirk. 



12 F. 
12 F. 
12 F. 
12 F. 
12 F. 

12 F. 

13 C . 
13 C . 
13 C . 

13 C . 

13 D. 
13 D. 
13 D. 
13 D. 
13 D. 
13 D., 
13 D. 
13 D. 
13 E . , 
13 E.. 
13 E., 
13 E. 
13 E. 
13 E. 
13 E ? 
13 E. 
13 E. 
13 E. 
13 E. 
13 E. 
13 E. 
13 F. 
13 F. 
13 F. 
13 F. 
13 F. 
13 F . . 
13 F . 

13 F . 
13 F. 

13 F . 
13 F. 
13 F. 
13 F. , 
13 F . . 

13 F. 

13 F. , 

14 D.. 
*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 



Theo. J. Kirk 

Great South Bay Water Co 

Commission 

do 

do 

do 

Reynolds 

C. B. Dedrick 

Commission 

A. P. Terry 

August Fuch 

D. Schwarting 

Wm. Clark 

Mrs. Max Richter 

Frank Franz 

John F. Byrne 

Doctor Emerson 

Axel Hodges 

Adolph Sembler 

Commission 

do 

do 

do .-.-. 

Thos. Marsh 

J. J. Overton 

J. L. DarUng 

J. H Davis do 

Port Jefferson Water Co I T. B. Rogers 



S. E. Terry... 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Theo. J. Kirk. 
S. E. Terry... 

....do 

....do 

....do 



Nelson W. Davis. 

....do 

....do 



Nelson W. Davis. 
Dryer 



A. T. Norton 

J. W. Brown 

J. Biddle 

Port Jefferson Fire Co. 
Port Jefferson Co 



do 

J. H. Hopkins.. - 
Joseph M. Shaw. 



Nelson W. Davis . 
do 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



T.'B. Rogers.. 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Cole Bros..... 
Postmaster . . 
W. T. Arthur. 
Theo. J. Kirk. 



.do. 



Commission 

do 

do 

do 

Theo. J. Ku-k 

C. B. Dedrick 

Commission 

S. E. Terry... 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

Theo. J. Kirk 

S. E. Terry 

do 

do 

do.. 

Commission 

do 

do '.... 

do 

Nelson W. Da'S'ls. 

do 

do 

do 

T. B. Rogers 



Nelson W. Davis . 
do 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



Pierce Well Engineering Pierce Well Engineering Co. 
Co. 



T. B. Rogers 

Nelson W. Da^is. 
Arthur & Tuthill . 



T. B. Rogers 

Nelson W. Davis. 
W. T. Arthur 



KEPKESENTATIVE WELLS. 



161 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(-l-) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Supply 

per 
minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 


Feet. 
38 
80 
65 
50 
43 
275 
40-45 
28 


Feet. 


Feet. 
- 12? 


Gallons. 


Pleistocene 


Salt water 


766 


6 
6 
6 

li 
8-6 


Tisbury? 




767 




- 30 


+ 15 




768 
769 




Salt water 


36 








Fresh water 


770 
771 
772 
773 
774 

[775 

'776 








Well abandoned 




- 30 




Pleistocene 




li 










8 
72 
19 








! 


I ^ 

1 2 

2 








'* Black water" abandoned 




- 17 

- 18 






28 






Shallow 








Pumping station 

Commission No. 1145 


a777 


2 

2 

2 

2 

IJ 
36 

2 
12 

8 

8 

8 

8 

2 

8 

8 

8 

8 

2 

2 

2 

2 


150 
50 
50 
51 
90 
46 
50 

110 
70 
27 
59 
60 
80 
64 
59 
38 
38 
70 
59 
85 
90 

150 
20 
96 
±25 
54 

75.5 
60 

140 
90 

120 

Shallow. 

35 

370 
95 
45 








778 


1 






Commission No. 1184 


779 








Commission No. 1007 ' 


780 








Commission No. 1169 


781 




- 80 

- 40 




Tisbury? 




782 








783 






Commission No. 1008 . . -. 


784 








Pleistocene 


785 




- 65 

- 22 

- 52 

- 54 

- 70 




do 


786 






do 


787 






do 


788 






789 




1 


790 








791 




- 54 

- 26 

- 32 






792 








793 








794 




Commission ISIo. 1237 


795 






Tisbury? 


Commission No. 1214 


796 








Commission No. 1233 


797 








Commission No. 1215 


798 





-145 
Flows. 

- 40 
Flows. 
Flows. 

Flows. 
Flows. 


Large. 




799 


4 
3 
2 
6 

6 

li 

li 
2 
3 




800 







801 


5 






802 




Pleistocene 

do 


2 wells. Pumps 133 gallons per well per 
minute. 


'803 




25 


804 






This well ceased to flow when No. 804 was 
completed. 


805 


140 


1 


806 


- 70 
-110 






807 




1 




808 




100 


Pleistocene 


Wells for fire protection 


809 


2 




Flows. 




Temperature 58° F.; pmnps 42 gallons per ' 
minute. 


810 




Small. 
Good. 


Cretaceous 


811 


2i 
li 




- 88 

- 20 






812 






813 



a See Table VIII. 



162 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUEOES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 

Table XI. — Representative wells 



No. 



*814 



815 



817 

*818 

*819 
820 

821 

*822 

823 

*824 

*825 

*826 
*827 



*830 

*831 

*832 

*833 

834 

835 

*836 

837 

*838 

*839 

*840 

*841 

*842 
*843 
*844 
*845 
*846 

*847 

*848 
*849 
*850 
*851 
*852 

853 

*854a 
*855 



Location. 



2 miles west of Yaphank 
station. 

Yaphank 



Coram 

Middle Island. 

do 



Coordi- 
nates. 



14 D. 

14 E. 

14 E. 
14 E. 

14 E. 



Rocky Pomt ' 14 F . 

do 14r. 



Brookhaven ] 15 D . 



Manorville 

Wading River. 
"Wardenclvffe.. 



.do. 



Woodville Landing. 
do - 



Wading River... 

do 

do 

Center Moriches . 

do 

do 

do 

.....do 

East Moriches. . 

do 

South Manor. ... 

do - 

do 



-do. 



do 

Manorville . 
do 

;...do 

do 



.do. 



Hulse Landing. . 

Remsenburg 

Speonk 

do 

do 

f Calverton 

[....do 

BaitiBg Hollow. 
do 



ISE . 
15 F . 
15 F . 

IS F . 

15 F . 
15 F . 

15 F . 
IS F . 

15 F . 
161). 

16 D. 
16 D. 
16 D. 
16 D. 
16 1). 
16 D. 
16 E. 
16 E . 
16 E . 



Owner. 



Walter McGee. 



Dr. C. A. Baker. 



E.S. Still... 
Wnl. Davis. 



Judge Bartlett. 



Hawman Bros 

Long Island R. R. 



General . 



Mrs. Groty 

Mary Miller 

Geo. E. Hageman. 



Nikola Tesla . 



North Shore Industrial Co 
J . S. Warden 



Wardenclyfie Brick and 
Tile Co. 

Long Island R. R 

Mrs. De Groat 

S.W.Wheeler 

Dr. Wm. Carr 

Otto Lauraman 

Wm. Hallock 

Kroln 



Dr. A. J. Woodruff. 
W. Fi'ank Smith... 

George Harris 

Wesley Yotmg 

Alfred Steele 

Benj. Raynor 



16 E .'. Wallace Raynor. 



16 E.. 
16 E.. 

16 E .. 
16E .. 
16E .. 

16E .. 

16E .. 

17 D.. 
17 D.. 
17 D.. 
17 D.. 
17 E.. 
17 E.. 
17 F.. 
17 F.. 



Porter Howell 

J. W. Niehol 

M. E. Raynor 

Long Island R. R . 
Mrs. Jones 



Preston Raynor . 



Dr. J. H. Darlington. 

R. B. Dayton 

Jacob Raynor 

Ellsworth Raynor . . . 

W. C. Rogers 

Mrs. Robinson 

General. . . .- 

Chas. H. WeUs 

Charles Warner 



DrOler. 



S. E. Terry. 



S. E. Terry 

Nelson W. Davis. 

S. E. Terry 

Nelson W. Davis. 



J. W. Niehol 

Preston Raynor . . 

Nelson W. Davis: 

[T. B. Rogers 

IW.H. Beers 



DoUard Bros 

J. W. Niehol 

Nelson W. Davis. 
Robinson Bros. . . 

....:do 

do 

do 

Arthur* Tuthni. 



J. W. Niehol. 

do 

do 



.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



J. W. Niehol. 



Preston Raynor . 
W.H. Beers 



Arthur & TuthUl . 
do 

do...... 

Wm. V. Young... 



Wm. V. Young... 
Arthur & TuthUl. 



Authority. 



S. E. Terry. 



Dr. C. A. Baker. 



S. E. Terry....... 

Nelson W. Davis . 

S. E. Terry. 



Nelson W. Davis.. 
Long Island R. R. 

Postmaster 



J. W. Niehol 

Preston Raynor. . 
Nelson W. Davis. 
Nikola Tesla . . . . . 

W.H. Beers 

Jas. S. Warden. . . 

S. B. Saxe 

Jas. S. "Warden. .. 



DoUard Bros. 

J. W. Niehol 

Nelson W. Davis. 
Robinson Bros. . . 

do 

do.... 

do 

W. T. Arthur 

W. Frank Smith. 
George Harris . . 1 . 

J. W. Niehol 

do 

do '. 



.do. 



....do 

do 

do 

Long Island R . R . 
J. W. Nichoi 



Preston Raynor. 



Dr. J. H. Darlington . 

R. B. Dayton 

W. T. Arthur 

do.. 

....do 

Wm. V. Young 

Postmaster 

Wm. V.Young 

W. T.Arthur 



*For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seg. 



REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 



163 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 



Inches. 
8 



36 
li 



60-8 
48-3 



28 



Depth of 
well. 



Feet. 



18-24 

33 
62 

39 

128 
120 

14-20 

29 
50 
123 
166 
347 
94 
90 
57 

110 
38 
68 
20 
34 
20 
67 
26 
33 
60 
22 
15 
24 

36 

20 
12 
15 



Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 



Feet. 



29 



+.36 



Height of 

water 
above(+)[ Supply 

or 

below (—) 

ground 

level. 



per 
minute. 



Feet, i Gallons. 
- 62 1 



16 
18 



- 12 

- 30 

-121 
-106 

- 8 

- 10 

- 21 



12-15 



-113 
-110 



57 
50 
4 



Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 



Wisconsin . 



Wisconsin . 
Tisburv?. . 



Tisbury?. 



Tisbury . 



28 



- 10 

- 28 

- 56. 5 

- 18 

- 12 

- 22 

f - -^ 
1-10 

- 15 

- 9 

- 12 



Tisbury. 
Jameco?. 



Tisbury 

Pleistocene . 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 



Pleistocene? . 



.do. 
.do. 
-do. 



Remarks. 



All morainal material 

Medium white sand to 62 feet. 



Clay 3 to 29 feet 

All sand and gravel . 



Water pure and soft . 
Experimental well , . . 



Clay from to 47 feet. 



Abandoned . 



All sand and gravel 

do 

Soft water 

do 

Sand and stones 2 to 22 feet . 

Sand 2 to 15 feet 

Clay 22 to 24-1- feet 



Clay 3 to 15, 19 to 36 feet . 



Clay 6 to 7 feet . 



No. 



814 

815 

816 

817 



819 
820 

821 

822 
823 
824 

825 

826 
827 



829 
830 
831 
832 
833 
834 
835 
836 
837 
838 
839 
840 

841 

842 
843 
844 
845 
846 

l847 



850 
851 
852 

853 

854 
855 



42 
42 
32 
92 
25 
29 
26 
26 
65 
20-50 
105 
99 



Pleistocene?. 



92 
10-25 



Clay 3 to 42 feet.. 
Clay 3 to 40 feet.. 
Clay 12 to 28 feet . 



~ 87 

- 10 

- 21 



Large. 
20 



Pleistocene . 
do 



Clay 21 to 25 feet. 
Clay 18 to 20 feet. 



Pleistocene. . 
Pleistocene?. 



- 20 

- 54 

- 20 

- 94 

- 90 
a Other wells also numbered 8-54 have similar sections. 



All sand and gravel . 



164 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Representative wells 



No. 


Location. 


Coordi- 
nates. 


Owner. 


Driller. 


Authority. , 


*856 


Baiting Hollow 


17 F.. 

17 F.. 

18 D.. 
18 D.. 
18 D.. 
18 D.. 
18 D.. 
18 E.. 

18 E.. 

18 E.. 

18 F. . 
18-19 F 

19 E . . 

19 E.. 
19 F.. 
19 F. . 

19 F?.. 
19 F.. 

19 F-G 

20 E.. 
20-21 F 
20 F.. 

20 F.. 
20-21 G 

21 E.. 

21 E . . 
21 E.. 
21 E. . 
21 G.. 
21 G.. 
21 G.. 
21 G.. 
21 G . . 
21 G.. 
21 G . . 

21 H. . 

21 H.. 
21 H.. 


Howell Sandford 


Arthur & Tuthill 

S. E. Terrv 


W.T. Arthur.. 


*856A 


Sydney Shaw 


S. E. Terry.. 


*857 


West Hampton Beach. 
Quogue Beach 


Augustus Zabriskie : . . . 

Hallook & Small 


Arthur & Tuthill 

Nelson W. Davis 

.do.. 


W.T.Arthur... 


*858 


Nelson W. Davis 


*859 


Asha'B. Hallock 


Asha B. Hallock 


*860 


do 


.T. Wendell 


Cole Bros 


Cole Bros ... 


*861 


do 


Quantuok Water Co 




Henry Gardner, treasurer. . 
Long Island R. R . . . 


862 


Quogue Station 


Long Island R. R 






Riverhead Waterworks... . 
Yetter & Moore 


Nelson W. Davis 

W. V. Young 


(•Nelson W. Davis. . 


*863 


^John R. Perkins 




do 


*864 


AV. V.Young... 


865 




Chas. Wells 


A. 0. Ryder 

. do 


A. 0. Ryder ■ ' 


866 




Nicholas Bro\vn 


do 


867 


Good Ground 

do 


General 




S. L. Squires. ..... 


868 


Gilsey estate 


J. ElUott 


J. Elliott 


*869 




Capt. Jas. Downs 




W.V.Young 


*870 


do 


John J. McLaughlin 




Chas. Darling, consulting 
engineer. 

do 


871 




F. M. Lupton 




*872 


do 


Long Island R. R 




Long Island R. R 


873 


do 


General 




Dr. E. K. Morton 


*874 


Shinnecock Hills 

North Sea 


Thane 


Chester D. Corwin 

W T. Arthur 


Chester D. Corwin 


*875 


Chas. W. Payne 


W. T. .Arthur 


876 


New Suffolk 


Donald Goldsmith .... 


Arthur & Tuthill 


. do .. 


*877 


do 


Reid 


do 


do 


.878 


Southold 




Nelson W. Davis 


Nelson W. Da^^s 


*879 




Southampton Water Co 


fOscar Darling, consulting 
J engineer. 

Geo. Elliston, engineer 

W. T. Arthur 


♦880 


Hampton Park 

. do 


Mrs. S. F. McDonald 

Edward G. Whittaker 


Arthur & Tuthill 

do .. 


*881 


do 


*88iA 


Water Mill 


General 




Frederick H. Rose 


*882 




John F. Becker 


Harry Strausblnger 

do ... 


Harry Strausblnger 

do 


*883 


do 


XJlmer 


*884 


do 


John Weber 


do '. 


do 


*885 


. ..do 


J. N. Steams 


A. 0. Ryder 

Nelson W. Davis 

A. Ryder 


.A.. 0. Rvder 


886 


do 


Mrs. Post 


Nelson W. Davis. . . 


887 


do 

do 


Capt. Max Walthers 

A. 0. Ryder 


A. 0. Ryder.. 


*88S 


do 


. do 


*889 


Shelter Island Heights. 


(Shelter Island Heights As- 
t sociation. 


I 


/Wesley Smith, supeiintend- 
1 ent. 

W. H. Havens, chief engi- 
neer. 

A. 0. Ryder 


*890 


1 


891 


Greenport 


J. Madison Wells 


A. 0. Ryder 



*ror additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 



< 



EEPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 



165 



on Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(-l-) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Supply 

per 
minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 
2i 
12-3 
2-U 


Feet. 
104 
109 
20 
225 
277 
277 
40 

42^6 
225 
305 


Feet. 


Feet. 

- 96 

- 92 


Gallons. 






856 










856 A 






Pleistocene 


Fluctuates with the tide 


857 


225 


+ 12 

+ 3 

Flows. 

- 4 

- 30 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 
Flows. 

- 5 
-135 

- 30 
f c- 40 
1 — 50 

- 22 

- 6 

- 7 

- 16 




Cretaceous 


Flows 16 gallons per minute 

Flows 1 gallon per minute 


858 






do 


859 


8 
8 
4 

! : 




1-2 
a 347 


do 


860 






Group of 6 wells '^ . 


6 861 






2 wells . - 


862 








(6) .... ■ 
















S3 
l 225 
[ 305 


863 


L . 




Pumps 133 gallons 


f (*) 




16 
150 
35 

15-90 

32 
45 

70 

30 
20 

12-90 

35 

25 

28.5 

88 

70 

80 

80 
80 
111 




^ 




864 








Pleistocene ? . . . 


All coarse white sand 


865 








Pleistocene 


All medium red sand 


866 






Fair. 


do 




867 


8 




do 


All light-colored sand and gravel 


868 








869 


1 : 

4 


60-70 


30-40 
50 




All sand 


870 


Pleistocene 


do 


871 






872 






f - 12 
1 - 90 


i Good. 


Pleistocene 




873 






do 




874 


14 








... -do.. 




875 




- 25 






All white sand 


876 


li 









Clav 4 to 88 feet 


877 








Clay 40 to 60 feet 


878 






- 27 

- 35 










8 
U 
3 




^683 
Small. 


Pleistocene 


Group of 3 wells 


1 879 

1 W 






Clay 34 to 80 feet 


880 




-100 


Jameco?. . 


Clay 2 to 82 feet 


881 






Pleistocene .... 




881 A 


3H 
3fi 


52 
43 
53 
36 
60 
73 
62 
33 
60 
36 
65 

45 












882 








Pleistocene 





883 








do .: . 


884 






- 30 

- 50 

- 68 

- 50 

- 18 




Sankaty 




885 








Tisbury 


All sand and gravel 


886 








Tisbury? 


do 


887 






Sankatv 




888 


f 3fi-6 




100 



Tisbury 




1 








1 889 


1 36 










1 C) 




- 32 

- 45 




Tisbury 


Group of 18 wells 


6890 




35-45 


Jameco? 




891 



o Estimated. 



b See Table VIII. 



c Average. 



d Test for whole station of 3 wells. 



166 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XI. — Representative wMs 



No. 



*892 

*893 

*894 

*895 

896 

*897 
898 
899 

*900 

*901 
902 

*903 



*905 
906 
*907 



*909 
*910 



*911 

912 
*913 
*914 

*915 

*916 
*917 
*918 
*919 



Location. 



Coordi- 
nates. 



Greeaport 21 H. . 



do 

East Marion. 

do 

....do 



21 H. 
21 H. 
21 H. 
21 H. 



Bridgehampton 22 F.. . 

do 22r... 

Sagaponaek \ 22 F... 

I 



.do. 



22 F.. . 



Sag Harbor I 22 F.. 

do ! 22 F.. 



.do. 



-do. 



do 

Shelter Island 

do 

do 

Orient (Long Beach) 
Easthampton ' 23 F.. 



22 F.. . 

22 F... 

22 F-G, 
22 G... 
22 G.. . 
22 G... 
22 H.. 



Plum Island. 



Owner. 



Driller. 



Village ol Greenport. 



Long Island R. R . 



East Marion Life- Saving j A. O. Ryder. 
Station. 

W. F. Furst ' 

General 



Jas: A. Sanford & Son , Jas. A. Sanford & Son. 

General ' 

I 
do 



J. Wilkes Hedges. 
John K. Morris... 



Sag Harbor Waterworks Co 



Fahy Watch Case Co. 



23 I . . . 



Amagansett 24 F.. . 

do....- I 24F... 

Gull Island ! 24 I . . . 

Montauk 26 G... 



do 26 G... 

.-...do ' 26 G... 

j 26 G... 

Fishers Island ' 26 J... 



Chas. W. Payne 

F. M. Smith 

Doctor Benjamin 

J. Eugene Parker 

Orient Manufacturing Co . . . 

Easthampton Home Water 
Co. ■ 

U. S. Army 



I. H. Ford. 



E. Camerdon. 



Frank Wankel . 



A. 0. Ryder. 

do 

do 

Uriah White 
W. C. Jaegle. 



General -.. 

Long Island R. R. 
U. S. Array 



-do. 



Long Island R. R 

Fort Pond 

Great Pond 

E. M. & W. Ferguson j C. L. Grant. 



C. A. Lockwood. 



C. A. Lockwood. 



Authority. 



W. E. Reynolds. 



Long Island R. R. 

A. O. Ryder 

W. F. Furst. 

Postmaster 



Jas. A. Sanford. 

Postmaster 

do 



J. Wilkes Hedges . 
John K. Morris... 



E . Camerdon 

H. F. Cook, president. 



Frank Wankel. 

John H. Hunt. 
A. O. Ryder... 

do 

do 



J. A. Worthington, engi- 
neer. 



O. W. Degend. 



Postmaster 

C. A. Lockwood; 
O. W. Degentf... 



C. A. Lockwood. 



Long Island R. R. 

....do 

do 

C. L. Grant .\. 



* For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. 
a Reported test of first 4 wells. 
6 See Table VIII. 



REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 



167 



071 Long Island — Continued. 



Diameter 
of well. 


Depth of 
well. 


Depth of 

principal 

water 

supply. 


Height of 

water 
above(+) 

or 

below(— ) 

ground 

level. 


Supply 

per 
minute. 


Geologic horizon of 
water-bearing strata. 


Remarks. 


No. 


Inches. 


Feet. 
28-48 
690 

J 15-20 

1 12 

50 

35 

18-36 

300 
20-60 
20-40 


Feet. 


Feet. 


Gallons. 
a 300 


Pleistocene 






665 


Flow. 




Abandoned; rock below 670; supply very 
small. 


Yf 






8f^ 




1 


- 48 




Tisbury 




RP4 










HP'S 






1 -18 
1 - 30 

- 35 

- 25 

- 30 

- 15 

- 40 

- 145? 


I 


Pleistocene 


S96 








Cretaceous - 


897 








Pleistocene 




898 








.. . do . 




899 








do .. .' . 




900 


6 


185 






Pleistocene ? . 




901 












"Mineral springs;'' a large chalybeate spring 
Abandoned for sui'f ace supply 


9n'> 


I ® 


1 40-100 
I 60 

182 

80 
38 
60 
76 
+406 
75-86 

f 69 

85 

i 89 

20-50 

107 

291 

[ 30 

I 37 


I 


- 3 

. - 14 




Pleistocene 


h()m 


1 

f 40 

90 

130 

i 155-160 

80 


500 


do 


/Abandoned because of contamination from 
I chemicals in factory. 


905 








- 35 

- 40 

- 71 




Tisbury 


All sand 


906 






Sankatv ? 




907 








Tisbury 




908 








Struck rock and well abandoned 


909 


6 
6 




- 32J 

- 28 

e- 45 

- 67 
/ Flow. 

- 13 


<:166 


Pleistocene 


Group of 3 wells 


WIO 


1 


Pleistocene ? 




911 


1 




Pleistocene 




qi9 


10 
8^ 

8-10 




+ 15 


do 




PIS 


91 
10 




Salt water, to 110 feet; abandoned 


914 


52 
69 


[pleistocene 


915 




Analysis 






916 














.do 


917 














do 


918 


6 


485 










Rock at 204 feet; abandoned 


P19 















cTest of single well. 

<2 Superintendent of construction and civil engineer, quartermaster's department. 

e Average. 

/ Salt water. 



168 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

DESCRIPTIVE NOTES. 

[Numbers in black-faced type correspond to those used in. the table preceding.] 

1. The sample from this well preserved in Mr. Gregory's office, marked " Iloffmans Island 210 feet," is a 
dark, bluish-gray sand, apparently glacial. 

Record of quarantine station well, Hoffmann Island, New Yorlc. 

Feet. 
L Sand, clay, and gravel, with salt water 0-450 

2. Rock, with salt water. .. . 450-750 

3. Rock, with fresh water 750-1, 000 

2. In 1867 John Nadir, United States engineer at Fort Hamilton, carefully examined the underlying for- 
mations at Fort Lafayette, making borings 800 to 1,000 feet from the shore. These borings showed the follow- 
ing section; a 

Generalized record of United States Army test borings at Fort Lafayette, N. Y. 

Feet. 

1. Coarse sand and gravel, with a few broken shells 0-20 

2. Decayed marsh or meadow mud with diatomacese and spiculse of sponges and shells 20-23 

3. Gravel and sand containing many broken shells 23-40- 

4. Mud, quite compact, which appears to have been a marsh with scanty vegetation, 

rather than a meadow. In this formation a great number of shells were found which 
were identified as Nassa ohsoleta, Anomia ephippium, Mya arenaria,Crepidvla fornicata, 
Solen ensis, Mytilus edvlis : 40-53 

3. See plan and cross section of south Brooklyn tunnel, by Isaiah Bowman, from notes furnished by J. C. 
Meem, civil engineer (PI. XXV). Mr. Meem states that in order to keep the tunnel dry 750,000 to 1,000,000 
gallons per day were pumped from each of the seven shafts. 

4. Mr. L. B. Ward gives the following data:& "This company has no municipal contract. Its area of 
operation comprises Blythebourne and Borough Park tracts, situated in the Thirtieth Ward. The supply 
is pumped from open wells at a depth of 80 feet. The works consist of 1 principal pumping station, and 1 
reserve station, also 5 elevated tanks (wooden structures) of 25,000 gallons each. Daily pumpage 200,000 
gallons. An average of 106,000 gallons per day is also received from the city." 

5. Mr. J. C. Breckenridge, general manager of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, in a letter dated 
April 29, 1901, gives the following data regarding this well: " Well was put down 1,503 feet; 8 inches in diameter 
to 1,000 feet, and 6 inches below that point. It was nevei' pumped to determine the yield, as the water always 
tested salty and unfit for boiler use. The original plan was to go down to a fissure in the bed rock where 
it was supposed a stream of running water suitable for boiler use could be found. The nature of the material 
penetrated was .as follows : 

Record of Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company's well at Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 

1. Sand .-.-. 0-73 

2. Clay 73-95 

Sankaty: 

3. Fine sand 95-101 

4. Clay , 101-139 

Jameco: 

5. "Hard pan," with small stones, black, and varying in size 139-169 

6. Coarse sand 169-189 

7. " Hard pan " to bed rock 189-212 

"At 140 feet no clay, struck a bowlder and were obliged to shoot the well to get it out of the way, as it 

jammed the drilling at the end of casing. At 292 feet a sand pocket was struck. When the sand had been 
pumped out the cavity was filled with cement and the drilling continued. Work was started on August 31, 
1897 and stopped December 21, 1898." 

a Am. Nat., vol. 2, 1869, p. 335. . -' 

b Merchants' .Association report on water supply of the city of New York, 1900, p. 181. 



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DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 169. 

7. This well is about 10 feet above low tide and was completed in November, 1903. It is entirely in sand 
and gravel. At 50 feet clay was encountered, below which the driller stated it was useless to look for water 
in this vicinitJ^ The clay suggests the Sankaty, and it is supposed that the underlying Jameco does not 
yield potable water at this point, because of the removal of the clay covering in the upper bay. 

10. Q. M. Gen. C. F. Humphrey reports: At Governors Island an 8-inch well was recently sunk to a depth 
of 1,822 feet 6 inches. At 1,175 feet a flow of 15 gallons per minute was obtained. By torpedoing the well 
the flow was increased to about 18 gallons per minute. The water was salty and chemical analysis pronounced 
it unfit for drinking purposes. 

The following samples have been received from this well: 

Record of United States Army well on Governors Island, New YorJc. 

Feet. 

1. Red clay, with bowlders 13 

2-4. Red cla}^ ; no bowlders. 44-55 

5. Very fine, gray, micaceous, silty clay _ 60 

6. Dark multicolored gravel, with fragments of Recent shells 70 

7-8. Disintegrated micaceous rock, with fragments of Recent shells 73-87 

9. Highly micaceous schist or diorite, thought by Mr. E. C. Eckel, of this Survey, to resemble 

the Harrison diorite . - 87-1 , 700 

11. Record of well on EUis Island, New York. 

Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel 0-35 

2. Rock ; trap and gneiss 35-1, 400 

12. Samples and record in the Long Island Historical Museum show: 

Record of Long Island Railroad well in BrooMyn, N. Y. 

Feet. 

1. Sand, gravel, clay, etc 0-88 

2. Micaceous gne'iss (possibly Harrison diorite — Eckel ) 88-120 

1 3. See Pis. XXVI, XXVII. 

16. The following analysis has been made by the Brooklyn health department: 

Analysis of ivell imter at Gravesend pumping station. 

Parts per million. 

Total solids. 127. 00 

Loss on ignition 27. 00 

Free ammonia . 002 

Albuminoid ammonia . 000 

Chlorine as chlorides 12. 50 

Sodium chloride 20. 60 

Nitrogen as nitrates 5. 76 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Total hardness 76. 00 

Permanent hardness 65. 50 

18. Mr. L. B.Ward gives the following data regarding this company: "This tract of 90 acres, located in 
the Thirtieth Ward, between Fifteenth and Eighteenth avenues, and Fifty-third and Sixtieth streets, has 
an independent water service, with 1.7 mile of distributing pipes and one pumping station located at Seventeenth 
avenue and Sixtieth street, supplied from a single well." • 

23. Temperature 52° to 53°. Water used for cooling and manufacturing. 
17116— No. 44—06 12 



170 UNDERGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 
Sanitary analysis of water from well at Eighth avenue and Eighteenth street, BrooMyn. 

[Analyst not reported.] 

Parts per million. 

Total solids. . : _ 376. 04 

Loss on ignition (slight charring) 84. 80 

Chlorine. 30. 02 

Nitrogen of free ammonia. ...... .05 

Nitrogen of albuminoid ammonia .03 

Nitrogen of nitrite '. .05 

Nitrogen of nitrate 12. 07 

Temporary hardness 87. 28 

Permanent hardness - ■ 55. 84 

Total hardness 143. 12 

Iron Very faint trace. 

Samples received from Mr. R. A. Ward, treasurer, show the following section: 

Record of well at Eighth avenue and. Eighteenth street, BrooMyn. 
Wisconsin till : Feet. 

1. Reddish bowlder clay -5 

2. Fine to coarse silty sand with a little gravel 15 

3. Same, but much cleaner: note on samples says, "Struck first water, which yielded 

3 gallons per minute " 25 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: . 

4—5. Reddish-brown bowlder clay 35-45 

6-14. Clean, dark-colored, reddish-brown glacial sand and gravel 55-135 

25. Sample preserved in Mr. Gregory's office dated April 24, 1894, and marked " 141 feet; 46 gallons per 
minute" is a mixture of sand and coarse gravel with much glacial material. It is believed to represent the 
Jameco gravels. The Tartar Chemical Company report that the water falls to 14 feet wljen the well is pumped. 
Temperature 54°. - 

Analysis of unfltered well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, BrooMyn. 

' [Water taken February 20, 1893.] 
Evaporated, 4 liters. Parts per million. 

Total solids 225 

SiO. .' 19 

Cad. .... 47 

MgO 14 

Traces of FeAl.Oa- 

Analysis of ■filtered well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, BrooMyn. 

[Water taken February 23, 1893.] 
Evaporated, 7 liters. Parts per milUon. 

Total solids ". 171. 

SiO, 19.4 

Cad 46.8 

MgO 14.8 



1 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. : 




PROFILE 
Bowlders or lock tetminating wash boiInKs 
O End wash batingt In sand or clay 
End diiniontl-diill boiinga in sand or clay 
^ Rock 



Land bo.ing notes. For wash 
borings, surfact! elevations show distance 
above MH.W. Sub-surlacc elevations show 



TEST BORINGS 



OF RAPID TRANSIT RAILROAD COMMISSION ACROSS EAST RIVER. 



E 



S 



T 




12 9 5 22 20 28 27 30 32 31 

000 00 o <^ "^00 



39 35 t?: 

o o c 



TEST BORINGS OF RAPID TRANSIT RAILROAD COMMISSION. 



B I V E R 



f>ftOFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXVI 



29 



b 



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041 37 O 8 17 

38 




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Mean high wafer 



EXPLANATION 

PLAN 
O River-wash borings 
-<a)- Diamond-drill borings 
(^) Land-wash borings 



PROFILE 
Bowlders or rock terminating wash borings 
Q End wash borings in sand or clay 
<J> End diamond-drill borings in sand or clay 



I ' T- 

200 100 



Horizontal scale 



200 400 

Vertical scale 



— I 

800 feet 



30 reet 



OSS EAST RIVER. 



I 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 171 

Analysis of well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, BrooJclyn. ■ 

[Analysis by Charles L. Bauer, Springfield, Ohio, September 26, 1896.] 

Parts per million. 

Calcium sulphate — - 46. 3 

Calcium carbonate — - - - - .0 

Magnesium- sulphate 49. 6 

Magnesium carbonate 117. 3 

Sodium chloride - — — 26. 2 

Iron - .0 

Volatile and organic 171. 

Total sohds 410. 4 

Remarks: Odorless and clear. 

Analysis of well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, BrooMyn. 

Analysis by bureau of chemistry, board of health, Brooklyn, September IG, 1897; G. J. Volckening, cluef chemist; H.W. 

Walker, assistant chemist.] 

Parts per million. 

Chlorine in chlorides . . 47. 02 

Equivalent to sodium chloride ' 77. 50 

Phosphates . .00 

Nitrogen in nitrates and nitrites 16. 90 

Free ammonia ; .00 

Albuminoid ammonia .00 

Hardness ecjuivalent to carbonate of lime (before boiling) 197. 5 

Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (after boiling ) . . ; 197. 5 

Organic and volatile _ 145. 3 

Mineral matter 384. 7 

Total solids by evaporation 530. 1 

Analysis of well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, BrooMyn. 
[Analysis by Pittsbui'g Filter Manufactm'ing Company, Pittsbiu-g, March 20, 1903; F. T. Asehman, chemist.] 

Parts per million. 

Sodium chloride 58. 

Calcium sulphate 100. 

Calcium carbonate 80. 4 

Magnesium carbonate 57. 8 

Iron and aluminum oxides 5. 8 

Silica 19. 

Organic and volatile matters. Traces. 

Total solids 321. 

Carbon dioxide 67. 8 

Sample clear. 

27. Seventeen test borings were sunk at this point: No. 1, 110 feet north of Third avenue and Third 
street; Nos. 2-9, at intervals of 50 feet west; Nos. 10-16, bordering Third street, at intervals of 50 feet east 
toward Third avenue; No. 17, opposite No. 2. The following sections may be taken as typical: 

Record of Transit Develofment Conipany's test horing No. 3 near Third avenue and Third street, BrooMyn. 

Feet. 

1. Light-yellow sand filling 0-12 

2. Ash and cinder filling 12-30 

3. Gray silt 20-40 

4. Very fine to medium light-gray sand 40-50 



172 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 

Record of Transit Development Company's test horing No. 9 near Third avenue and Third street, BrooTdyn. 

Feet. 

L Ash filling ■- 0-12 

2. Gray silt. 12-22 

3. Medium light-gray sand containing muscovite and a considerable percentage of erratic 

material 22-24 

4. Light-brown sand, gradually becoming coarser and with an increasing percentage of 

erratic material ' 24-35 

Re'cord of Transit Development Company's test horing No. 13 near Third avenue and Third street, Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1. Ash filling ■ 0- 7 

2. Gray silt 7-15 

3. Coarse light-gray sand with a high percentage of erratics 15-20 

4. Gray silt. 20-27 

5. Transition from silt to sand 27^32 

6. Medium-brown sand with some erratics 32-40 

Record of Transit Development Company's test horing No. 16 near Third avenue and Third street, Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1. Light-brown sand with erratic material between 5 and 10, and fine sand between 10 

and 15 0-15 

2. Coarse sand with erratic material 15-20 

3. Verydarksilt 20-32 

4. Transition material, silt to fine sand 32-35 

5. Fine to medium dark-gray sand with a considerable amount of erratic material 35-42 

28. Record of well on Third avenue hetween Degraw and Douglas streets, BrooMyn. 

Recent: Feet. 

1. Filled ground , 0-30 

2. Silty clay 30-35 

Recent ? : 

3. Blue clay 35-40 

Wisconsin and Tisbury ? : ■ 

4. Clay and sand 40-45 

5. Sand and gravel 45-77 

6. Quartz sand 77-85 

29. Record of well on Dean street near Vanderhilt avenue, BrooMyn. 
Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Gray sand and stones, large bowlders 8-56 

Wisconsin and Tisbury ? : 

2. Brown sand and bowlders '. 56-81 

3. Coarse brown sand (water at 81 feet ) - 81-98 

Mr. Corwin adds: "Nearly always we get water in brown sand — pepper and salt mixture — sometimes 

in yellow coarse sand: never, or hardly ever, in white sand." 

30. A sample from this well preserved by Mi'. Gregory, and marked 217 feet, is a coarse, multicolored, 
glacial gravel,- similar to the Jameco gravel in the Brooklyn test wells. 

Record of well at St. Maries and Grand avenues. BrooMyn. 

■ Feet. 

1. Dug well : 0-100 

2. Sand, gravel, and clay 100-331 

3. Granite rock 331- 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXVII 



nnn^ 




TEST BORINGS OF RAPID TRANSIT RAILROAD COMMISSION FROM EAST RIVER TO DE KALB AVENUE, 



tZOA/ 



)C 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXVII 



Horizontal scale 

200 400 



800 feet 



I I I I u 



Vertical scale 



80 feet 



Surface eievations^elevations above mean high water 
Sub-surface elevations=di3tance below surface 







2 teS 
3 



S 

6 
7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 



EXPLANATION 

Top soil of clay, 
sand, gravel, etc. 

Sand, clay, and gravel 

Sand and gravel 
with trace clay 

Sand and gravel 
Sand and clay 
Sand with trace clay 
Hardpan 
River mud 






S 






Hardpan and clay 

Foundations 

Sand 

Clay 

Bowlders 



L. L. POATES ENGR'G CO., N.Y. 



I 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 173 

31. Becord of vjell at Lewis and De Kalh avenues, BrooMyn. 

Feet. 

1 . Dug well 0-63 

Tisbury?: 

2. Light-gray sand and stones 63- 91 

3. Coarse gray and white sand 91-101 

33. A sample preserved by Mr. Gregory, marked " 12.5-138 feet, " is a highly erratic glacial gravel. 

35. Record of v:ell at Forest street and Evergreen avenue, BrooMyn. 

Wisconsin: Feot. 

1. Loam and bowlders. .... 0- 23 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: 

2. Yellow gravel and sand 23- 63 

3. Yellow gravel with water . 63-105 

Sankaty or Cretaceous : 

4. Blue clay . ' 10.5-275 

37. Record of well at Barilett street and Harrison avenue, BrooMyn. 

Feet. 

L Oldwell 0- 60 

Tisbury?: 

2. Coarse sand, water-bearing 60- 65 

Sankaty : 

3. Bed clay with an occasional large bowlder 65-150 

Jameco : 

4. Coarse red sand, water-bearing 150-165 

38. Record of well at Bartlett street and Flushing avenue, BrooMyn. 

Recent: Feet. 

1. Miscellaneous filling down to bottom of old creek 0- 6 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: 

2. Loam, sand, and gravel 6- 37 

3. . Sand and gravel, water-bearing 37- 45 

Sankaty: 

4. Interstratifications of clay and fine sand and gravel 45-139 

Jameco: 

5. Water-bearing stratum of coarse yellow sand 139-176 

The samples of the material encountered in this well, which were obtained through the courtesy of Mr 

E. L. Heusner, chief engineer, show the following section: 

Record of well at Bartlett street and Flushing avenue, BrooMyn. 

Recent: Feet. 

1. Filled ground. ... 0- 8 

2. Black marsh mud 8- 9 

3. Blue clay 9-15 

Wisconsin and Tisbury ?. 

4. Light, yellowish brown, sandy clay at . 19 

5. Bluish gray, rather pure, clay at 26 

6. Highlj' erratic glacial gravel 31- 36 

7-9. Medium sand, the particles being uniform in -size, the composition very similar to 

No. 6 36- 62 

10. Erratic gravel mixed with gray clay >.. 62- 73 

11. Coarse glacial sand 73- 81 

Sankaty : 

12. Bluish gray, impure, sandy clay 87- 93 



174 UNDEKGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK* 

Sankaty — Continued. Feet. 

13. Yellowish gray sand mixed with clay 93-108 

14. Clean, light-brown, medium, erratic sand 108-122 

15. Bluish gray sandy clay _ . 122-124 

16. Yellowish brown medium sand, sKghtly clayey 124—127 

Jameco : 

17. Yellowish brown, coarse, clayey sand 127-134 

18-19. Very coarse slightly clayey sand, having a dark-yellow color. . - : 134—145 

20-22. Reddish yellow, extremely coarse sand with erratic material as in the preced- 
ing samples 145-174 

23. Similar to the preceding, but much coarser and with erratic material more abun- 
dant - 174-175 

Mr. Heusner states that the first wells which were used on tliis property by the chemical company 
were 30 feet deep. These wells were successively deepened to 40, 50, and 70 feet, and finally it became 
necessary to sink the deep wells above described. The water from the deep wells rises to within 7 or 8 feet 
of the surface, or to the surface of the original ground before this section was built up by filling. The 
capacity of this well is 500,000 gallons in twenty-four hours, the well being pumped steadily the year round, 
night and day. 

40. Record of well at 20 to 3J^ Byerson street, BrooJclyn. 

Feet. 

1 . Filling 0-8 

2. Sand, stones, and little clay 8-32 

3. Fine sand and clay . 32-84 

4. Hell Gate rock 84- 

41. Record of well at 163 Carlton avenue, Brooklyn. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Dug well 0-50 

2. Bowlders 50-60 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : 

3. Sand _ . _ - 60-90 

42. Mather gives the following section of a well sunk for Mr. Johnson in Brooklyn between " WaUabout 
and Guanus" in April, 1811: 

Record of well between WaUabout and Gowanus, BrooMyn. 

Feet. 

1 . Sandy loam 0-3 

2. Hard concreted clay, sand, and stones colored with iron and requiring a pick to dig; com- 

posed of gneiss, hornblende, and brittle slate 3-18 

3. Loose gravel and grayish sand, with thin streaks of gravel, the gravel of quartz, bassanite, 

breccias, mica slate, and red sandstone 18-38 

4. Alternating layers of 2 or 3 feet of sand and gravel, containing coarse green soapstone in 

addition to the materials of No. 3 38-55 

5. Sand and gravel in alternating layers; the gravel beds contain sea shells, mostly clams and 

oysters, but the sand none 55-84 

43. According to Hollick,'' this is the location of the well from which the Exogyra costato, reported by 
Redfield'' and Cozzens,<^' was taken at a depth of 65 feet. 

45. A drawing in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society, by C. M. Jacobs, consulting engineer, 
gives the following section at the east tower of the Brooklyn Bridge: 

a Trans. New York Acad, of Soi., vol. 12, 1893, p. 225. 

6 Am. Jour. Soi., 1st ser. , vol. 45, 1843, p. 156. 

c A Geological History of Manhattan Island, 1843, p. 51. 



DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 175 

Record of excavation for east tower of BrooMyn Bridge, BrooMyn. 

Feet. 

1. Water. ..^ _ -10 

2. Gravel and bowlders 10 -12 

3. Hardpan ; concrete and serpentine rock 12 -23.6 

4. Bowlders and sand ; a trap bowlder. 23.G-32 

5 Sand 32 -34.8 

6. Sand, gravel, and clay 34.8-49 

7. Reddish clay 49 -50 

8. Very compact sand, gravel, and clay, mixed with trap. SO -89 

9. Rock 89 - 

46. Record of well at Pear and Front streets, BrooMyn. 

Wisconsin and Tisbuiy : Feet. 

1. Sand and bowlders 0-21 

2. Coarse brown sand 21-60 

3. Fine red sand 60- 

47. Mr. Ingalls, of John W. Masury & Son, reports two 5-inch and five 6-inch wells drilled between 1877 
and 1902. He gives the following description of the locality: "After a few feet of loose earth there is clay, 
very hard, from 27 to 33 feet, where we get gravel and clay to 40 feet. The lower clay and gravel are filled 
with hard bowlders (probably glacial, as every well in this end of Long Island has shown these to be widely 
distributed). J3elow 40 feet the sand becomes finer and is water bearing. Our wells give a good suppty at 
53 feet, which is not much increased at 75. Below 50 feet is clear fine sand, with bowlders in some places, 
extending to about 90 feet, where hard blue clay is reached. 

"An interesting feature of our wells is the rapid corrosion of brass strainers. The metal loses the zinc. 
A corroded and useless strainer showed 65 per cent copper and 35 per cent zinc in the perfect spots and over 
99 per cent copper in the corroded parts, which were chiefly at the bottom, the top bemg in perfect condition. 
The water is not acid except with COj, and the prevailing opinion is that the action is electrolytic, though this 
has not been proved. 

"The 75-foot well has a casing of 59 feet of 8-inch pipe, with a 16-foot brass strainer, 6 inches in diameter, 
extending below and connected with a 6-inch iron pipe inside the casing. This well when first completed 
gave 225 gallons per minute with a centrifugal test pump. 

"The supply is all right, buc the strainers give out, the pump fills with sand, and we have to keep putting 
down new wells and strainers every year or two. 

"Changing the position of the wells only 25 or 50 feet seems to make a difference in durabihty. Water 
is good, but hard. It is used principally for cooling purposes." 

Ml-. Jamieson, of Arbuckle Brothers, reports that a sample taken from this well November, 1899, showed 
1,662.5 parts of chlorine per million. 

48. Mr. H. S. Stewart reports: "Well No. 1 was about 800 feet deep. We struck what 1 would call 
trap rock at 97 feet — until that depth it was quicksand or gravel and bowlders. We shut that ofl" with 18-inch 
pipe. From 97 feet to 800 feet it was trap rock standing on edge all the way and full of crevices, making 
it veiy hard to keep a straight hole. We abandoned that well at about 800 feet, and started No. 2 about 500 
feet away. We encountered the same formation in this well to a depth of about 93 feet and then struck the 
same kind of trap rock, which continued for about 800 feet. Below this the rock lay level and we had no 
more trouble in keeping a straight hole. This rock was granite, some dark and some red. It would change 
in color sometimes in 20 feet and sometimes run in the same color for 30 feet. This well was drilled to a depth 
of 2,148 feet. There was water in the gravel above the trap rock, but it was not the quality of water wanted. 
We cased it off and went on down. There was no water in the granite nor trap rock — it was too hard to 
contain water. The w^ell was then abandoned at Mr, Arbuckle's request." 

Water from a depth of 51 feet showed 560 parts of chlorine per milhon. 



176 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

51. Record of well at Brooklyn Navy-Yard, Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1. Filled ground- : 0-15 

2. Stiff blue claj- - : 15-24 

3. Hardpan ..'. 24-26 

4. Blue clay and gravel 26-30 

5. Hard pan '. 30-38 

6. Reddish blue clay _ 38-42 

7. Sand 42-48 

8. Blue clay 48-60 

9. Gravel and hardpan 60- 73- 

10. Stiff blue clay ' 73- 84 

1 1 . Bowlders and gravel ; water brackish and filthy , 84-103 

12. Brown-yellow granite i03-122 

13. White granite 122-129 

14. Gray granite. 129-144 

15. Bluish granite . 144-156 

16. Gray mica-schist 156-168 

17. Darker schist _ 168-172- . 

18. White schist 172-185 - 

19. Black schist. , 18.5-227 

20. White granite 227-246 

21. Gray granite 246-259 

22. White granite, yielding good clear water, which dissolved scale in boilers, and contained 

some soda 259-275 

23. Reddish brown granite ' 275-288 

24. Black granite, more water 288-296 

25. White granite 296-312 

26. Black granite. . 312-316 

Mr. Wankel adds: "All the water above the rock is of very poor quaUty. The water from the rock rose 
to within 50 feet of the surface. A supply of 60 gallons was obtained at 275 feet and 80 gallons at 296. This 
weU was put down in the granite building which inclosed the large pumping engine." 

The civil engineer at the navj--yard reports in a letter transmitted bj- the Secretary of the Navy: "At 
a point marked 2 on the map a well was driven to a deptli now unkno^^-n, but from such sources as are now 
available, this depth is supposed to have been about 120 feet. The water was found to be brackish and the 
well was abandoned." From the location given, this is clearly the well described by Mr. Wankel. 

52. Mr. Wankel says: "This well furnished about 60 gallons per minute of verj' good clear water from 
the rock at about 190 feet. It dissolved scale in boilers, and contained some soda and carbonic-acid gas." 

Record of v;ell at Brooklyn Navy-Yard, Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1. Filled ground , 0-11 

2.. Marsh 1 1- 23 

3. Blue clay 23- 26 

4. Fine white sand 26- 29 

5. Coarse sand 29- 35 

6. Hardpan 35-51 

7. Mixed sand 51- LQ 

8. Yellow water sand 56- 62 

9. Brown water sand. 62- 74 

10. Coarse brown water sand 74- 83 

- 11. Gray sand 83-85 

12. Beach sand 85-88 

13. Blue clay .' 88-93 

14. Sand and grave], " brackish water" — 93- 96 

15. Blue granite 96-220 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 177 

The civil engineer of the navy-j'ard reports: "Only one well was a success. It still exists and it is stated 
that the depth is about 216 feet, and that rock was struck at a depth of 96 feet. From measurements made 
recently the depth of this well is found to be 205.6 feet from the top of the casing." 

53. Record of well at Brooklyn Navy-Yard, Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1. Filledground 0- 9 

2. Stiff blue clay : - - - - 9-35 

3. Hardpan 35- 46 

4. Sandy yellow clay 46- 54 

5. Hardpan 54- 66 

6. Sand and water .• . 66- 74 

7. Hardpan 74-80 

8. Fine pasty sand 80-98 

9. Granite bowlders 98-101 

10. Flint granite. 101-108 

54. The various depths given in the following record are referred to the top of the coping of dry 

docks 2 and 3 : 

Record of well at Brooklyn Navy-Yard, Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1 . Filling : -9.5 

2. Bluish clay-like materials mixed with shells 9. 5-25 

3. Peat 25 26 

4. Fine light clayey sand 26 28 

5. Fine iron-colored sand 28 31 

6. Fine drab sand , 31 33 

7. Fine dark-drab sand 33 39 

55. The original record of this well, published l)y E. Lewis, jr., in the Popular Science Monthly, volume 
10, 1877, page 443, is as follov/s: 

Record of well at 556 Kent avenue, Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1 . ■Surface gravel - 30 

2. Quicksand 30 - 32 

3. Bowlder drift. 32 -102 

4. Clay 102 -129 

5. Oystershells 129 -129.5 

6. Coarse sand 1 29. .5- 

Samples preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society show the following section: 

Record of well at 556 Kent avenue, Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1 . Bowlder clay 0-70 

2. Y\^ater-worn fragments of saells apparently Recent from a layer at a depth of . 129. 5 

3. Medium white sand, not clearly glacial. Depth not given, marked "water-bearing 

stratum." 

An error has apparently been made in transcribing the record, which is published by Merrill (Annals 
, N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, p. 346) and reprinted by Darton (Bull. U. S. Geol. Suixey iSo. 138, 1896, p. 34). 

Mr. Fred S. Benson, chief engineer of the eastern division of the Brooklyn Union Gas Company, reports 
under date of November 30, 1£03: "The well you refer to as being 129 feet 6 inches deep was put down by 
the Nassau Gaslight Company in 1873 or 1874. The well was located at Kent avenue and Cross street, 
Brooklyn. Its yield when first tested was 500 gallons per minute. We have since put down two other pipes 
in the same excavation, but the quantity of water has diminished yearl}'. I might add thait the pipes have 
been drawn up to a depth of 85 feet from the ground level, that'being the depth from which the maximum 
quantity was obtained in 1902." 



178 UNDEEGEOUNT) WATEE EE8OUE0E8 OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 
60. Mr. C. D. Corwin reports the following section: 

Record of well at Bushmck and Meserole avenues, BrooTclyn. , 

Feet. 

1 . Yellow clay and stones 0-49 

2. Gray sand 49-55 

3. Fine sand and mica 55-63 

4. Yellow clay, with quartzite, slate, conglomerate, and feldspar pebbles 63-101 

5. Water-bearing gray sand and gravel 101-117 

6. Blue cla}'^ (not passed through) • 117-120 

62. Phillips and Worthington report the following section: 

Record of loell on Ten Eyck street, between Bushwick avenue and Florence street, BrooJclyn. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Interlying strata of cla}^, sand, and gravel (very heavily bedded with bowlders) . . . 0-52 
Tisbury?: 

2. Coarse yellow sand and gravel 52-75 

Sanl^aty?: 

3. Blue clay : 75-100 

Jameco ? and Cretaceous : 

4. Beach sand 100-240 

This well was abandoned and a new one sunk, which obtained its supply from the water-bearing strata 
between 52 and 75 feet. 

Mr. I. H. Ford gives the following section: 

Record of well on Ten Eyck street, between Bushwick avenue and Florence street, Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1. Dug well ■ ... 0-58 

Tisbury?: 

2. Water-bearing sand 58-76 

Sankaty ? : 

3. Reddish-brown clay 76-160 

64. These wells are entirely in sand; there is plenty of water, but if too much is drawn, salt water from 
Newtown Creek comes in. Analysis of the water shows 1,000 parts of chlorine per million. 

65. A test well at this point gave the following section: 

Record of well at Porter and Maspeth avenues, Brooklyn. 
Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Stones and rough material ; no sand 0-12 

Wisconsin and Tisbury ? : 

2. Loam, sand, etc -. 12-48 

S&nkatjl: 

3. Clay having a blue color 48-190 

Jameco ? : 

4. Water-bearing gravel. 190- 

A good supply of water is reported from layer 4, but the wells at this point are completed in layer 2. 

66. Mr. C. Harty, foreman for 1. H. Ford, has kindly furnished the following data of the deep test wells at 
this point: Diameter, 10 inches, 0-137 feet; 8 inches, 137-200; 6 inches, 200-225. 

Record of well at Meeker and Kingsland avenues, Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1 . Filled ground .' 0-5 

Wisconsin : 

2. Blue clay with bowlders 5-16 

3. Sand and small bowlders with water 16-32 



DESCKIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 179 

Cretaceous ?: Feet 

4. Blue clay .' 32-72 

5. Light-gray clay 72-180 

Cretaceous : 

6. Sand — not water bearing 180-180. 5 

7. Blue clay 1 - - - . - 180. 5-205 

8. Light-greenish clay, passing into dark-greenish clay containing small concre- 

tionarj' masses 205-215 

9. Yellow and dark-colored sandy clay 215-225 

Pre-Cretaceous : 

10. Rock, mica-schist 225- 

This well was abandoned and a shallow well sunk near it, which obtained water from the glacial gravels 
between 28 and 32 feet. Tlie section of this shallower well is; 

Record of well at Meeker and Kingsland avenues, Brooldyn. 

Wisconsin : ■ Feet, 

1 . Blue clay; no stone 0-28 

2. Reddish-brown glacial sand and gravel 28-32 

Cretaceous ? : 

3. Light-gray clay 32-40 

67. Record of well on Meeher avenue, between North. Moore and Monitor streets, Brooldyn. 

Feet. 

1. Yellow clay and stones -10 

2. Gray sand and stones 10 -18 

- 3. Nearly all stones, very little sand 18 -27 

4. Stones and gray sand 27 -32 

5. Stones and red sand - 32 -40 

6. Fine gray sand _ 40 -43 

7. Veiy tough light diy clay 43 -47 

8. Fine sand with conglomerate, quartz, feldspar, and jasper pebbles 47 -54 

9. Coarse gray sand with fresh water 54 -55. 5 

10. Yellow clay 55. 5-60 

11. Blue clay GO -63 

12. Gray sand and gravel; good water-bearing stratum 63 -70 

13. Fine sand 70 -73 

71. Mr. F. P. Rust, manager of the Rust Well Machiner3^ Company, gives the following record of this well: 

Record of well at 99 to 117 North Eleventh street, Brooklyn. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Sandy loam and bowlders -50 

Sankaty ? : 

2. Blue clay 50-70 

Jameco ? : 

3. Gravel and bowlders 70-100 

Cretaceous 1 : 

4. Blue clay 100-125 

5. Quicksand 125-132 

Pre-Cretaceous : 

6. Light-gray and black granite 132-333 

The New York Quinine Chemical Company report a j'ield of 7,500 gallons per hour. The water level lowers 
5 feet on pumping eight hours; temperature of water 65° F.; it contains much lime and magnesia and is not 
used for drinking. 



180 UNDEEGROFND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



6.5 


I 
3?5' 


_evi__ 


300' 


2 






III 

450' 



20.35 



n' LONG ISLAND R. R. r,' 



IV 

490' 



72. Mr. H. L. Pratt of the Standard Oil Company' gives the following information: "About twenty-five 

years ago an attempt was made to drive a well at this point, but after going to the depth of 200 feet without 

getting any water the well was abandoned on account of a ledge of rock." 

75. The following data have been furnished by 
ilr. Jacob Blumer: 

"We drove at least 25 shallow wells to a depth of 
from 60 to 70 feet. In the depth mentioned, we went 
through sand and gravel only and never struck rock. 
All the wells furnished water, but of late years the 
levels became lower. Twenty years ago the levels 
stood 15 to 16 feet fiom the surface, and in the last 
wells, made in 1897, it was as low as 38 to 40 feet. 
As for the atnount of water furnished, I can only give 
you figures for the three wells which w-ere made in 
1897. These were made by sinking a pit 7 by 9 feet 
to a depth of 36 or 40 feet, and then we drove 20 to 
25 feet of 6-inch pipe with a perforated strainer at 
the end through sand and gravel. The pump was at 
the bottom of the pit and each well was good for 200 
gallons per minute. The water in these wells wks 
clear and cold, but exposed to the air became yel- 
lowish. Hydroxide of iron precipitated in the water; 
this was quite troublesome in our pipe lines. After 
about three years a 3-inch pipe would be nearly 
filled up solid with the precipitate. 

"We also made four deep wells, the locations of 
which are shown on the accompanying diagram [fig. 
61]. In these we went through 70 to 80 feet of sand 
and gravel, and in all of them stnick rock at 124 
feet; the rock was porous but hard. In all wells we 
found plenty of petrified wood, some black, some 
yellowish white, like hard maple, and in some of the 
shallower wells we found petrified fish roe. 

"Ncc. 1 deep well was originally 275 feet deep, 
and yielded 80 to 100 gallons per minute. After 
No. 3 well was made and operated, the yield of No. 1 
diminished; then we drilled to 375 feet, but did not 

get the water back, and in a few months it had gone out entirely and the well was abandoned. 

"No. 2 deep well was 300 feet deep, and jielded 120 to 125 gallons per minute, and kept it up until we 

closed the works. Level of water in the well when not in operation was 220 feet from the surface. 

"No. 3 deep well was 450 feet deep; it yielded 125 gallons as long as we were running the place; 

level was 250 feet from surface. 

"No. 4 deep well was 490 feet deep; it yielded about 10 gallons- per minute and was abandoned. 

The water from all the deep wells was a little brackish — the amount of chloride increasing continuously. I 

can give you the amount of clJorine for No. 1 well for a period of over three years." 




Scale 
200 



400 feet 



Figures at corners give elevation 
in feet, city datum. 

Fig. 61. — Sketch map showing location of deep wells of the 
Fleischraanu Manufacturing Company at Long Island 
City. 



DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 181 

Chlorine in water of Fleischmann deep well No. 1 at BJissville, Long Island City. 

Parts per million, 

October 12, 1888 , 1, 902. 1 

October 17, 1888 - 2, OOO. 8 

December 11, 1888 - - - - 2, 329. 5 

March 11, 1889 2, 556. 

May 29, 1889 2. 756. 9 

June 24, 1889. - - - 2, 785. 4 

October 11 , 1889 3, 064. 

Marcli 5, 1890. 3, 415. 2 

December 10, 1890 : 3, 632. 2 

February 10, 1892 3. 984. 

76. A large well at this point, 25 feet in diameter and 50 feet deep, has a number of 6-inch points driven 
in the bottom of it to a depth of 60 to 70 feet; the water level was originally 5 or 6 feet from the surface of 
the ground, but is now 60 feet, and the large well, or pit, has been deepened from time to time as the water- 
level lowered. In the spring of 1903 the large plants across Newtown Creek which have wells in the same 
stratum closed down, and the water is rapidly rising in the Standard Oil Company well, and threatens to 
drown out the pumps which are placed in the bottom of the large well. The water is "eveiything that is 
bad;" it is used for condensing purposes only. 

79. The original record by Lewis is as follows: 

Record of well at New Calvary Cemetery, Long Island City. 

Pleistocene; Feet. 

1. Surface loam and drift 1-139 

' Raritan; 

2. Greenish earth 139-178 

3. White clay with red streaks 178-182 

4. Gneiss 182-582 

Darton reports the water soft, with only a little lime, magnesia, and chlorine. In the museum of the Long 
Island Historical Society, the following samples are preserved; (1) Green sandy clay, marked: '"39 feet thick 
at a depth of 139 feet:" (2) mottled red and white clay, " 200-204." Of the green sandy clay Merrill says: 
"The greenish earth was found to be ferruginous, and on treatment with li3'drochloric acid left a residue 
which, under the microscope, was seen to consist of fragments of kaolinized feldspar, with occasional grains 
of coarse sand." 

SO. Record of commission's test well, Long Island City. 

Wisconsin; Feet. 

1. Humus-stained loamy sand. 0. 4- 0. 5 

2-3. Very fine, light-yellow, clayey silt 1.5- 6. 

4-5. Fine, reddish-yellow, silty sand 7. 5-14. 

6. Medium to coarse, clean, dark-brown sand 18. 5-19. 

7. Fine, reddish-yellow, silty sand 20. 5-21. 5 

8-10. Dark, grayish-brown sand to small gravel 27. 5-38 

All samples have a decidedly glacial appearance. 

82. Record of Flower estate well. Long Island City. 

Wisconsin ; Feet. 

1. Sandy clay 0-90 

Tisbury?: 

2. Coarse sand, full of water 90-100 

Cretaceous 1 : 

3. Clay 100.-112 

4. Rock 112-145 



182 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOKK. 



S3. 



Record of commission's test well., Long Island City. 



Feet. 



1. Humus-stained sandy loam ^ 0. 5 

2. Yellow sandy loam 1. 5- 2. 5 

3-10. Fine to medium, reddish-3-ellow, glacial sand with a little silt 8 -40. 

§5. See fig. 62 and Pis. XXVIII-XXXIII. 

86. A number of test borings were put down at this point for foundations for an electrical plant. In 
one well marine shells were found at a depth of about 60 feet; in another water was encountered which flowed 
1 foot above the surface; bed rock was reached at different depths, the greatest being 69 feet. 




Scale 
1000 2000 



3000 feet 



ST. 



Fig. 62. — Index map showing location of borings represented on Pis. XXVIII-XXXIII. 
Record of well at Sixth street and West avenue, Long Island City. 



Feet. 



1 Ash and cinder filling 0- 7 

2. Fine yellow sand 7-18 

3. Blue mica sand (disintegrated rock ) 18- 22 

4. Gneiss rock '. 22-152 

Mr. Sweeney reports that the rock in this well dipped at rather a high angle, and that it was very 

difficult to enter the pipe in the rock. At the last depth given a supply of brackish water was found in a 
crevice. The granite was of unequal hardness. 

• 88. Water is only slightly brackish, is excellent for boiler useand gang purposes, and contains hme, mag- 
nesia, and salt. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




'134 



= 132 



CD 

PI 



O 

30 
> 
2 



< 



ol27 ol31 cl26 



»125 



0122 o123 o121 




>156 




158 




WASH 



109 



; 300 

P290 
; 280' 
; 270 



110 



111 



112 



113 



114 



115 



116 



117 



ITS 







s. 


















C.cS. 


PI 


A. 







^ 




.^r^ 


A. 


m 






cS.G. 


O^^ 


St. 


°h 


G.S. 


i 


A.S.G. 


> .-, 






Br.or 8. 


W^- 


St. 




A. 




C.cS. 




A.S. 






}l% 


St. 




Br.or B. 






cS.G. 


Br.or B. 


cS.G. 


■—■=. 


C.cS. 




fS.C. 


"--!_ 


fS.C. 


M 


A. CIS. 

S.G.O. 
R.S. 


C"''/^ 


C.fS. 


%.,v 


Br.or B. 


Br.or B. 




Br.orE 




fS.C. 


Hfe 


cS.G. 
C fS. 


V'"" 


S.C. 


















cS.G. 


itT' 


fS.C. 




Br.or B. 


Br.or B. 




C.fS. 


cS.G. 








fS.C. 






Br.or B. 


-'-7 


Bf.or 8, 



















250- 



W A S H 



BORINGS 



% 300' 

i 

M290 



129 130 131 132 133 134 155 

tq- a Mean , —,— , h igh rrr^ water 






s'l.^ 



S.C.G. 



cS.G. 



Sr.or B. 



G.S.C. 



Sj-G-fSr- 
5 C. 



cS.Gt- 



Br.or B. 



250- 



C.S.G.B. 



S.C. 



G.S. 



C.(S. 



cS.G. 



G.S. 



a 



G.S.B. 



S.G.C. 



C.fS. 



156 



IS.G. 

.G.S 

Br.or B. 



G.S. 



C.fS. 



Br.or B. 



Br.or B. 



C.fS. 



C.fS. 



S.C. 



157 



CS.G. 



C.fS. 



S.C. 



G.S. 



158 



'- Br.or B. 



Br.or B. 



Br.or B. 



C.fS. 



cS.G. 



Br.or E 



MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG |SI 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXVIII 




nSo 0115 1140 1190 1200 



> 
< 




I N G S 



120 



121 



122 



123 



124 



125 



126 



127 



128 



Mean 




high 


-1^ 

--1 - 


water 


r^ 




pjq 




FT^ 




-4-- 




F^fe 




1 




PF 




L 


A. 


A. 


m 


A. 


di 


A. S.C.G. 


r:\~ 


A. 


A. 


A. 


A. 


LZt- 


A. 


>.C. 


'-^ 


fS,C. 


S.C.G. 


St. 


M 


C."cS. 


^ 


St. 


% 


St. 


V? 


St. 


St. 






;.s. 


•jrr 


C.fS. 




§^ 




s.e. 


fS.C. 


fS.C. 
S.G.C. 


CfS. 


-7^ 


CS.G. 


S.C. 
r. IS 


ir.or B. 


as'. 


Br. Of B. 


C.fS. 


"■P-- 


S.C.G.B. 


S.C. 




^7^7. 




iVy 


Br.or B, 






Br.oi B. 


-vk 






Br. or B. 


fS.C.G. 










Br.or B. 




S.G.C. 




S.C. 






5 


S.C. 


o-^P 




<Si 




S.G.C. 








'■-M 


S.G.C. 


a 






Br. or B. 


■=i 


S.C. 




S.C.G. 


"T' 


cS.G. 








Br.or B. 










2'- 




:vC 


Br.or B. 


7T 






r\' 




^"^ 












Bi.or B. 















290 



2S0 



270 



260 



240 



ABBREVIATIONS 



A. Artitlclal ground 
S. Sand 
fS. Fine sand 
cS. Coarse sand 
C. Clay 
St. Silt 



G. Gravel 

E. Bowlder 

D. Disintegrated rock 

Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder 

Br. Bed rock 



Horizontal scale 

200 300 



L. L. POATeS EMGRG CO., 



RAILROAD TUNNEL; THOMSON AVENUE TO ARCH STREET, LONG ISLAND CITY. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




WASH 



310' 


135 




136 




137 




13S 




139 




140 




141 




142 




143 




144 




'-11 


A. 


? ^nn f ■ 




ptrq 




37 




r-n 


Mean 




high 




water 


l-H-J 




pT^ 




IE 


A. 




fif) 


M 


A. 




A.fS.C. 


A. 




A. 


_i _ 


A.S. 


A. 




A.S. 




A.S. 




fS.C. 


oon' 


C.fS. 












^ 




fS.C. 


fS.C. 


i = 


C. 








G.S. 




--: 


C.fS. 




C.fS. 


-cS.C. 


cS.G. 


C.S.G. 


C.tS, 


cS.G. 


E 

.^ 280' 

o 


C.S.G. 


^ 


C.fS. 
S.G. 


C.fS. 


-1- 


cS.G. 


C.fS. 


C.fS. 






1 




-^ 


S.C. 




\|' 


Br. or B. 


Ez5 


S.G. 


Br. or B. 


cS.G.C. 


C.fS. 


f: 




-1- 




Br. or B. 


Tii 


G.S. 


" 


Br. or B. 








cS.G. 






Br. or B. 


^^ 


c.ts. 

G.S. 


G.S. 


GS. 


Br. or E 


tior 
J 




C.G. 


\ix 


Br. or B. 






^'' 




> 


\ 1/ 


Br. or B. 




Br. or B. 


LU 


























Br. or B. 















WASH BORINGS 



28 



29 



30 



35 



37 



38 



39 



40 



41 



42 



300'- 
S 290 

1 280' 

E 

.2 270 

o 

o 

c 260' 
_o 

1 250' 

UJ 

240 





^\= 


A.fS. 


F"^ 


A.fS.G.C. 






m 








irni 
















'1/ 


A.fS.C. 




S.G.C. 




S.C. 


-;L 


A.fS. 


IVIean 


high 




water 






pR 




777 








-1- 

\ - 


S.C. 
StGtC^ 


fS.G.C. 

Ls.G.C. 


S.G.C. 


-Jz 




F^ 








rE 






S.G. 




S.C. 


g 




m 






-N.V 










Sr. 


Br. 


t^ 


r-S.G.C. 
S.C. 










^77 
V7 




V? 












■'M 


G.S.C.B. 


^ 




-.ff 
















''a 




i 


















A'. 


























Br, 
















, 













MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG ISL 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXIX 




I N G S 



146 



147 



148 



149 



150 



151 



152 



153 



154 





_i_ 




31-3 




rR 










A.S. 


r-pi 




¥ 


A. 


r-r-i 








ZF 




3'2 




-Iz 


A. 


-1— 


A. 


s. 


± 




zlE 


A. 




J- 


A. 


A. 




AS.G, 


A. 


G.S.C. 




.c. 


-^ 


1S.C 




"^ 




H 










fS.C. 


fS.C. 




zrzz 


C.fS. 


E£ 


C.fS. 


C.fS, 


CIS. 


^ 


C.fS. 
G.S.C 

C.fS. 




C.fS. 


'_'^Ez. 


C S. 


r^:^ 




C.fS.G. 


fS. 




Br. or B. 






Br. or B. 




i'i 




C.fS. 


'■fi 


G.S. 


>.G. 






cS.G. 






CIS. 
cS.C. 


•;." 


G.S. 


cSG. 
CIS. 

cs.e.c. 


^ = 




r S G 


~' " 


Br. or B. 


r. or B. 


>,i 


GS. 


\,"^ 


cS.G. 


V,' 


Br. or B. 


\ / 


C.fS. 




Br. or B. 




Br. or B. 




Br. or B. 


~j^^ 




cS.G 






G.S. 


-1- 


Br. or B. 
































Br. or B. 











310 
300' 
290' 
280' 
270' 



ABBREVIATIONS 



A. Artificial ground G. Gravel 



S. Sand 

fS. Fine sand 

cS. Coarse sand 

C. Clay 

St. Silt 



B. Bowlder 

D. Disintegrated rock 

Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder 

Br. Bed rock 



Horizontal scale 

200 300 



500 <eet 



L. L. POATES ENGR-G CO., N.Y. 



RAILROAD TUNNEL; ARCH STREET TO VERNON AVENUE, LONG ISLAND CITY. 



I 



I 



DESOEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 183 

§9. The elevation of this well is about 8 feet above mean tide. 

Record of well at Vernon and Nott avenues, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Ash and sand filling. 0-14 

2. Coarse yellow sand - 14-23 

3. Blue sand (disintegrated rock ) 23-25 ' 

4. Gneiss ■ 25-85 ' 

91. This well, which is about 5 feet above the adjacent sea marsh, is reported to have passed through 
nothing but gravel, but a near-by well struck beds of blue clay with but 1 or 2 feet of gravel. Both were test 
wells put down by the water department of Long Island City. 

92. Record of well at 596 Jackson avenue, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Clayey loam 0-10 

2. Sand and gravel — - - 10-16 

3. Layer of stones averaging about half the size of paving stones 16-19 

4. White clay 19-20 

5. Compact mixture of sand and gravel 20-21 

6. Black and white gravel ' 21-25 

93. A group of 20 or 30 wells, of which several are flowing; the}' are so connected that it is impossible to 
tell which is and which is not flowing. The one nearest the branch is reported to have originally flowed 18 
gallons per minute; it flowed July 19, 1903, about one-half gallon per minute from the pipe and 1 or 2 gallons 
on the outside of the pipe. The Long Island Railroad Company reports one well flowing slightly, but 
readily pumped down. The water is excellent, but the supply not great. 

Analysis of water from well, at Jackson avenue and Hill street, Long Island Citij. 

Parts 
per million. 

Free ammonia _ 0. 091 

Albuminoid ammonia . 128 

Oxygen consumed - . 842 

Nitrites Trace. 

Nitrates 993 

Sodium chloride ; 16. 330 

Hardness 120 

Permanent hardness 50 

Temporary hardness 70 

Total solids 250 

In the near-by well the following section was encountered by Mr. S. H. AUen : 

Record of well at Jackson avenue and Hill street, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Blue clay 0-31 

2. Hard packed gravel with water 31-38 

94. Record of well at Long Island Railroad and Remsen street. Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Bowlders and loam 0-40 

2. Sand. 40-50 

3. Rather coarse water-bearing gravel , . . 50-61 

95. Mr. Allen states that the well at this point will flow when the near-by waterworks station is not 
pumping; when it is pumping its maximum capacity the well will lower about 15 feet; it is also affected by 
the pumping at the ice factory near Jackson and Steinway avenues (No. 98). 



184 UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

96. Record of well at Buckley street and Middleburg avenue, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1 . Sand , - 0-12 

2. Bowlders - 12-19 

3. Black and 'white gravel 19 

The bowlders in stratum 2 were so large and numerous at 12 feet that a hole 10 feet square was dug and 
the bowlders removed; the bowlders varied from 8 to 10 feet in diameter. 

9S. Mr. S. H. Allen furnishes the following data regarding the six wells which he completed at this point: 
Well No. 1: Depth, 66 feet; diameter, 4 inches; depth to water, 3 feet; tested, 48 gallons per minute, 
full capacity not reached. 

Record of well No. 1 at Long Island Railroad and Lowery street, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Dark-brown sand . . 0-15 

2. Sand - . . 15-30 

3. " Hardpan " 30-35 

4. Coarse gravel with water . 35-66 

Well No. 2: Depth, 97 feet; diameter, 2 inches; depth to water, 5 feet; capacity, 160 gallons per minute. 
With direct suction the water lowers to 17.9 feet, but will not lower farther. 

Well No. 3: Depth, 51 feet; dia,meter, 4 inches; capacity, 60 gallons per minute. 
Well No. 4: Depth, 54 feet; diameter, 2 inches; capacity, 60 gallons per minute. 
Well No. 5: Depth, 55 feet; diameter, 3 inches; capacity, unsatisfactory. 
Well No. 6: Depth, 66 feet; diameter, 3 inches; capacity, 60 gallons. 

Sweeney & Gray completed three wells at this place and report the following typical section: 

Record of well at Long Island Railroad and Lowery street, Long Island City. . 

Feet. 

1. Medium red sand 0-20 

2. Mi.xture of red, blue, and white clays 20-23 

3. Mixture of sand and gravel cemented with iron 23-30 

4. Fine blue, water-bearing sand 30-45 

5. Ordinary sand and gravel 45-55 

6. Black and white gravel •. 55-62 

99. For records of original wells put down at this station see PI. XXXIV, which was prepared by Mr. A. S. 
Farmer from samples. Mr. Farmer has also furnished the following record and samples of the test boring 
made in connection with a new series of wells which was completed at this point in the spring of 1904: 

Record of wells at Long Island Railroad and Grove street, Long Island City. 

Recent: Feet. 

1 . Marsh deposits 0- 2 

Wisconsin: 

2. Slate-colored clay 2- 7 

3. Sand and clay cemented into hardpan 7- 32 

4. Water-bearing sand; not a very good water stratum 32- 33 

Wisconsin or Tisbury : 

5. Sand and gravel up to one-half inch in diameter cemented into hardpan; very 

hard to drill 33-55 

6. Reddish brown sand mixed with small gravel 55- 58 

Cretaceous '(Raritan) ; 

7. Sand and clay of greenish color; easy to drill ; color changing to gray at 85 55- 85 

8. Wliite clay (kaolin) 85-110 

9. White and greenish clay (not greensand) evidently a rock-weathering product 110-118 

Fordham?: ■ 

10. Gneiss 118-125 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 







06 



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MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG IS 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXX 



EN 



AVENUE 

o36 034 o33 o31 



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ABBREVIATIONS 



A. Artificial ground 
S, Sand 
fS. Fine sand 
cS. Coarse sand 
C. Clay 
St. Silt 



G. Gravel 

B. Bowlder 

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Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder 

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Horizontal scale 

200 300 



500 feet 



. POATE6 ENGR'G CO., 



D RAILRO.'kD TUNNEL; VERNON AVENUE TO EAST RIVER, LONG ISLAND CITY. 



U. S. ( 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVE 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. ^4 pl, : 




MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG ISLAND RAILROAD TUNNEL; EASTERN HALF OF EAST RIVER. 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 185 

A well put down by the commission on additional water supply about 60 feet west of the pumping 
station showed the following section : 

Record of commission's test well at Long Island Railroad and Grove street, Long Island City. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

3. Black humus-stained clay _ 5. 0- 5. 5 

4. Grayish green sandy clay l _ 5.5- 6. 5 

5. Multicolored fine silt to medium sand ^ 9. 5-10. 5 

6-9. Dark, multicolored, glacial sand and gravel 12. 0-35 

11. Fine, yellowish brown glacial sand 41 -42 

100. Record of well on Steinway avenue, between Pierce and Graham avenues, Brooklyn. 

Feet. 

1. Sand : 0-8 

2. Blue clay; no bowlders ' 8-30 

3. Quicksand with black water , 30-38 

4. Hardpan ~ 38-39 

5. Gravel 39-43 

101. Mr. Allen sunk five wells on the east side of Fifth avenue between Pierce and Graham streets 
to an average depth of 32 feet; one he sunk to a depth of 60 feet and reached rock without getting a second 
water-bearing stratum. Water in these wells has been lowered from 18 feet below the surface to 30 feet 
below the surface by the pumping of the ice-factory well; and the wells have been driven 5 feet deeper, or to 
37 feet. A well just across the block, on Fourth avenue, belonging to Mr. Vanderhyde, reached rock at 58 
feet; water was found on the rock. 

lO!^. Record of well at Washington and Fourth avenues, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1 . Gravel 0-10 

2. Sand ; ■ _ 10-32 

3. Gravel with large bowlders 32-40 

4. Blue clay _ 40-.50 

5. Red sand and gravel with some small black gravel 50^57 

104. Record of well at Pierce avenue and Crescent street, Long Lsland City. 

Feet. 

1. Gravel and bluish rock_ ' 0-34 

2. Blue clay 34-64 

3. Gravel 64-74 

105. Well is pumped empty and then allowed to fill; water is used for manufacturing purposes, and 
not for drinking. 

Sanitary analysis of water of well at Williams and Beehe avenues, Long Island City. 

[By E. H. Richards.] 
Appearance: Parts permOlion. 

Turbidity None. 

Sediment Slight. 

Color None. 

Odor: 

Cold None. 

Hot Faintly earthy. 

Total residue on evaporation 836 

Ammonia: 

Free 0.006 

Albuminoid . 036 

17116— No. 44—06 13 



186 UNDEBGROUND WATER RESOUROES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Parts per million. 
Chlorine 80. 000 

Nitrogen as nitrites ^ _ . 003 

Nitrogen as nitrates , 34. 000 

Oxygen consumed . 180 

I am afraid it is a case of the border line. I do not know why the nitrates should be so high, unless 
there is some contamination. — E. E. Richards, May 22, 1900. 

106. I" the spring of 1903 Mr. Allen completed three weUs in the kitchens of new houses on the west 
side of Ely street between Paynter and Beebe streets, which afforded the following section : 

Records of wells on Ely avenue between Payntar and Beebe avenues, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Quicksand -12 

2. Blue clay 12 -17.5 

3. Gravel 17.5-20.5 

4. Sand 20. 5-22. 5 

5. Bed rock. 22. 5- 

The well in the house nearest Paynter street flows about 5 gallons per minute 2 feet above the ground; 
the others flow, but a less amount. On the corner of Beebe and Paynter streets, just northwest of the 
jast of these houses, is an old factory with a well about 20 feet deep which reached bed rock and furnished 
flowing water. This well has now stopped flowing, because of the construction of the sewer along Beebe 
street which drains the water from it. The elevation at the corner of Ely and Paynter streets is 9 feet, 
city datum. 

110. The water of this well is extremely brackish and can not be used in boilers; it is used for mixing 
clays. The elevation of the grade line, corner of Wallach and Vernon avenues, is 14.89 feet, citj' datum. 

Record of well at Jfil Vernon avenue. Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1 . Ash and sand filling 0- 4 

2. Coarse red sand. 4- 22 

3. Rock : 22-115 

115. These wells are reported as being about one-half mile north of bridge No. 4 (Blackwells Island 
bridge). There are two 3-inch weUs, and two 4A-inch wells. 

Record of well near Blaclcwells Island bridge, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Mai-sh mud 0-16 

2. Mud and sand 1 6-20 

3 . Sand _ 20-31 

4. Bed lock 31- 

116. Record of well at Broadway and Academy street, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Heavy, coarse, building sand, with bowldei-s of various sizes 0-35 

2. Very large bowlders packed closely together, many weighing a ton or more 35-40 

3. Coarse gravel containing stones 4 to 6 inches in diameter 40-50 

4. Very tenacious blue claj', containing no stones 50-57 

5. Fine yeUow sand 57-60 

6. Fine white sand . 60-90 

The bowlders in stratum 2 so hindered the sinking of the well that it was necessary to dig a hole 1 
feet square and blast them out. At 90 feet a large supply of brackish water was obtained. 

■ 117. Record of well at Ninth and Jamaica avenues, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Stratified sand and gravel 0--i8 

2. Fine reddish sand _ 48-58 

3. Red sand and gravel 58-74 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL 


SURVEY 











































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MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK / 





























































PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXXII 



^ 



34 o\ 




= 13 A 



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190 



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ABBREVIATIONS 



A. Artificial ground 

S. Sand 

fS. Fine sand 

cS. Coarse sand 

C, Clay 

St. Silt 



G. Gravel 

B. Bowlder 

D. Disintegrated rock 

Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder 

Br. Bed rock 



Horizontal scale 

200 300 



500 feet 

1 



N G S 




3rB. 



150' 



140' 



L. U.POATES ENGR'GCO., 



LONG ISLAND RAILROAD TUNNEL; WESTERN HALF OF EAST RIVER. 



U.S. 



^H. 



? 
M 2 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




o3a "50 



'6 .4 o5 "7 



WASH BORINGS 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXXllI 



«52 =58 »53 059 "6+ «61 



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ABBREVIATIONS 



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S. Sand 

(5, Fine sand 

cS. Coarse sand Bi 

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St Sill 



Bowlder 
Disintegiated lock 

or B, Bed rock or bowlder 



Hotiior\Ul scale 



MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG ISLAND RAILROAD TUNNEL; EAST RIVER TO FIRST AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY. 



DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 187 

In this well the first water was encountered at 32 feet; below this was 7 feet of clayey sand and a 
second layer of clay and gravel. 

118. Record of vxll at JfiS Ninth avenue Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1 Sand with bowlders •- 0-50 

2. Quicksand with marine shells 50-57 

3. Water-bearing sand - - - 57- 

4. Very hard layer of red sand and gravel. 

119. Record of well at Steinway and Jamaica avenues, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Glacial gravel with bowlders 0-18 

2. Gray sand - 18-36 

3. Red gravel, water-bearing 36-65 

120. Record of weU at Albert street and Jamaica avenue, Long Island 'City. 

Feet. 

1 . Unstratified glacial sand and gravel 0-4 

2. Quicksand 4-39 

3. Grayish clay 39-42 

4. Red sand and gravel, water-bearing - 42-60 

121. Record of well on Twelfth street between Broadway and Jamaica avenue, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Unstratified sand and bowlders : 0-30 

2. Stratified red sand ^ . 30-60 

3. Water-bearing gravel with more or less clay 60-65 

4. Black clay - 65- 

Mr. Allen reports that in this vicinity the water-bearing gravel lying between the stratified sand and 
black clay ranges in thickness from to 23 feet. 

122. Record of well at Grand street and Third avenue, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Humus-stained sandy loam _ 0. 1- 0. 4 

2. Reddish sandy loam 1.5- 1.7 

3. Fine to medium reddish yellow silty sand 6. 0- 7. 

4—6. Dark brownish gray multicolored glacial sand and gravel 11.5-23.0 

7-8. Same, but with much reddish silt 24. 0-31. 

123. Mr. Allen reports that this well is in an area which is about a block and a half square, in which it is 
quite easy to get water; outside of this local basin it is much more difficult. 

125. Surface water was shut out at 225 feet, and the well tested at 352 and 608; both tests gave salty 
water. 

1 26. No water encountered until 43 feet, where it was found in a crevice of the rock, and came up to 
within 4 feet of the surface. Water contains too much lime for boiler use. Well pumps 18 gallons a minute 
at suction limit. 

Record of well at Steinway avenue and River road, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Yellow bowldery clay 0-24 

2. Quicksand (veiy fine, clean sand — no mica)_ _ 24-37 

3. Coarse, white gravel and beach sand 37-42 

4. Conglomerate rock ("like the rock at Scranton, Pa., just above the hard coal") 42-45 

5. Gray gneiss 45-55 

128. Impotable water is reported at 14 feet; good water at 48 feet. 

129. Mr. Harper states that the record of material penetrated in this well is exactly the same as in the 
other wells which he put down on Barren Island. (See Nos. 130 and 131.) 



188 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

I SO. The following section has been prepared by Mr. Lewis Woolman from samples furnished by Mr. 
Thomas B. Harper : « 

Record of T. F. White Company's well on Barren Island. New Yorlc. 
Pleistocene: _ Feet. 

1. Interval; no specimens 0- 70 

2. Brownish sands, sometimes slightly yellowish and sometimes slightly reddish in 

cast 70-130 

3. Reddish-brown and yellowish-brown sands, same as next above, with the addition 

of pebbles and cobbles, etc. (Jameco) 130-220 

Cretaceous: 

4. Whitish sands ' 220-240 

5. Brown sands ' . 240-260 

6. Bluish-white sands with some lignite throughout 260-500 

7. Dark, micaceous sandy clay, no lignite 500-690 

8. Yellowish-white, water-bearing sand, coarse at 700 to 720 (Lloyd sand) 690-740 

131. The following samples were furnished by Mr. Thomas B. Harper to the New Jersey Geological 
Survey: ^ 

Record of Sanitary Utilization Company's well on Barren Island, New Yorlc. : .: 

Pleistocene: Feet. 
1. Whitish sand for some distance down from the surface; heavy gravels and cob- 
bles at 140 

3. "Reddish" (1) sand. . ' 

4. Dark-colored conglomerate, quartz grains and pebbles size of mustard seed to 

that of shellbarks and walnuts at 218 

5. Cobbles at some distance below 230 

Cretaceous: - ' 

6. Whitish sand. 

7. "Cemented material" of feldspar and quartz . . ; 495-500 

8. Bluish soft marl (?) 500-560 

9. Alterations of sands and clays, each 15 to 20 feet thick 560-660 

10. Red clay at 706 

11. Yellowish-white coarse sand and fine gravel, water bearing (Lloyd sand) 712-720 

12. Whitish clay, prospected 4 feet, or from 720-724 

132. The following section was reported by Mr. Chester D. Corwin: 

Record of Sanitary Utilization Company's well on Barren Island, New Yorlc. 

Feet. 

1 . Medium fine gray sand 0-135 

2. White beach sand 135-525 

3. Hardpan, clay and stones; clay and gravel-like cement; color between gray and 

brown 525-530 

4. White sand 530-680 

5. Light-gray medium gravel: good water-bearing stratum 680-700 

133. Record 6f White Lead Company's well on Crook Island, New Yorlc. 

Feet. 

1. Fine gray sand 0-95 

2. Brown medium sand 95-115 

3. Coarse light-gray sand - 115-116 

4. Brown medium sand (similar to No. 2) 116-130 

5. Coarse white sand 130-134 

a Ann. Kept. Geol. Survey New Jersey, 1897, pp. 15fr-157. b Op. cit., p. 155. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



No.l 



No. 2 



No.3 



No.4 



No. 5 



No.6 



No. 7 



No. 8 



No.9 



Loam 
black 



5-- m 



Sand 
light brown, 
fine grains, 
mixed with 
coarse oneSi 
porphyritic 
character 



10 



Sand 

light brown, 

fine grains, 

cemented 

together 



15- 



Sand 
' white, black 
I and brown, 

coarse grains 

1 in finer matrix. 
. I porphyritic 

character 



20 



25- 



30 



35 



40 



45 



t Clay 

-j^ light drab, 

! cemented in. 



I Sand 

j blackish brown, 
">, fine grainS; 
^ homogeneous 

I, in character 



Loam 
black 



Loam 
black 



Loam 



Gravel 

grains 

cemented 

together 



Sand 
white, black 
-i, and brown, 
p^ coarse grains 
I in finer matrix, 
' porphyritic 



*Gravel and sand 
L light drab, 
^J cemented 
A together 



t Sand 

"4? light drab, 

Igrams cemented 
I together 



Loam 
black 



Loam 
black 



Sand 
I white, black 
and brown, 
o coarse grains 
T in finer matrix, 
I porphyritic 
I character 



t Sand 

-J^blackish brown, 
j^ fine grains, 
I cementing 
imaterial present 



I Gravel and sand 
^ light drab, 
I cemented 
, together 



J Clay 

CO 

1 gray 



character 



t Stones 
-^white and slate 
^ colored quartz, 
I Vi6 "to Va'in 
^ diameter 



j Sand 

5^ blackish brown 
I coarse and 
' fine grains 



j Sand 

^1 blackish brown, 
*^ fine grains: 
homogeneous 

I in character 



Sand 
^1 white, black 
and brown, 
coarse grains 



in finer matri> 



I Sand and gravel 
^blackish brown, 
■^ cementing 

Imaterial present 



50 



Sand 
~ blackish brown 
i coarse and 
fine grains 



I Gravel 

white and slate 
ifi colored quartz, 

diameter 



I Stones 
^1 white and slate 
t^ colored quartz, 

I Vi'eto %"in 
diameter 



Sand 
I blackish brown, 
1^ coarse and 
t fine grains 

I Water bearing? 



Sand 
I blackish brown, 
r coarse and 
fine grains 



Sand 

1 blackish brovv' 
-^ coarse grain 
^ in finer matn 

I cemented . 

1 together 



I Sand 

I blackish brov\ 
? fine grains: 
homogeneou. 
. in character 



RECORD OF TEST BORINGS MADE AT LONG 1 

. Prepared from the s 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXXIV 



No, 11 



No. 12 



No. 13 



No. 14 



No. 15 



No. 16 



No.l7 



No. 18 



I Clay 

vj gray 

I mixed with grit 



Clay 
gray 



^1 Clay and loam 

OJ 

I gray 



.i Clay 

CM yellow 



Clay 
yellow 



Loam 
dark brown 



Clay 

yellow 



Sand 

gray, 

very fine grains 

approaching 

clay in 
composition 



Clay 
gray 



Sand 

white, black 

and brown 

coarse siliceous 

grains 



Sand 

gray. 

very fine grains 

, cemented 

, together 

approaching 

clay in 
composition 



Sand 
I gray. 

V I very fine grains 
00 ' ^ 

I approachmg 
] clay in 

composition 



I Sand 

I very fi.ne grains 
1^ mixed with 
^ coarse ones, 
I cementing 
[material present 



Sand 
1 gray, 

^1 very fine grains 
^ cemented 
I together, 
I approaching 

clay in 
I composition 



Clay 

gray 

i mixed with grit 



■i Clay 

j yellow 



Clay 

gray 



Stones 

vhite and slate 

colored quartz, 

Vis "to '/a" in 

diameter 



Sand 

while, black 

and brown, 

coarse grains, 

cemented 

together 



'T Sand 

^1 blackish brown, 
^ fine grains: 
I homogeneous 

in character 



Sand 
white, black 
and brown 
coarse and 

fine grains, 

cementing 

material present 



10 



Sand 

very fine grains 
approaching 

clay in 
composition 



Sand 

light brown, 

^ coarse grains 

in finer matri? 

cementing 

material present 



I Sand 

^o blackish brown 
I coarse grains 
I in finer matrix 



Gravel and 

I stones 

^1 white and slate 
in , 
I colored quartz, 

I vis to Vain 

I diameter 



Stones 
I white and slate 
■^ colored quartz. 
I Vieto Va'in 
I diameter 



15 



20 



Sand 
^hite, black 
X« and brown 
t> coarse siliceous 
I grains- 

Water bearing? 



I Stones 
. I white and slate 
^ colored quartz, 
I Vie to Yain 
I diameter 



"25 



' Stones 

I white and slate 
p^ colored quartz, 
I '/ntoV/in 
f diameter 



30 



35 



Sand 

white, black 

J and brown, 

coarse siliceous 

grains 



--40 



45 



Gravel 
I white and slate 
'pcolored quartz, 
I Vieto i/,"in 
I diameter 



\ND CITY PUMPING STATION NO. 3 (NO. 99). 
les by A. S. Farmer. 



50 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 189 

134. Mr. L. B. Ward gives the following data: "This company operates under the franchise of the 
Long Island Water Supply Company in the Twenty-sixth Ward, where its property is situated. It pumps 
70,000 gallons of water daily from driven wells for the supply of houses built on its tract No. 1, and takes 
90,600 gallons additional from the Long Island Water Supply Company for use in tract No. 2. The plant 
consists of a pumping station and a standpipe. It supplies 176 houses on tract No. 1 and 275 houses on 
tract No. 2." 

135. !Mr. Robert Van Buren, of the department of water supply, Borough of Brooklyn, has kindly 
furnished samples from the deep wells put down at New Lots in 1903. From these the following section 
has been compiled (see fig. 10): 

Record ofdee-p wells of department of water supply at New Lots road aJuH, Fountain avenue, 

East New York. 
Recent : Feet. 

1. Peat - 0- 4 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: ^ 

2. Gray sandy clay with gravel 4- 12 

3-5. Light, multicolored, fine to coarse, glacial sand i : . 12- 70 

6. Light-gray clay 70- 72 

7. Fine to medium, light yellow glacial sand 72- 93 

8. Reddish brown fine to coarse glacial sand 93-113 

Sankaty: 

9. Light-gray gravelly clay 113-118 

Jameco : 

10. Coarse, multicolored, highly erratic glacial sand and gravel 118-164 

Messrs. P. H. & J. Conlan reported to the Geological Survey of New Jersey « in 1896 the following: 'The 
greatest yield and the best quality of water for the Long Island Water Supply Company were found at East 
New York, where it is all gravel and coarse sand. The yield was about two and one-half million gallons 
per day from six 8-inch wells that run from 65 to 95 feet deep." 

In 1898 the same firm reported:'' "We have erected a pumping plant for the Long Island Watei- Supply 
Company in Brooklyn, N. Y. We put down five wells averaging a depth of 80 feet. Supply collectively 
was 2,000,000 gallons per day of 24 hours. The strata were: 

Record of wells of department of water supply at New Lots road and, Fountain avenue, 

East New York. 

Feet. 

1 . Loam 0- 4 

2. Fine sand 4-10 

3. Gravel with water 10- 35 

4. Thin vein of clay 35- 36 

5. Sand and gravel 36-100 

6. Clay 100- 

7. Fine red sand _ -140 

"We went to 140 feet with one well, but got no water. It was fine red sand with much iron and no 
gravel, and we went no deeper. The levels of the wells are about high-tide level; a very high tide breaks 
up, so that they are all connected at tide level, but the water is fresh and good for use, but a little hard." 

1 36. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved in the office of the depart- 
ment of water supply in the niunicipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): 

Record of Brooklyn test well, No. 17. 

Wisconsin: Peet. 

1 . Yellow loamy sand _ 0- 8 

2. Light, reddish-brown, fine to coarse, speckled sand 8-70 

Tisbury: 

3. Light-yellow sand and pebbles (orange sand) 70- 95 

a Ann. Kept. .Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1896, 1897, p. 186. 6 Ann. Kept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1898, 1899, p. 142. 



190 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Sankaty: Feet. 

4. Dark-gray clay with vegetable matter (swamp deposit) 95-106 

Sankaty?: 

5. Light-yellow fine to medium sand • 106-128 

Jameco: 

6. Fine, dark, reddish-brown sand, glacial 128-140 

7. Very coarse multicolored sand - 140-150 

8. Coarse multicolored gravel, with a very small percentage of quartz 150-170 

9. Fine to coai-se dark reddish-yellow sands and gravel 170-191 

The elevation, of the surface at this point is 10.6 feet above the Brooklyn base. 
137. The following records have been prepared from the samples preserved in the office of the depart- 
ment of water supply, municipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): 

Record of Brooklyn lest well, No. 4- 
Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Dark, humus-stained surface, sandy loam 0- 9 

2. Clean reddish-brown sands and gravels of glacial origin 9- 97 

Tisbury: 

3. Dirty-gray sands with a few pebbles 97-126 

Sankaty : 

4. Gray pebbly clay 126-141 

Jameco : 

5. Coarse multicolored gravel with a very few quartz pebbles 141-149 

Mr. De Varona reports: "Water level above the blue clay is about 16 feet below the surface of the 
ground, and below the clay it is about 2.5 feet below the surface. "« 



Analysis of water of BrooMyn test well, No. 4-^ 

Parts per million. 

Total sohds - 93. 000 

Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) _ 29. 000 

Ammonia: 

Free 014 

Albuminoid ' ^ , . 078 

Chlorine as chlorides . .■ _ 3. 500 

Sodium chloride 5. 770 

Nitrogen as nitrates . 422 

Nitrogen, as nitrites - . . 060 

Total hardness 31. 500 

Permanent hardness 31 . 500 

13§. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn department 
of water supply: 

Record of wells at Old Spring Creek pumping station. 





Well number 


lA. 


2A. 


3A. 


4A. 


oA. 








Recent 


1. Peat 


0- 3 


0- 4 


0- 4 


0- 2 


0- 2 








Wisconsin and Tisbury. . 


2. Fine to medium yellow to reddish yellow 
sand with some'gravel. 


3-125 


4-127 


4^127 


2-126 


2-124 


Sankaty 


3. Gray gravellv clay 


125-133 


127-137 


127-13fi 


126-136 


124-134 








Jameco ... 


4. Multicolored sand and gravel with rela- 
tively small percentage of quartz. 


133-158 


137-151 


136-153 


136-153 


134-151 







a Arm. Rept. Commr. City Works of Brooklyn for 1895, 1896, p. 346. 
b .Analysis by the Brooklyn health department, op. cit., pp. 140, 142. 



DE8CEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 191 

Messrs. W. D. Andrews & Brother, who put in the original plant at this point, report under date of 
March 8, 1895: "At Spring Creek and Baisley trial tubes and wells were driven to a depth of 100 feet or 
more, from which water flowed, and would rise 2 or 3 feet above the surface if confined in a tube. By hand 
pumping these 2-inch wells would yield 30 to 40 gallons per minute." 

Analysis of water from shallow driven well plant at Spring Creelc pumping station. 

[By Brooklyn health department.] 

Parts per million. 

Total solids 194. 429 

Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 40. 429 

Free ammonia - . 005 

Albuminoid ammonia _ . 015 

Chlorine as chlorides 12. 857 

Sodium chloride. . _ 21. 186 

Nitrogen as nitrates _ .,. 4. 510 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Total hardness 110. 214 

Permanent hardness. 809. 29 

139. The following analysis was furnished by Mr. I. M. De Varona: 

Analysis of water from well at temporary Spring Creelc pvmping station. 

[Analysis by Brooklyn health department.] 

Parts per mDlion. 

' Total solids. ' 223. 500 

Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 52. 000 

Free ammonia . 000 

Albuminoid ammonia _ . 017 

Chlorine as chlorides ; 14. 000 

Sodium chloride 23. 070 

Nitrogen as nitrates 6. 965 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Total hardness 92. 500 

Permanent hardness 91 . 000 

141. Section from samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10); 

Record of Brooklyn test well No. 5. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Yellow surface loam 0- 16 

2. Keddish brown multicolored sands and gravel of glacial origin 16-192 

Sankaty: 

3. Gray clay 192-200 

4. Dark multicolored silty sand (glacial ) .- 1 200-216 

5.. Gray silty clay 216-281 

Jameco: 

6. Gray silt with multicolored pebbles (glacial) 281-284 

Accompanj'ing the samples preserved in the glass tube is a sample in an envelope, marked "Test well 
No. 5, below clay, received August 21, 1895." This sample consists of large dark-colored pebbles, only 
about one-fourth of which are quartz. Mr. I. M. De Varona adds: "When the pipe was down about 284 
feet the water level was about 46 feet below the surface." Elevation of ground 61.8 feet, Brooklyn base. 



192 UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Analysis of water from BrooMyn test well No. 5. 

[By Brooklyn health department.] 

Parts per mjlUon. 

Total solids ! _ '. 139. 000 

Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 20. 000 

Free ammonia None. 

Albuminoid ammonia _ . 024 

Chlorine as chlorides 8. 500 

Sodium chloride .■ 14. 010 

Nitrogen as nitrates . 659 

Nitrogen as nitrites ' . None. 

Total hardness •. 63. 500 

Permanent hardness 63. 500 

142. The wells of this company are arranged in two groups about one-half mile apart, the northern one 
consisting of 4 wells and the southern one of 12. The pumping station is located about midway between 
them, in the factory of the Agate-Nickel Steel Ware Company. 

Section from samples preserved in the office of the Agate-Nickel Steel Ware Company: 

Record of Woodhaven Water Supply Company's well near Woodhaven. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1. Light-brown, medium, glacial sand 0-16 

2-3. Coarse glacial sand and gravel, containing a large percentage of granitic and 

sachistose pebbles 16-31 

4. Fine, light-gray, micaceous claj'ey sand 31-38 

5-8. Brown glacial sand and gravel _ 38-91 

The whole section is pronouncedly glacial, with the highest percentage of erratic material between 16 and 
31 feet. An analysis of this water, made November 28, 1902, gave the following results: 

Analysis of water from Woodhaven Water Supply Company's well near Woodhaven. 

Appearance, etc., clear pale brownish yellow. 

Odor (heated to 100° F.), faint earthy. Parts per million. 

Chlorine in chlorides ' 11.5 

Equivalent to sodium chloride 18. 9 

Phosphates. Trace. 

Nitrogen in nitrites None. 

Nitrogen in nitrates 2: 1 

Free ammonia. .03 

Albuminoid ammonia .04 

Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (before boiling) 149.7 

Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (after boiling) 29. 

Organic and volatile (loss on ignition ) 56. 2 

Mineral matter (nonvolatile ) 146. 1 

Total solids (by evaporation ) _ 193. 4 

143. The record of the deep well at this point has been published by Messrs. Bryson," Lewis,* Darton," 
and Woolman.'' A complete set of samples presented by Mr. F. H. Luce, superintendent of the Woodhaven 
Water Supply Company, which are preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society, show 
the following section: 

a Am. Geologist, vol. 3, pp. 214, 1889. 

b Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 37, p. 233, 1889. 

cBull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 138, 1896, pp. 31-32. 

d Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey, for 1896, 1897, pp. 158-160. 



DEaCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 198 

Record of well of Lalance & Grosjean Manufacturing Company near Woodhaven. 

Pleistocene: Feet. 

1. Reddish-yellow glacial sands and gravels « 0-213 

Cretaceous: 

2. Dark laminated clay with some quartz pebbles 213-358 

3. Gray clayey sand with lignite 358-430 

4. Very dark sandy clay 430-436 

5. Fine white sand 436-443 

6. Very dark-gray dirty sand 443-456 

7. Medium white sand, with small quartz pebbles 456-460 

8. Very dark clayey sand 460-475 

9. Small quartz gravel 475-510 

10. Fine to medium, dirty, clayey sand 510-515 

11. Dark, sandy, laminated clay, with quartz pebbles 515-518 

12. White or dirty gray clay 518-540 

13. Dirty gray medium sand - 540-556 

Pre-Cretaceous : 

14. Rock 556-570 

144. Record of commission's test well near Union Plj.ce. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1. Surface dark-yellow sandy loam. 

2. Reddish-yellow sandy clay 1.5 

3. Dark-yellow sand and small gravel 5 

4-5. Sand and coarse gravel, with much erratic material 10-15 

6-7. Grayish-yellow silt and coarse sand 20-25 

8. Fine to medium dark-yellow sand 30 

9. Coarse, dark-gray, multicolored sand, with much erratic material 32-32. 5 

10. Dark-colored sand, with some silt 33-34 

11-13. Dark-yellow silty sand 35-46 

This whole section is apparently outwash glacial gravel. 

145. Record of commission's test well near Glendale. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1. Dark humus-stained clay 0. - 0. 4 

2. Reddish yellow clay 1.5- 1.8 

3-5. Reddish yellow silty sand .- 6. -18 

6-16. Fine to coarse dark-gray glacial sand 24. -76 

147. Analysis of water of Montauk Brewing Company's well near Metropolitan. 

[By H. W. Walker.] 
Appearance clear. 
Color normal. Parts per million. 

Odor (heated to 100° F. ) None. 

Chlorine as chlorides 14. 5 

Sodium chloride 23. 89 

Nitrogen in nitrites .00 

Nitrogen in nitrates 1. 186 

Free ammonia. None. 

Organic and volatile loss on ignition — . 74. 5 

Mineral matter not volatile 184. 

Total solids 257. 

Mr. H. W. Walker, of the Brooklyn cit^ health department, says, August 8, 1903: "This water is of 
bright and sparkling appearance, and the analysis indicates a high degree of purity." 

a In the samples the sand ends at 163 feet, but as both the Lems and Bryson records carry it to 213 feet it has been so 
placed in this record. 



194 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 

148. Record of commission's test well near Middle Village. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: ' Feet. 

1-2. Surface gravelly loam : 0- 1.5 

3-5. Yellowish clayey sand 5-16 

6. Fine to medium, dark, multicolored sand 19-20 

7. Dark yellowish brown, clayey sand, glacial _ 21-22 

8. Dark, multicolored, fine sand to coarse glacial gravel 22-23 

9-11. Dark, multicolored, clayey sand and gravel, glacial. _ 30-37 

12-20. Dark, multicolored, fine to coarse glacial sand'. 44-96 

See Table XIII. 

149. Record of H. Bottjer's well near Middle Village. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1. Surface loam 0- 3 

2. Stones and clay "hard pan," with occasional streaks of water-bearing sand and 

gravel 3-135 

? 3. Coarse white sand 135- 

151. A test well put down at station No. 5 gave the following section (see fig. 13): 

Record of well of Citizens' Water Supply Company at Station No. 5, hear Flushing Creek. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Reddish-brown sand and fine gravel 0- 60 

Tisbury?: 

2. Coarse reddish-brown gravel 50- 90 

Sankaty ? : 

3. Blue stony clay 90-190 

152. Record of commission's test well near Flushing Creelc. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Surface; sandy loam 0- 2 

3-4. Reddish-brown clayey sand 4-11 

5-6. Multicolored glacial sand and gravel ; 15-22 

153. Mr. L. B. Ward gives the following data: "The works of this company are located in the Second 
Ward of Queens Borough and were erected to supply Long Island City. They consist of three pumping 
stations, each containing one pumping engine, also 178 driven wells, and 7.5 miles of 12-inch and 16-inch 
pipe in three "force mains laid to connect with the Long Island City distribution system. The pumps and 
pump houses are of a provisional character and the works are idle except for the formal operation of one 
small pump." 

154. Record of well at New Calvary Cemetery, Long' Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Black mud : 0-22 

2. Blue clay and small blue rock 22-70 

3. Bed rock 70- 

155. Record of well at New Calvary Cemetery, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Blue clay and bowlder rock , 0-15 

2. Quicksand 15-21 

3. Gravel with water - 21-51 

156. Record of well at New Calvary Cemetery, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Hard pan and small rocks 0-20 

2. Gravel. 20-56 



DESOEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 195 

157. Record of commission's test well near Newtown. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-3. Surface ; clayey sand 1- 5.5 

4^5. Yellow, clayey sand 10-13 

6. Bowlder clay 15-16 

■ 7-9. Dark multicolored sand and gravel, increasing in coarseness with depth 18-26 

159. Record of commission's test ivell near Elmhurst. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-5. Yellow loam with gravel - 5 

6-12. Fine to coarse, dark, multicolored sand with some gravel; "hardpan, very 

hard driving " 5 -41. 5 

13-16. Fine yellow sand and clay; " easy driving " 41. 5-55 

17-18. Dark multicolored sand and gravel; "hardpan".... 55 -65 

Bowlder or ledge at 69 

See Table XII. 

160. The difference in elevation between these wells is very sUght. Well No. 1, if anything, is on 
higher ground than wells Nos. 2 and 3. There is apparently a very rapid and irregular variation in* the 
water table. 

161. See No. 153. 

162. Messrs. Stotthoff Brothers report « the following data to the New Jersey Geological Survey 
(see fig. 13): 

Record of Citizens' Water Supply Company's well near Woodside. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Earth, clay, and bowlders 0-38 

Jameco and Cretaceous ? : 

2. Hard clay mixed with sand •. 38- 98 

3. Quicksand 98-118 

4. Blue clay. 118-138 

Fordham gneiss: 

5. Rock, "gneiss layer," etc : 138-227 

163. Mr. Allen reports that the bowlder in the following section was blasted and that water-bearing 
gravel was found immediately below it. When he penetrated the gravel 3 feet the water rose in the pipe 
15 feet, or 4 feet above the bowlder. 

Record of I. Isenburg's well on Albert street near Grand avenue, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1 . Sand with bowlders 0-40 

2. Sand and gravel 40-50 

3. Large bowlder 50-58 

4. Water-bearing gravel 58-61 

164. Mr. S. H. Allen states that most of the wells in this vicinity are about 60 feet deep and that he 
encountered two water-bearing layers separated more or less by a bed of sandy clay or clayey sand. The 
water in the upper layer has no pressure, while that from the lower often has pressure enough to rise 5 or 
10 feet. The water from the lower layer is considered better both in quantity and quality. 

165. Record of well on Thirteenth avenue near Vandeventer avenue, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1 . Unstratified sand and bowlders . 0-28 

2. Coarse sand and gravel 28-39 

3. Hard sand with bowlders 39-46 

4. Clear sand with water 46-56 

5. Large bowlders 56- 

6. Water-bearing sand 

7. Water-bearing gravel -72 

a Ann. Kept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1899, 1900, p. 80. 



196 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

166. Record of coimnission' s well on Bowery Bay road near Flushing avenue, Long Island City. 

Wisconsin: • Feet. 

1-2. Yellow sandy loam , •. 0- 6 

4. Very fine dark-gray sand and clay 10-11 

5. Very fine yellow sand and clay : 15-16 

6-11. Fine to coarse, multicolored glacial sand and gravel 16-40 

12. Eock or bowlder 40- 

See Table XII. 

167. Record of xuell at Albert street and Ditmars avenue, Long Island City. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1-2. Yellow surface loam 0- 3 

3-5. Fine, yellow, silty sand and gravel 5-16 

6-10. Clean, coarse, multicolored glacial sand and gravel 20-39 

11. Eock or bowlder 39-40 

. 168. Mr. S. H. AUen completed a well at this place 79 feet 9 inches deep, which yielded 210 gallons per 
minute. This well ended on what appeared to be bed rock. Later the well was deepened, and after drilling 
32 feet the rock was penetrated and quicksand found. It was found impossible to obtain water from this 
quicksand and a new well was drilled to the original depth. 

Record of Astoria Sillc Worlcs' well on Steinway avenue, near Ditmars avenue, Long Island, City. 

Feet. 

1. Hardpan 0-51 

2. Bowlder 51-53 

3. Water-bearing sand and gravel _ 53-80 

4. Rock 80-112 

5. Quicksand _ _ 112- 

169. Record of well on Potter avenue near Parle Place, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Solid stone and hard pressed gravel 0-40 

2. Blue clay , 40-48 

3. Quicksand, black • 48-56 

4. Micaceous sand with water; took quite a time to clear 56-63 

170. Record of well at Merchant street and Ditmars avenue, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1. Sand and bowlders 0-32 

2. White sand and gravel 32-40 

3. White sand packed very hard 40-48 

171. Record of well near Merchant street and Ditmars avenue, Long Island City. 

Feet. 

1 . Sand and gravel 0-25 

2. Fine sand 25-30 

3. Sand and bowlders 30-37 

4. Solid rock with water in crevice of rock ., 37-45 

172. Record of well at Crescent street and Ditmars avenue. Long Island City. 

Feet- 

1 . Sand and gravel : 0-42 

. -2.. Bed rock or bowlder 42- 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 197 

173. Record of commission's test well at Lawrence street and Wolcott avenue, Long Island City. 

Pleistocene : Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam 0- 2.5 

3. Fine yellow sand 

4. Small gravel of a dark mud color 

5. Yellow to dark-brown rock flour formed from drilling in bowlder 12-12. 5 

6. Multicolored glacial sand and gravel 14-31 

See Table XII. 

176. Mr. L. C. L. Smith, consulting engineer, reports that there are 17 wells at this station which 
pass through the following material: 

Record of wells of Bowery Bay Building and Improvement Association, at North Beach. 
Wisconsin and Tisbury ? Feet. 

1. Sand_._ 0-45 

Sankaty ? 

2. Clay - '. _.- 45-60 

Jameco : 

3. Water-bearing strata 65-70 

Sweeney & Gray, drillers, report the follo%ving section: 

Record of wells of Bowery Bay Building and Imfrovement Association at North Beach. 

Wisconsin to Tisbury ? Feet. 

1 . Sandy top soil varying in color from white to yellow 0-20 

2. Compact mixture of sand and gravel •. 20-32 

Sankaty ? 

3. Blue and gray clay in alternating layers 32-36 

Jameco ? 

4. Veiy coarse sand and gravel in alternate layers 36-82 

177. This is the locality from which the wells described by Darton as "Bowery Bay: 110 feet deep; 6 
inches in diameter; one flowed 50 gallons," were reported. It seems that several parties attempted wells 
at this point, but that no results were obtained until after this information had been given the Survey, when 
three 6-inch wells were put down in a near-by hollow to a depth of 40 or 50 feet, the present water supply being 
derived from these. Mr. I. H. Ford states that the first weU was sunk to a depth of 400 or 500 feet, but no 
further data has been obtained regarding it. 

17§. See No. 153. 

179. Record of commission's well at Trains Meadotu and Highway roads. Long Island City. 

Recent: Feet. 

1-2. Yellow surface loam . . 0- 2 

8. Dark clay with decayed glacial pebbles and peat 5- 6 

Wisconsin : 

4. Very fine, grajash or reddish brown, clayey sand, glacial. _ 10-28. 5 

ISO. Record of commission's well on Trains Meadow road near Jackson avenue, Long Island City. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam 0-3 

3. Yellow clay with considerable MnO, 5- 5. 5 

4r-5. Fine, dark-colored, micaceous clayey sand 10-13. 5 

6. Yellow clayey sand _ 15-16 

7. Medium, coarse, multicolored gravel 17-18 

8. Yellow clayey sand 19-20 

9-10. Fine to coarse multicolored sand and gravel 22-26 

11. Dark reddish speckled sand suggesting disintegrated Triassic sandstone 30-31 

See Table XII. 



198 UNDEEGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

181. Record of commission's test well at Junction avenue and Strongs lane, Long Island City. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1-2. Missing. , 

3. Light-yellow clayey loam with pebbles, "bowlder clay' ' 7 -8 

4-7. Reddish yoUow, fine to medium, silty sand 14. 0-30. 5 

8-1 1 . Dark iriulticolorcd glacial sand and gravel 36. 5-53. 

182. A. D. Schlissinger, president of the India Rubber Comb Company, reports as follows: 

Record of India Rubber Comb Company's well near College Point. 

Feet. 

1 . Sand and gravel 0-35 

2. Black muck and water smelling of clams. 35- 

184. C. D. Corwin reports the following section from this well: 

Record of well of American Hard Rubber Company, near College Point. 

Feet. 

. 1. Filled ground 0- 8 

2. Yellowish clay and sand 8-25 

3. Hard pan, yellow clay, and stones, impervious to water; like macadamized roads 25-60 ; 

4. Water-bearing gravel and light-brown coarse sand 60-70 

5. Yellow clay and stones : 70-85 

1 86. A sketch in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society by Mr. C. M. Jacobs, consulting 
engineer, gives the following section of the test well at this point: 

Record of railroad test boring on Tallman Island, New Yorlc. 
Pleistocene: Feet. 

1. Sand and trap bowlders; old sea beach - 7. 3 

2. Yellow quartz sand 7. 3- 30 

3. Quartz gravel and bowlders 30 -31.5 

4. Yellow quartz sand, medium fine. 31. 5- 50 

5. Trap l)owlders, quartz sand, and gravel; regular glacial drift 50 - 57 

6. Sand 57 - 63 

7. Quartz gravel 63 - 66 

8. Gravel and sand ." 66 - 73. 3 

9. Quartz gravel 73. 3- 76. 3 

Cretaceous : 

10. Soft clay 76.3- 79.3 

11. Lignite intermixed with clay bands 79. 3- 91.7 

12. Streaked red and white clay; hard, bored out as a solid core 91.7-110.4 

Fordham : 

13. Soft, wiiite micaceous "sandstone," the upper part of which was so soft as to 

wash to powder under diamond drill; below it gradually became less 

micaceous and liarder, the lower part coming out as a solid core 110.4-159 

The core mentioned in No. 13 is regarded by Mr. Eckel as quartzitic Fordham. 

187. Lawrence Verdon says: "Stopped at 112, as I could get the well no farther." 

Record of James Caffery's tvell near Far Rockaway. 
Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Water-bearing strata, almost clear gravel 0- 42 

Sankaty : 

2. Clay 42-66 

Jameco : 

3. Black sand with water which looked and tasted good 66- 88 

4. No record 88-112 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 199 

I §8. This well was put down by Mr. Gilbert Baldwin under the direction of Mr. Jesse Conklin. Mr. 
Conklin, under date of April 25, 1895, gives the following: "At Far Rockaway, about one-fouitli mile from 
the ocean I drove a well 210 feet. I found water at 16 feet from the surface and got a good supply. I 
drove 180 feet through beach sjand and gravel. At 195 feet stiiick petrified wood. Last 15 feet was clear 
white giavel, with a veiy good supply of water of about 40 gallons." From Mr. Baldwin it is learned that 
this water was so salty that the well was abandoned. The record, according to Mr. Baldwin, is as follows: 

Record of B. L. Carroll's ivell near Far Rockaway. 
Tisbuiy: Feet. 

1. Fine beach sand 0- 25 

2. Coarse sand and gravel 25- 45 

Sankaty: 

3. Blue clay ; no stones 45- 65 

Jameco and Cretaceous?: 

4. Fine gravel and sand with brackish water (this Inyer furnished biit a small quan- 

tity of water) 65-180 

5. Coarse gravel with a vigorous supply of salty water. . .• 180-190 

The second well was drilled at a distance of about 400 feet, and Mr. Cai'roll reports the following 
section : 

Record of B. L. Carroll's well near Far Rockaway. 
Tisbuiy: ' ' Fe^t. 

1. Beach sand 0-20 

Sankaty : 

2. Blue clay „ 20-60 

Sankaty and Jameco: 

3. Quicksand '. 60-90 

Jameco : 

4. Gravel 90- 

The water from this layer was of suflRciently good quality for ordinary use. Analysis showed a large 
amount of chlorine, but this was not sufficient to bo perceptible to the taste. 

189. Record of James CajTery's well near Far Rockawai/. 

Feet. 

1 . Ordinary soil, sandy loam 0- 2 

2. Fine sand with no gravel except in streaks 2-30 

Mr. Walsh reports that the material was so fine that he used a Cook strainer to prevent the sand from 
entering the tube and clogging the well. He adds that in geneial the water on Rockaway Ridge occurs 
from 12 to 18 feet below the surface, and that the water near the center of the ridge is better in quality than 
that near the margin. At the edge of the meadows there is a fine nonwater-bearing sand. 

190. The following analysis is reported by the Long Island Railroad Company: 

Analysis of water from railroad uxil at Far Rockaway. 

Parts per million. 

SiOj and ¥.fii, etc 4.8 

CaCos and MgCO^. Traces. 

CaSO, 88. 1 

CaCl, 15.7 

MgCl, 68. 2 

NaCl 31.1 

Total solids 207. 9 

A corrosive water at 200 pounds pressure. 



200 UNDEEGROUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 

191. This was the site of the first plant of the Queens County Water Company. Mr. C. A. Lockwood, 
who put in the wells, reports that there were twenty 5-inch wells, 50 feet deep. These were entirely in light- 
brown sand and gravel. As these wells did not yield a sufficient supply two deep wells were sunk to a depth 
of 200 feet, but in both brackish water was encountered and they were abandoned. 

The section reported is as follows : 

Record of well of Queens County Water Company near Far Rodkaway. 
Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Light-brown sand and gravel similar to the rest of the Rockaway Ridge material. . 0- 60 
Sankaty: 

2. Blue clay 60-100 

Jameco and Cretaceous ? : 

3. Beach sand ■. 100-200 

The above record is for the well nearest the bay north of Far Rockaway; the one farther south near the 

raiboad station contained clay from 60 to 78 feet. 

193. Record of T. R. Chapman's weM on HooTcs Creelc. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sand 0- 

2. Quicksand - - 

3. Alternate layers of sand and clay : brackish water -140 

Sankaty; 

4. Dark-colored clay. 140-200 

5. Very hard clay; required 120 blows from 1-ton hammer to drill 1 inch 200-202 

Jameco : 

6. Gravel with artesian water 202-203 

Water at first flowed a good stream several feet above the surface, but the jaeld is now much less. 

195. The following record has been prepared from samples preserved by the depai'tment of water sup- 
ply in the municipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): 

Record of Brooklyn test well No. 16 at ShetucTcei pumping station. 
Wisconsin : . Feet. 

1. Fine, dark-brown, loamy sand 0-20 

2. Fine to coarse, light, yellowish white, speckled sand -. 20-89 

Tisbury : 

3. Fine gray sand 90-105 

4. Fine to coarse reddish-brown sand 105-135 

Sankaty : 

5. Gray clay 135-146 

Jameco : 

6. Dark multicolored sand and gravel with some clay ( glacial ) 146-154 

Elevation of ground, 12.7 feet Brooklyn base; water was found below the blue clay, and water level was 
originally 9 feet from the surface. The elevation of the water in this test well ranged from 11 to 17 feet below 
the surface in 1901. 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES OK WELLS. 



201 



196. The following records have been compiled from the manuscript reports of Mr. Peter C. Jacobson 
which were kindly placed at our disposal by chief engineer I. M. De Varona (see fig. 10) : 

Records of wells at Springfield pumping station. 



Well 
No. 


Section. 


Total 
depth. 


Flow per 
minute. 


Yield for 
24 hours. 


Remarks. 


Sand. 


Blue clay 
with wood 
and sand. 


Water-bearing 

sand and 

gravel; some 

wood and 

clay. 


«15 
3 

2 
4 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 


Feet. 
0-74 
0-50 

0-50 


Feet. 

74-182 

.50-117 

50-124 


Feet. 

182-207 

117-177 

124-178 


Feet. 
207 
177 

178 
177 

177 

177 
179 


Gallons. 
15 


Gallons. 
6 700,000 


Sand with water, no 
gravel, 117 to 134 feet. 

Began to flow at 134 feet. 

Flow increased to 25 gal- 
lons on washing out. 

Water-bearing sand and 
gravel at 160 feet. 

Do. 

Do. 

Flows at 135 feet. 

Fine sand and gravel 
worked do\vn for bot- 
tom. 




15 

20 

15 
^15 








160-177 

160-177 
139-179 








'1,000,000 









76-135 




132-156 


156 
157 
158 










. 























a This is from a report on this well made in July, 1897. c November 17, 1897. 

t> August 24, 1897. d October 26, 1897. 

In the report for June 7, 1897, the following record is given, apparently referring to well No. 15: 

Record of well 1.5 at Springfield pumping station. 
Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Sharp water-bearing sand 0-25 

Tisbury : 

2. Fine hard packed sand with very little water 25-78 

Sankaty : 

3. Blue clay with sand and gravel 78-123 

Jameco : 

4. Small gravel and sand with a large percentage of carbonized wood; water bearing; 

water level 6 inches above surface; will yield with hand pump 75 gallons per 
minute; pumping with hand pump lowers it 6 feet; when pumping is stopped 
the level of 6 feet is recovered in ^ minute 123-129 

5. Sand of various fineness containing carbonized wood and clay 129-158 

6. Gravel, sand, and a little clay mixed; water bearing 158-178 

On June 14 it was stated that the flow of well 15 had increased to 9 gallons per minute and that 
its pumping capacity was almost a million gallons a day. 

As no samples from these wells were preserved and as the data are very meager and somewhat confusing, 
it is not possible to arrive at a very satisfactory conclusion regarding the exact stnicture at this point. From 
the location of the wells and from the data furnished by adjoining wells it is felt that the water-bearing sands 
and gravels are, in part at least, Jameco, and the blue clay, Sankaty. The locality is very near the eastern 
edge of the old Sound Eiver Valley, and the irregularity of the lower part of this section is doubtless due to 

17116— No. 44—06 14 



202 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

the unevcnnoss of the old land siirfaco and the redeposition of the pro-Pleistocono materials. The statement 
of the inspector that the water-bearing stratmn grows finer and the gravel less toward the west seems to 
indicate a rise in the old surface in that direction, as indicated in fig. 10. Toward the east it is known 
from the samples of well No. 197 that the pre-Pleistocene beds are very near the surface. All the data at 
hand point to the conclusion that the development at this place is in a small valley in the older beds. 

Analysis of Springfield Pond, pump well at Springfield. 

[Surface water; analysis by Brooklyn health department.] 

Parts per milljon. 

Total soHds - 86. 00 . 

Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 29. 10 

Free ammonia 06 

Albuminoid anmionia : .12 

Chlorine as chlorides 10. 58 

Chlorine equivalent to sodium chloride 17. 48 

Nitrogen as nitrates 2. 13 

■ Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (before boiling) 28. 80 

Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (after boiling) 26. 90 

197. The following record has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn waterworks 

in the municipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10) : 

Record of itcll near Springfield pumping station. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Fine to medium, light, reddish-yellow sands - 33 

2. Same, but a little lighter 33-39 

3. Light, brownish-yellow, fine to medium sands 39 - 54 

Tisbury: 

4. Bright-yellow silt (looks like surface loam ) 54 - 56 

5. Fine olive-yellow sand 56 - 59 

6. Bright-orange fine to coai-se sand 59 - 77 

7. Light-yellow sand 77 -106. 5 

Jameco?: 

8. Fine steel-gray sand wdth quartz, jasper, and ferruginous sandstone pebbles 106. 5-109. 5 

Cretaceous : 

9. Very dark-blue clay (different from claj' above the glacial gravels) 109. 5-130 

10. Light-gray sands with lignite at 136 and 140 130 -234 

11. Lignite 234 -236 

12. White clay 236 -251 

13. Dark-blue clay 251 -258 

14. Fine gray sand. 258 -271 

In addition to the samples preserved in the glass tube, there are a number of samples incanswliich may 
be described as follows: 107-110, several large quartz, jasper, and ferruginous sandstone pebbles; 110-125, 
lignite and gray clay; 125, lignite and p}Tite; " 130, specimen found in white sand October 25,1895" — large 
pieces of lignitized wood, evidently part of a tree. Elevation of surface is 10.3 feet, Brooklyn base. 

199. Section prepared from samples preserved bj^ the Brookljm water department, in the municipal 
building, Brooklyn: 

Record of test ivell No. 18, near Oconee pumping station. 
Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Dark reddish-brown loam _ 0- 8 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: 

2. Fine to coarse, light , reddish-yellow sand 9- 56 

Tisbury: 

3. Fine, light, grayish-jrellow sand , 56- 89 

4. Dark, medium, reddish-brown sand ^ 89-115 



DESCKIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 203 

Sankaty: Feet. 

5. Fine gray clay 1L5-185 

Jameco : 

6. Dark, multicolored, very coarse sand (glacial) 185-192 

Elevation of surface, 10.3 feet; average height of water in December, 1901, 17 feet from the surface; in 
November of the same year, 16.2. 

200. Section prepared from samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department, in the muni<;ipal 
building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): 

Record of tent well at Baisley's pumping station. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Yellowish sand and gravel - 21. 5 

2. Fine yellow sand 21. 5- 34 

3. Coarser yellowish sand 34 - 39 

T.»sbury ; 

4. Fine yellowish sand 39 - .58 

5. Gray sand and gravel 58 - 77. 5 

6. Gray sand 77. 5- 97. 5 

7. Yellowish sand and gravel 97. 5-103 

8. Yellowish sand, gravel, and clay - 103 -106 

Sankaty : 

9. Blue clay 106 -139. 5 

10. Blue clay and quicksand 139. 5-156 

Jameco : 

11. Black sand and gravel 156 -166 

12. Black sand 166 -174 

13. Finer black sand _ 174 -200 

Elevation of surface, 6.7 feet; see report of Andrews & Bro., under No. 138. 

Analysis of water from test wdl at Baisley's pumping station. 

[By Brooklyn health department.] 

Parts per million. 

Total solids 167. 50 

Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 58. 12 

Free ammonia .06 

Albuminoid ammonia .02 

Chlorine as chlorides 37. 98 

Chlorine equivalent to sodium chloride 62. 61 

Nitrogen as nitrates 2. 39 

Nitrogen as nitrites .05 

Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (before boiling) 68. 68 

Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (after boiling) 61. 37 



204 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



201 . The following summary of the material penetrated at the Jameco pumping station has been prepared 
from the samples preserved hj the Brooklyn waterworks (see fig. 10): 

Records of wells at Jameco pumping station. 







Cramer. 


i2A 


3A. 


4A. 


IB. 


2B. 


3B. 


4B. 


5B. 


6B. 


8B. 


9B. 


lOB 






No.l. 


No. 2. 




Recent. 


1. Peat and silt. 





to 
5 



to 
5 



to 
5 




to 
5 






•0 
to 
6 






to 
5 

5 

to 
34 




to 

2.5 
2.5 
to 
38? 




to 
2 

2 

to 

37 



to 
4,5 

4.5, 

to. 

80 
80 

(a) 
to 

143 


- 
to 
6 




2. Yellow loam. 



to 
30 









to 
5 



to 
33 


6 

to 
31 



to 
25 




Wisconsin. 


3. Fine to coarse reddish-yellow sand 
and gravel, containing considerable 
material of glacial origin and per- 
haps representing Wisconsin out- 
wash. 


5 

to 
32 


5 

to 
20 


5 

to 
18 


5 

to 
22 


5 

to 
31 


6 

to 
39 


Tisbury. 


i. Very light-yellow to gray sands, gen- 
erally very fine, but occasionally 
containing a few pebbles. Con- 
tains very little material which is 
clearly of glacial origin. 


30 
to 
84 


32 20 
to 1 to 
84 83 


18 
to 
81 


22 
to 
79 


31 
to 
80 


33 
to 
83.5 


31 
to 
86.5 


25 
to 
83 


34 38? 
to to 
87.5; 80 

87. 5 80 

1 
. 1 
(a) i (a) 

to to 
140 144 


37 
to 

78 
78 

(a) 
to 

143 


39 

; to 

84 




5. Dark-gray (" blue ") clay. 


84 
to 
105 


84 
to 
106 


83 

(a) 
to 

141 


81 
to 
138 


79 

(a) 
to 

137 


80 

W 
to 

141 


83.5 

(o) 
to 

141.5 


86.5 

(a) 
to 

141 


83 

(a) 
to 

143 


84 

C) • 

to 


Sankaty. 


6. Fine grayish-yellow silty sand with 
pebbles. 


105 
to 
113 


106 
to 
114 




7. Dark-gray (" blue") clay. 


113 
to 
141 


114 
to 

137 


135 


Jameco. 


8. Dark-brown, highly erratic, multi- 
colored sand and gravel. 


141 
to 
160 


137 
to 
161 


.141 
to 
154 


138 
to 
150 


137 
to 
151 


141 
to 
154 


141.5 

to 
153.5 


141 
to 
155 


143 

to 
157 


140 144 
to to 
153 153 


143 
to 
157 


143 
to 
161 


135 
to 
145 



« stratum 6 absent. 



The 183 shallow-driven wells which originally constituted this station were supplemented by 7 deep 
wells. Data regarding these is presented by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona in the following table: 

Records of deep wells at Jameco puw.ping station. 



No. of 
well. 


Size of 
well. 


Size of 
suction. 


When 
com- 
pleted. 


Depth 
driven. 


Rate of nor- 
mal flow per 24 
hours. 


Yield per 24 

hours, when 

pumped. 


186 
185 
100 

i 


Inches. 
4 
4 
4 
4 
6 
6 
6 


Inches. 
2 
2| 
2i 
2J 
2i 

4i 


1891 
1892 
1892 
1893 
1893 
1893 
1893 


Ft. in. 
165 
163 

150 4 
157 4^ 

151 ih 
154 9 
150 10 


Gallons. 

30, 240 

34, 560 

129, 600 

. 34, 560 

684, 000 

144, 000 

201,600 


Gallons. 
172, 800 
158, 400 
403, 200 
504, 000 
720,000 
432, 000 
864,000 



In 1894 wells No. 100 and' 186 were pulled up, cleaned, and redriven to depths of 157 feet 8 inches and 
160 feet 7 inches, respectively. After being cleaned the normal flow of well No. 100 was 4,320 gallons per 
day, and with a pump it yielded 20,160 gallons; well No. 186 flowed 5,760 gallons per day, which was increased 
to 60,480 gallons by pumping. No. 185 was tested without cleaning, and flowed 20,160 gallons, and with a 
pump yielded 90,000 gallons per day of twenty-four hours. - 



DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 



205 



The results from these wells were so satisfactory that arrangements were made with Messrs. Andrews & 
Bro. to construct additional wells. Four 8-inch wells completed late in 1894 gave the following results: 

Records of Andrews deep wells at Jameco pumping station. 



No. of 
well. 


Thickness of 
sand stratum. 


Thickness of 
clay stratum. 


Length of pipe 
in water-bear- 
ing stratum. 


Normal yield 
per 24 hours. 




Ft. in. 


Ft. in. 


Ft. in. 


Gallons. 


lA 


82 


55 6 


10 4 


201,000 


2A 


83 


59 4 


11 5| 


144, 000 


3A 


81 6 


57 9^ 


11 4 


159, 000 


4A 


78 10 


58 8 


12 7i 


222, 000 



In January, 1895, a test was made of these wells extending over a period of twelve days, during which 
time the wells were run under various combinations, from singly to all four together; the gaging showed 
an average daily delivery of over 1,000,000 gallons when one well was being pumped, and 3,500,000 gallons 
with the four wells connected. During the period of observations the elevation of the underground water 
at the 2-inch test wells, Nos. 8 and 9, at Jameco (each of which was about 140 feet deep), and the deep test 
well at Baisley's station (No. 200), about one-half mile distant, was noted. The lowering of the water at the 
station was approximately 5 feet when 1,000,000 gallons were being pumped, and 10 feet when the delivery 
was 3,500,000 gallons. The greatest lowering shown at Baisley's deep test well was slightly over 4 feet. 
The effect of the rise and the fall of the tide on the level of the ground water could not be taken into account 
at the time in determining the lowering of the water. 

Early in 1895 Mr. C. P. Cramer, of Paterson, N. J., completed a 10-inch well 160 feet deep, which flowed 
150,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. A test of the four 8-inch Andrews wells (Nos. lA, 2A, 3A, and 4A) and 
the 10-inch Cramer well (No. 5A), was made from December 9 to 28, 1895, the wells being run singly and in 
groups of from 2 to 5. Elevations of the deep underground water level were taken at the Jameco test wells 
Nos. 8 and 9, at the 5-inch test wells Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 11, and at Baisley's deep test well. The average 
daily yield per well was approximately 1,000,000 gallons, with nearly a pro rata increase for each well connected, 
making the total yield about 5,000,000 gallons. During the test, lasting twenty days, the total amount 
pumped was 61,239,555 gallons, and when pumping the maximum of 5,000,000 gallons daily the greatest 
lowering, of water at Jameco was slightly over 14 feet. 

The greatest lowering of water in the deep test wells during the above test is given as follows: 

Depth to which water level in neighboring deep test ivells was lowered by pumping at Jameco station, December ^ 

9-28, 1895. 

Feet. 

Jameco test well No. 8 15. 23 

Jameco test well No. 9 - 13. 44 

Baisley's deep test well (200) 8. 86 

Test well No. 1 (202 ) 9. 99 

Test well No. 2 (203 ) 8. 69 

Test well No. 4 (137 ) .31 

Test well No. 5 (141 ) 91 

Test well No. 7 (206 ) - - 1. 53 

Test well No. 11 (212) _ 7. 25 

The locations of these wells are shown on PI. XXIV. 



206 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 



Analyses of waters from wells at Jameco pumping station. 
[By the Brooklyn health department.'a Parts per million.] 





Old 

driven 
wells 
(shal- 
low). 


Old 
driven 

wells 
(deep). 


No. 2A No. 4A 

(An- (An- ' 

drews) . , drews) . 


No. 5A 
(Cramer). 


Number of analyses. 

Total solids 


2 
174.50 


1 
125.00 

20.00 

105.00 

.78 

.15 

4.50 

7.42 

.71 

None. 

92.00 

87.00 


4 
119. 25 


3 

123. 66 


1 

138. 00 


Loss on ignition (organic and 
volatile matter) 


44.50 
130. 00 


15.50 19.33 


Mineral matter 


103.75 104. .^3 10.'^ no 


Free ammonia 

Albuminoid ammonia 

Chlorine as chlorides 

Sodium chloride 


.48 
.14 

32.50 

53.56 
.42 

None. 

50.75 


.77 

.07 

9.37 

15.44 


.61 
.7 
6.66 
10.98 


1.04 

.00 1 

6.00 

9.89 

.00 

None. 

60.50 

60.50 


Nitrogen as nitrates 

Nitrogen as nitrites 

Total hardness 


.31 
None. 
70.00 


.34 
None. 
72. 83 


Permanent haidness 


50.75 


40. 25 69. 16 











a Ann. Rept. Comm. City Works, Brooklyn, 1895, pp. 139, 141. 

A letter from W. D. Andrews & Bro., dated May 8, 1895, gives the following: "In 1890 at Jameco Park 
we, on our own account, sunk test wells 4, 5, and 6 inches in diameter. From veins of water varj'ing in depth 
from 30 to 160 feet the water rose 10 feet above the surface. The natural flow from one 4-inch open-ended 
pipe was 90 gallons per minute. Another 6-inch tube delivered at the ground level 500 gallons per minute 
and rose inside of the tube 11 feet above the surface. During Major Boody's term we made several 6-inch 
wells at Jameco station having an average depth of 1.50 feet and a natural flow at the surface of 120 to 180 
gallons per minute." 

202. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved by the department of water supply, 
municipal building, Brookhm: 

Record of BrooMyn test well No. 1, Brooklyn aqueduct and Cornell Creek. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Light yellowish sands and gravel, glacial". 0- 54 

Tisbury : 

2. Fine, yellowish-gray, " pepper and salt " sand 54- 62 

3. Fine yellowish-white sand _ 62- 75 

4. Grayish white silty sand and gravel (very few glacial pebbles) 75- 89 

Sankaty : 

5. Gray clay 89-142 

Jameco: 

6. Dark multicolored sands and gravel 142-156 

"When the well casing was worked down to the surface of the ground the flow was 30 gallons per 
minute. The normal level of the water in the strata below the clay bed was 0.75 foot above the sur- 
face of the ground." " 

a Ann. Rept. Dept. City Works, Brooklyn, for 1895, 1896, p. 343. 



DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 20,7 

Analysis of water from. Brooklyn test well No. 1, BrooMyn aqueduct and Cornell CreeTc. 

[By Brooklyn health department.] 

Parts per million . 

Total solids ., 124. 00 

Loss on ignition 14. 00 

Free ammonia - 2. 05 

Albuminoid ammonia - . . . — .00 

Chlorine as chlorides - 5. 50 

. Sodium chloride 9. 06 

Nitrogen as nitrates. — .37 

Nitrogen as nitrites - - None. 

Tote.1 hardness 75. 00 

Permanent hardness - 47. 00 

203. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water 
department (see fig. 10): 

Record of BrooMyn test well No. 2, Brooklyn aqueduct and. Rockaway road. . 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Fine to very coarse reddish silty sand- . - 0- 19 

Tisbury : 

2. Fine light, yellowish gray, "pepper and salt " sand 19- 43 

3. Fine, darker, yellowish gray sand; some pebbles near bottom of layer 43- 72 

4. Fine grayish sand 72- 83 

- Sankaty: 

5. Dark-gray silty clay _ 83-140 

6. Very fine, dark-gray, sandy silt 140-154 

Jameco: 

7. Dark multicolored sands and gravels; only a small percentage of quartz (pro- 

nouncedly glacial ) 154-258 

"At a depth of 169 feet the water rose in the well to within 18 inches of the surface. When the pipe 
was down to 239 feet, the top of the pipe being 2.25 feet below the surface of ground, the flow was 5 
gallons per minute." Elevation 7.4 feet, Brooklyn base. 

Analysis of water from Brooklyn test well No. 2, Brooklyn aqueduct and Rockaway road. 

[By Brooklyn health department.] 

Parts per million. 

Total solids 48.00 

Loss on ignition 15. 00 

Free ammonia _ .51 

Albuminoid ammonia .10 

Chlorine as chlorides _ 7. 00 

Sodium chloride — 11. 54 

Nitrogen as nitrates .76 

Nitrogen as nitrites .05 

Total hardness 16. 00 

Permanent hardness 16. 00 

204. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water 
department (see fig. 10): 



208 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 

Record of BrooMyn test well No. 3, BrooMyn aqueduct and New York avenue. 

Wisconsin: • - Feet. 

1 . Reddish yellow silty sand and gravel 0- 9 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: 

2. Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand with pebbles in lower portion (glacial) 9- 45 

Tisbury : 

3. Fine light-yellow sand 45- 86 

Sankaty : 

4. Dark-gray, silty, lead-colored clay , 86-139 

5. Very fine, dark-gray, silty sand 139-158 

6. Medium, dark-gray, silty sand 158-160 

7. Gray clay .•_ 160-201 

Jameco: 

8. Dark, multicolored, silty, fine to coarse sand (glacial) 201-277 

Elevation 9.8 feet, Brooklyn base. 

In addition to the samples preserved in the glass tube a number were found in a can marked "Third, 
5-Inch test well;" they are as follows: "69 feet clay," light-gray silty clay; "72 feet wood," small pieces of 
peat, evidently a swamp deposit; "140 to 158 feet wood," fragments of lignitized driftwood; " 161 to 202 
feet wood," lignitized pieces of driftwood. " No water was found in the strata below the clay bed." 

205. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water 
department (see fig. 10): 

Record of BrooMyn test well No. 8, BrooMyn aqueduct and Farmers avenue. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Reddish yellow fine to coarse sand 0- 27 

Tisbury : 

2. Light, brownish yellow, fine to coarse sand- 27- 59 

3. Fine speckled gray sand .59- 72 

Sankaty: 

4. Gray clay 72-212 

Jameco: 

5. Dark, multicolored, fine to medium, dirty glacial sand (same as 8 in well 204)... 212-260 
Cretaceous: 

6. White micaceous sand 260-293 

Elevation 10 feet, Brooklyn base. / 

The following samples were preserved in can marked "Eighth, 5-inch test well:" "59.7 to 72.3 feet, 
specimens found in gray sand October 7, 1895" — water rolled twigs (only slightly lignitized), water rolled 
pieces of lignite, and large flakes of muscovite; " 258 to 275 feet, specimens found in sharp white sand October 
14, 1895," fragments of lignitized wood; "258 to 275 feet," several small pieces of yellow amber, and a piece 
as large as a pigeon's egg of yellow gum. No water was found in the strata below the clay bed. 

206. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water 
department (see fig. 10): 

Record of BrooMyn test well No. 7, BrooMyn aqueduct, northwest of Springfield pumping station. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Yellow surface loam 0- 3 

2. Light, multicolored, clean, fine to coarse sand 3- 20 

Tisbury: 

3. Clean, reddish yellow, fine to coarse sand 20- 32 

4. Dirty yellowish-white, medium, "pepper and salt" sand 32- 43 

5. Fine to coarse, dark, yellowish gray sand 43- 65 



DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 209 

Sankatj: Feet. 

6. Gray clay ("blue clay") 65- 70 

7. Same as 5 70- 78 

8. Gray clay 78-170 

Jameco: 

9. Reddish yellow multicolored sand and pebbles (glacial) 170-183 

Cretaceous : 

10. Fine to coarse white sand with a few slightly darker quartz pebbles below 183-420 

The following samples are preserved in cans: 

"90 to 95 feet," pieces of gray clay with vegetable matter, apparently marsh or swamp deposit. 

" 88 feet, drilled through something hard for about a foot, presumably a log, as these fragments of 
wood were washed up." "These fragments of wood" prove to be pieces of peat made up of parts of many 
small plants closely compacted. 

" 230 feet," large pebbles of rose quartz, much disintegi-ated felspathic rock, black chert, banded lime- 
stone, ferruginous sandstone, conglomerate, iron pyrite, and lignite. 

"Contained in gravel washed up from a depth of 171 feet" — fragments of soft red Newark sandstone. 

"Pieces of wood washed up from a depth of 196 feet September 6, 1895" — lignitized wood, evidently 
parts of a log. 

As the material in the tube from 183 to 420 is clearly not glacial, the sample fi'om 230 shows some 
disagreement. According to the tube samples the glacial material ended at 182 feet, while according to 
the samples in the cans it extends to at least 230 feet. 

Elevation of surface, 10 feet Brookljm base. "No water was found in the strata below the clay bed." 

2© 7. Record of commission's test well near New Yorlc and Locust avenues, south of Jamaica. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam _ 0. 5- 1.5 

3-9. Outwash gravel 5. 0- 29. 5 

See Table XII. 

20S. Record of commission's test well on Roclcaway road. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1- 2. Yellow surface loam : _ 0.5- 1 

3-10. Outwash gravel with quite a considerable percentage of erratic material 5-31 

See Table XII. 

209. Record of commission's test v.dl, 2 miles south of Dunton. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 - 2. Coarse sandy loam 0- 2 

3- 9. Yellowish-red glacial sand and gravel 2- 35 

10-12. Dark, j^ellowish-gray, fine sand with much biotite 35- 44 

210. Record of commission's well near Morris Parle. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 

1- 2. Yellow surface loam 0- 1 

3- 8. Fine to coarse, grayish-brown, glacial sand 5- 31 

9-12. Dark steel-gray sand (glacial) 31- SO. 5 

211. Record of commission's test well near Jamaica. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1- 3. Filled ground 0- 4 

4-12. Dark-gray fine sand and gravel with much biotite and erratic material 4—41 

13. Small, multicolored, glacial gravel with much erratic material 41- 43 



210 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Tisburj-: Feet. 

14-27. Dark-gray fine to medium sand 43-106 

28-80. Medium to coarse light-yellow sand with a very small percentage of glacial 

material. , 106-111 

Sankaty : 

31-33. Blue sandy clay 111-122 

21i2. The following section has been prepared from the sjamples preserved bj' the Brooklyn water 
department (see fig. 13): 

Record of Brooklyn test well No. 11, near Jamaica. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Fine to coarse light sand with some pebbles ._ 0- 3 

2. Medium reddish-brown sand 3- 7 

3. Same as 1 7-20 

Tisbury : 

4. Fine to coarse reddish-yellow sands (glacial ) 20- 43 

5. Fine, yellowish-gray, speckled sands (glacial ) _ 43- 89 

6. Coarser yellowish gray sand with gravel 89- 95 

Sankaty: 

7. Gray clay 95-189 

Jameco: 

8. Dark multicolored fine to coarse sand (glacial ).. ■. 189-200 

Elevation of surface, 19.2 feet. Between 190 and 198 feet below the surface large quantities of water 
were found. 

213. Mr. C. A. Lockwood has kindly furnished the following record of a deep well put down at the 
pumping station of the Jamaica Water Supply Company (see fig. 13): 

Record of well at 'pumping station of Jamaica Water Supply Company, Jamaica. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: ~ Feet. 

1 . Surface loam - 1.5 

2. Sand and gravel 1.5- 60 

Sankaty: 

3. Blue clay '. 60 -104 

Jameco : 

4. Coarse sand and reddish gravel. 104 -120 

Cretaceous: 

.5. Blue clay like that in stratum 3 120 -140 

6. Coarse sand and gravel lighter in color than preceding 140 -156 

7. Blue clay like that in strata 3 and 5 156 -175 

8. Coarse gray sand 175 -235 

9. "Pretty" red clay 235 -239 

10. Lignite 239 -240 

11. Very coarse, sharp, nearly white sand. 240 - 

12. Pink clay of the consistency of putty, described as very beautiful in 

appearance. 241 

13. Lignite 241 -242 

14. White putty-like clay 242 -243 

15. Beach sand. - 243 -352 

Near this well another well was put down to a depth of 330 feet, when work was discontinued because 
of the great amount of lignite encountered. The first clay bed in the second well was of somewhat less 
thickness than in the first. Clam shells are reported at various depths. The water in this well contains 
considerable quantities of iron. 



DE8CRIPTIVK NOTES ON WELLS. 211 

Other wells at the Jamaica pumping station arc as follows: One 8-foot brick-curb well 57 feet deep; one 
8-inch tile well .TO feet deep ; one 10-inch well 1/50 feet deep. The material above the first layer of clay in these 
wells varies in dilferent localities fi'om sand and gravel to a red or gray sand and in some places to quicksand. 

Mr. Lockwood reports that the ca|)acity of the entire sei'ies of wells is 7,000,000 gallons a day, but that 
only 3,000,000 gallons a day arc actually piunptul during the summer months, and that tlic average foi' the year 
is from 2,27.'i,000 to 2,.')00,()00 gallons a day. The smallest wells at the station are 5 inclies in diameter and 
out of a single one of these 2.50,000 gallons a day is pumped. 

In 1886 if the 10-inch and .'i-inch wells at the station were allowed to remain without- pumj)ing, it took the 
water live seconds to recover its natural level. In 1903 it took four and one-half minutes to recovci'. In the 
interval of seventeen years the water le\'el has been lowered about 1 foot. 

Analysis of well water from pumping station of Jamaica Water Supply Company, Jamaica. 

[By Brooklyn health department, July 31, 1903. Analyst, Uichard J. Roilly, assistant chemist ] 

Parts per million. 

Appearance Clear. 

Color None. 

Odor (heated to 100° F. ) None. 

Sediment 

Chlorine in chlorides 17. 00 

Sodium chloride 28. 01 

Phosphates , None. 

Nitrogen in nitrites None. 

Nitrogen in nitrates 6. 00 

Free ammonia - . 005 

Albuminoid ammonia .01 

Total hardness - - - 83. 4 

Permanent hardness 75. 

Organic and volatile matter (loss on ignition ) 39. 

Mineral matter (nonvolatile) ■. 120. 

Total solids (by evaporation ) 1.59. 

Analysis of well water from pumping station of Jamaica Water Supply Company, Jamaica. 

[By Long Island Railroad Company, May, 1897. | 

Parts per million. 

SiO, 17.1 

AlAandFeA 2. .39 

CaCOs 29. 07 

MgCO., - - 16. 42 

CaSO, 23.77 

MgCl, 14. 71 

NaOl 8.21 

Total solids 111. 67 

214. Record of commission's test well near Jamaica. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Surface, dark sandy loam 

2. Subsoil, reddish-yellow loamy sand 

3-4. Yellow silty sand 5. .5-11 

5-6. Sand and fine gravel 15 -21 . 5 

7-8. Sand bucket sample shows sand with a considerable percentage of fine gravel, 

and a wash sample shows reddish yellow sand 25 -31 



212 UNDEKGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

215. Record of commission's test well near Jamaica. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam - 1 

3-8. Outwash gravel. ' 1 -25. 5 

See Table XII. 

317. Record of commission's test well near Springland. 

Wisconsin. Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam - 1 

3-8. Outwash sand and gravel with much biotite 3 -24. 5 

See Table XII. 

216. Record of commission's test well near Jamaica. 

Wisconsin : , ' Feet. 

1-2. Yellow surface loam 0- 2 

3-5. Outwash material increasing in coarseness with depth 5 -16 

Yellowish sandy clay. _ 19. 5-20 

6-8. Reddish-brown outwash sand and gravel 21 -32 

See Table XIL ■ 

218. Record of commission's test well near Queens. 

Wisconsin and Tisbuiy ? • Feet. 

1-2. Yellow surface loam , 0- 1 

3. Yellow loamy sand - , 5- 5. 5 

4-5. Light, grayish yellow, outwash sand and gravel 10-16 

6. Fine, dark, steel-gray sand (glacial) 20-21 

7-11. Light, grayish yellow, outwash sand and gravel 26-60 

See Table XII. 

2 19 A. This is a small private, high-service system, which draws its water from the mains of the 
Jamaica Water Supply Company and supplies an area of about 195 acres. 

220. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water 
department : 

Record of BrooTclyn test well No. 7, near Hollis. 
Wisconsin: ■ . , Feet. 

1 . Reddish yellow surface loam and loamy sand. 0- 15 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: 

2. Light, reddish yellow, multicolored sands and gravel (glacial) 15- 69 

Tisbury: 

3. Medium-light grayish yellow sand : 69- 77 

4. Light-yellow sand. _ _ 77- 98 

Cretaceous ? : 

5. Very fine, gray, silty clay ("blue clay") 98-103 

Cretaceous : 

6. Reddish yellow sand and gravel, with muscovite. 103-117 

7. Light, yellowish white, medium sands 117-144 

8. Darker yellowish white sands _ 144—157 

9. Light, yellowish white, fine to medium sands ■ 157-217 

10. WMte quartz pebbles 217-224 

11. Fine to coarse, light, yellowish sands 224-294 

12. F ne pink sands , 294-297 

13. Fine reddish yellow sand : 297-302 

14. Dark blue-gray clay. 302-319 

15. Fine gray sand 319-337 

16. Very fine pinkish gray sand 337-348 

17. Very fine olive-gray sand 348-354 

18. Alternate layers of very fine and fine pinkish gray sand 354-369 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 



213 



Cretaceous — Continued. Feet. 

19. Fine light-gray sand 369-401 

20. Medium dark-gray sand : 401-403 

21 . Very fine very dark-gray sand 403-407 

Elevation, 58.6 feet, Brooklyn base. The samples below 
No .7 all have cons derable muscovite and resemble the yellow 
Cretaceous sands of the old Westbuiy section (well No. 430) 
and the Melville section in the West Hills. 

221. Record of commission's test well near WoodhuU Parle. 
Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Yellow surface loam 0- 5. 2 

3. Very fine dark-gray clayey sand 10-11 

4^8. Highly erratic outwash sand and 

gravel. 15-29 

See Table XII. 

222. Record of commission's test well near West Jamaica. 
Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1 . Surface sandy loam _ 0-2 

2-4. Reddish brown fine to coarse glacial 

sand. 2-20 

5-9. Medium gray sand with much biotite . 20-52 

223. The plant of the Montauk Water Company, situated 
at Dunton, consists of eighteen 10-inch tile wells having an 
average depth of 50 feet. The type of the well and the character 
of strata penetrated is shown in the accompanying figure (fig. 63) . 
Mr. C. A. Lockwood gives the following section of a well com- 
pleted by him at this point: 

Record of Montauk Water Company's well at Dunton. 
Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1 . Sandy loam 0-8 

2. Blue clay 8-24 

3. Coarse gray sand and gravel 24-64 

The following analyses were reported by the Long Island Rail- 
road Company, April, 1897, and September, 1901, respectively: 
Analyses of water from Montauk Water Company's well at Dunton. 

Parts per million. 

SiO, - 19. 15 

AI263 and Fe.Oa 51 

CaCOs - . . . 42. 07 

MgCOa - 23. 08 

CaSO, 10. 09 




MgSO,- 
MgCl... 

NaCl... 



.51 

14.19 

4.96 

114.56 



Fig. 63.— Type of well used at the Montauk 
waterworks plant at Dunton, N. Y. 



SiO,„ etc. 20. 35 

CaCOj - 54. 55 

MgCOs - - - - 25. 65 

CaSO,-. 13.00 

MgSO, --- 7.69 

MgCl^ - - 16. 42 

NaCl - 13. 00 

150. 66 
An excellent boiler water, but forms some scale. 



214 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Analysis of water from MoniauJc Water Company's well at Dunton. 

[Analyst, H. B. Hodges.] 

Parts per million 

Silica oxide of iron and alumina - 11. 97 

Carbonates of lime and magnesia 77. 98 

Sulphate of lime and magnesia ^ 22. 06 

Chlorides 39. 50 

Soluble sulphates 51. 98 

Total sohds.. 203.49 , 

224. Record of commission's test well near Willow Glen. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Humus-stained clay - 0. 0- 0. 5 

2. Reddish yellow clay _ 7-1 

3-4. Very fine, reddish-yellow, clayey sand 7 -14 

5-6. Very fine, dark-gray, glacial sand 19 -25 

225. The average section at this point is reported as follows : 

Record of wells of Citizens' Water Supply Company at head of Flushing Creek 

Wisconsin and Tisbury ? : Feet. 

1. Bluish clay and stones _ , 0-18 

2. Coarse brown sand and gravel 18-45 

3. Fine brown sand 45- 

Water below 50 feet is poor. 

226. Mr. Edgar L. Wakeman, proprietor of the Deep Glen Spring, reports that in 1903 between 2,000 

and 2,500 gallons of this spring water were placed on the market every week, having a value of from $200 to 

$250. 

Analysis of water of. Deep Glen Spring, near Flushing. 

Parts per million. 

Sodium chloride _ 26. 3940 

Sodium bromide 0360 

Sodium iodate : - 0051 

Sodium and potassium sulphate 2. 8272 

Sodium carbonate 6. 5040 

Strontium carbonate _ . 0022 

Calcium , _ 1. 5851 

Magnesium - 5147 

Iron 0955 

Silica. 7517 

Organic and volatile matter Trace. 

227. Record of commission's test well north of Jamaica. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Black, humus-stained, gravelly loam 0- 0. 5 

2. Yellow gravelly loam. , 1- 1.5 

3-4. Reddish yellow clayey sand _ 5-11 

5-8. Dark, grayish brown, fine to medium sand _ 15-31 

9-11. Dark, multicolored, glacial sand and gravel 35-46 

22§. Record of well between Queens and Bayside. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 

1. Loam and loamy clay 0-50 

2. Sand and gravel - - 50-86 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 215 

229. Record of commission's test well near Flushing. 

Wisconsin: pect. 

1-8. Yellowish gray sand of probable outwash origin 0-31 

9. Yellowish gray sand with small percentage of clay 34-35 

See Table XII. 

230. This well flows 12 or 14 inches above the top of the ground. It is just below the dam of the ice 
pond, and Mr. Sweeney believes that this is po.s.sibly responsible for the head. 

Record of ivell of Casino Lake Ice Company at Casino Lake, near FhisMmj. 

Feet. 

1 . Black mud 0-5 

2. Compact mixture of sand and gravel .5-13 

3. Clean coarse red sand ' 13-35 

4. Pure-white quartz gravel 35-40 

231. This is the old College Point municipal plant, which was built in 1874-75 at the Kassena spring 
south of Flushing." It has now been decided to replace or supplement the spring supply by driven wells. 

The following sections of 3 test wells are reported by Mr. C. D. Corwin: 

Record of test vjell No. 1 , Fresh Mea/low pimping station, south of Flushing. 

Feet. 

1. Black silty mud ■. 0. 0- 2. 6 

2. Yellow clay with stones 2. 6- 5 

3. Sand and gravel 5 -10 

4. Yellow sand 10 -12 

5. Medium gray sand 12 -24 

6. Fine yellow sand ' 24 -26 

7. Yellow medium sand with water 26 -40 

8. Coarse yellow sand 40 -.55 

9. Yellow and white clay and fine sand 55 -65 

10. Yellow clay and fine sand 65 -75 

1 1 . Fine white sand ; flowed slightly 75 -80 

At 49 feet flowed lA gallons per minute 24 inches above ground. Brook is 9 inches higher than pond. 
Temperature of water of well, 56°; of pond, 44°. 

Mr. Corwin has furnished the following samples from, this well: 

Record of test well No. 1 , Fresh Meadow pumping station, south of Flushing. 

Wisconsin or Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Clean, orange-colored, quartz sand and small gravel, with considerable percentage 

of glacial material 49 

Mannetto or Cretaceous: 

2-3. Very coarse orange sand and small gravel ; quartz with a small percentage of 

decayed white chert, which suggests Cretaceous or Mannetto .50-.57 

Cretaceous ? : 

4. Medium white quartz sand, with much nmscovite .57-85 

Record of test v)ell No. 2, Fresh Mexidow pumping station, south of Flushing. 

Feet. 

1 . Black silty mud 0. 0- 2. 6 

2. Yellow clay with stones 2. 6- 5 

3. Sand and graVel 5 -10 

4. Yellow sand 10 -12 

5. Medium gray sand 12 -24 

6. Fine yellow sand 24 -26 

7. Medium yellow sand, water-bearing 26 -55 

8. Coarse yellow and white sand, mixed 55 -57 

9. White sand and clay 57 -80 

" Fire and Water Engineering, vol. 23, 1898, p. 91. 



216 UNDEKGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Record of test well No. 3, Fresh Meadow jumping station, south of Flushing. 

Feet. 

1. Gray sand with stones 4- 9 

2. Hardpan ; clay and stones 9-20 

3. Medium sand witli little water 20-28 

4. Medium dark sand _ 28-35 

5. Medium gray sand with water 35-40 

6. Medium sand, darker. ." 40-55 

232. Record of commission's test well near Flushing. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam ., 0- 3. 5 

3-7. Yellow silty sand and bowlders ^ . 5-26 

8-9. Fine sand to small gravel, dark, multicolored 30-33 

233. Record of commission's test well near Broadway. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Yellow sandy loam 0- 6 

4. Fine, dark yellowish, clayey, silty sand _ 10-11- 

5-6. Dark multicolored sand and gravel; large percentage of erratics .- .. 14-20- 

7-11. Dark, 5'ellowisli brown, fine to medium sand with considerable mica 21-40 

234. Record of commission's test well at Queens avenue and Rocky Rill road- 
Wisconsin: . Feet. 

1-2. Dark loamy sand and gravel 0- 1.5 

3-8. Glacial sand and gravel with a very large percentage of fresh glacial material. . 5-30 
Wisconsin and Tisbury : 

9. Dark, reddish brown, fine to coarse micaceous sand (apparently glacial) 33-34 

Tisbury : 

10-11. Fine to coarse yellow sand (glacial) 37-41 

235. Record of commission's test well near Auburndale. 

Wisconsin: ' Feet. 

1-3. Yellow loamy sand 0- 6 

4-8. Dark yellowish brown sand and gravel of glacial origin 10-27 

9. Dark silty sand formed from drilling in rock 28-28. 5 

10-11. Multicolored, glacial, gravel till 30-38 

See Table XII. 

236. Record of commission's test well near Bayside. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Yellowish brown surface loam 0. 5- 1 

2-3. Reddish loamy sand 2- 6 

4. Yellowish brown silt to fine gravel (glacial )- 10-11 

5. Yellowish clayey sand 15-16 

6. Black clayey sand 17-18 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: 

7-14. Dark reddish brown sand and gravel (pronouncedly glacial) 19-55 

Tisbury: 

15. Light, reddish yellow, medium sand 56-57 

16. Grayish white sand and gravel with a very small percentage of glacial material. . 60-61 
. Cretaceous ? 

17. Medium grayish yellow sand with muscovite (probably not glacial) 63-64 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 217 
237. Record of commission's test well near Bayside. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Yellow sandy clay 0- 2 

3-4. Yellow clayey sand with some pebbles 3- 5. 5 

5-6. Dark clayey sand 10-18 

7-10. Mottled sand and gravel (pronouncedly glacial ) 20-29. 5 

11. Multicolored sand and gravel similar to that found below the blue clay on the 

- south shore 35-36 



Test well No. 9. 



Test well No. 8.^^'' -^ 

Test well No. 7 y'^^ ^ ^ 



,-^Tcst well No.6 y'<<^ ^ ,.«,^ 

■^ / iy .v^ 




"Test well No. 2 




Test well No. 3 



y 



TttiX woH No. 5 



.Tost/well No. 4 



Scale 
100 200 300 400 500 feet 



Fig. 64. — Sketch map showing location of test borings at Bayside pumping station. 

12-13. Dark yellowish clayey sand (glacial ) 40-46 

14-16. Dark, multicolored, fine to coarse sand (glacial) 49-65 

Tisbury : 

17. Fine to coarse yellow sand with very little glacial material 65-66 

Tisbury?: 

18. Yellow sand and small gravel with many fragments of ferruginous concretions.. 70-71 

17116— No. 44—06 15 



218 UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

33S. The 21 wells which now supply the Bayside pumping station are all finished in glacial sand and 
gravel of Wisconsin or Tisbury age. The engineer at the station reports that the wells will begin flowing 
about five hours after pumping is stopped. Ten test wells were put down several yeai's ago around the edge 
of Oakland Lake just above the pumping station; the material penetrated is shown in the following table, 
which was prepared from the samples by Mr. Alexander S. Farmer. The location of the wells is shown on 
the accompanying sketch map, fig. 64. 

Description af samples from test iorings at Bayside pumping station. 
[By Alexander S. Fanner.] 



Test 

boring 

No. 



Composition ot soil at a deptb of- 



5 feet. 



10 feet. 



15 feet. 



20 feet. 



10 



Sand, Ijrown, mixed with 
black; fine quartz grains. 



Sand, brown, mixed with 
black; coarse and fine 
quartz grains. 

Sand, brown; coarse grains 
fs to J inch in diameter in 
a matrix of finer quartz 
grains: porphyritio in 
ohf aeter. Water bear- 
ing? 

Sand, brown; coarse grains 
in finer matrix. 

Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains in finer matrix; 
porphyritic in character. 



Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains. Water beaiing? 



Sand, brown: coarse grains 
containing some mica; 
homogeneous in charac- 
ter. 

Sand, light brown: coarse 
grains in finer matrix. 

Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains,. ^g to ■i'g inch diam- 
eter,uinnermatrlx; mica 
present; porphyritic 
character. Water bear- 
ing? 

Sand, buff colored: fine 
grains approaching clay 
in composition. 



Sand, brownish white, 
mixed with black; coarse 
and fine quartz grains. 



Sand, brown, mixed with 
black; coarse and fine 
quartz grains. 

Sand, brown; coarse quartz 
grains ^^ tc | inch in di- 
ameter in a matrix of 
finer grains: porphyritic 
in character. Water 
bearing? 

Sand, bro\vn: coarse grains 
in finer matrix. 

Sand, light bromi; coarse 
grains in finer matrix; 
porphyritic in character. 



Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains, j\ to i iuch diam- 
eter, mixed with finer 
ones; poiphyritic charac- 
ter. Water bearing? 

Sand, light brown: con- 
tains some black: very 
finegrains: micaprese-nt; 
homogeneous in charac- 
ter. 

Sand, light brown: coarse 
grains in finer matrix. 
Water bearing? 

Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains, j'^ to ^ inch diam- 
eter, in finer matrix; mica 
present: porphyritic 
character. Water bear- 
ing? 

Sand, buff colored: fine 
grains approaching clay 
in composition. 



Sand, brownish white, 
mixed with a little black; 
coarse grains, homogene- 
ous in character. Water 
beai-ing? 

Sand, white with brownish 
tinge; very fine quartz 
grains, homogeneous in 
character. 

Sand, light brosvn; fine 
quartz gi'ains mixed with 
some coarse ones. 



Clay, white". 



Small gravel J to J inch in 
diameter, cemented in 
brownish- white clay ma- 
trix; porphyritic struc- 
ture. 

Sand, light brown: coarse 
gi'ains, yig to i inch diam- 
eter, . mixed with finer 
ones; porphyritic charac- 
ter. Water hearing? 

Sand, light brown: coarse 
grains in finer matrix; 
mica present; porphyritic 
in character. Water 

" beajing? 

Sand, light brown: coarse 
grains in finer matrix. 
Water hearing? 

Sand, light brown: coarse 
grains, ^\ to -^ inch diam- 
eter, in finer matrix ; mica 
present; porphyritic 
character. Watei' hear- 
ing? 

Sand, light brown; fine 
grains, homogeneous in 
character. 



Sand, white with brown- 
ish tinge: fine quartz 
gi'ains, homogeneous in 
character. 

Sand, white with brown- 
ish tinge; very fine 
quartz grains, homoge- 
neous in character." 

Sand, Ught brown; "fine 
quartz grains mixed 
"With some coari;e ones. 



Clay, white. 

Sand, cemented in slate- 
colored clay matrix. 



Sand, light bro"wn: coarse 
grains, Jg to -J- inch diam- 
eter, mixed with finer 
ones; porphyritic char- 
acter. Water bearing? 

Sand, light brown; fine 
grains; mica present; 
homogeneous in charac- 
ter. 

Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains in finer matrix. 
Water bearing? 

Sand, light brown: fine 
grains, homogeneous in 
character. 



Do. 



Test 

boring 

No. 




Composition of soil at a depth of— 




2.5 feet. 


30 feet. 


35 feet. 


40 feet. 


1 
- 2 


Sand, white with brownish 
tinge; very fine quartz 
grains, homogeneous in 
character. 

Sand, white with brownish 
tinge; fine quartz grains, 
homogeneous in charac- 
ter. 


Sand, almost white: very 
fine quartz grains, homo- 
geneous in character. 

iSand, brownish white; 
coarse quartz grains, ' 
homogeneous in charac- 
ter. Water hearing? 


Sand, almost white; very 
fine quartz grains, homo- 
geneous in character. 

Sand, brownish white; 
coarse and fine quartz 
grains. 


Sand, white "with brown- 
ish tinge; coarse quartz 
gi-ains, J to t»; inch in 
diameter, mixed with 
coarse and fine grains; 
porphyritic in charac- 
ter. Water bearing? 

Sand, hght brown; very 
fine quartz grains, ho- 
mogeneous in character. 



DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 



219 



Description of samples from test borings at Bayside pumping station — Continued. 



Composition of soil at a depth of- 



25 feet. 



Sand, light brown; very 
fine quartz grains, homo- 
geneous in character. 



4 I Sand, light brown; very 
fine grains, homogeneous 
in character. 



Sand, cemented in slate- 
colored clay matrix. 



Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains, ^'^ to \ inch diam- 
eter, mLxed with finer 
ones; poi-phyritic charac- 
ter. Water bearing? 

Grains averaging j',. inch in 
diameter, cemented to 
some extent in grayish- 
white clay matrix. 

Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains in finer matrix. 
Water bearing? 

Sand, light brown; fine 
grains, homogeneous in 
character. 



Sand, blackish brown; 
coarse grains, homogene- 
ous in character. Water 
bearing? 



30 feet. 



Sand, brown ; coarse quartz 
grains, homogeneous in 
character. Water bear- 
ing? 

Sand, very light brown; 
very fine grains, homo- 
geneous in character. 



Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains, homogeneous in 
character. Water bear- 
ing? 

Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains, -f^ to \ inch diam- 
eter, mixed with finer 
ones; porphyritic in char- 
acter. Water bearing? 

Clay, grayish white 



Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains in finer matrix. 
Water bearing? 

Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains, ^ inch diameter, 
in finer matrix. Water 
bearing? 

Sand, white; very fine 
grains containing coarse 
ones; resembles sea sand. 



35 feet. 



Gravel, brown; grains aver- 
a-ginig 1^ inch in diameter, 
homogeneous in charac- 
ter. Water bearing? 

Gravel, light brown; grains 
averaging jV ™ol^ in di- 
ameter, homogeneous in 
character. Water bear- 
mg? 

Sand, brownish white; 
very fine grains; resem- 
bles sea sand; homogene- 
ous in character. 

Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains, I'g to J inch diam- 
eter, mixed with finer 
ones; poi-phyritic in char- 
acter Water bearing? 

Sand, light brown; fine 
grains, homogeneous in 
character. 

Sand, light colored; very 
fine grains approaching 
clay in composition. 

Sand, gray ; large grains, J 
inch diameter, in finer 
matrix; porphyritic in 
character. Water bear- 
mg? 

Sand, light brown: coarse 
grains in finer matrix. 



40 feet. 



Sand, light brown;- very 
fine grains mixed with 
coarse ones. 

Sand, light brown; fine 
grains mixed with coarse 
ones. 



Sand, Ught 'brown; very 
fine grains, homogene- 
ous in character. 



Sand, light brown; fine 
grains mixed with coarse 
ones. 



Sand, light brown; fine 
grains, homogeneous in 
character. 



Sand, light colored; very 
fine grains, homogene- 
ous in character. 

Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains in finer matrix. 
Water beaiing? 



Sand, Ught brown; fine 
grains, homogeneous in 
character. 



Test 

boring 

No. 



Composition of soil at a depth of- 



45 feet. 



50 feet. 



55 feet. 



60 feet. 



Sand, brownish whixe ; 
coarse, differentiating to 
fine quartz grains. Wa- 
ter bearing? 

Sand, light brown; very 
fine quartz grains, homo- 
geneous in character. 

Sand, light brown; very 
fine grains mixed with 
coarse ones. 

Clay, yellowish white 

Sand, light brown; very 
fine gi-ains, homogeneous 
in character. 

Sand, light brown; fine 
grains mixed with coarse 
ones. 

Sand, light brown; fine 
grains, homogeneous in 
character. 

Sand, almost white; resem- 
bles sea sand; miichmica 
present. 

Sand, light bro\^'n; coarse 
gi'ains in finer matrix. 
Water bearing' 

Sand, light brown; fine 
grains, homogeneous in 

character. 



Sand, brownish white ; 
coarse quartz grains, 
homogeneous in charac- 
ter. Water bearing? 

Sand, light , bro\vn ; very 
fine quartz grains, homo- 
geneous in character. 

Sand, light bro^^Ti; very 
fine grains mixed with 
coarse ones. 

Clay, yellowish white 



Clay, yellowish white. 



Sand, light brown; very 
fine grains, homogeneous 
in character. 

Sand, hght brown; fine 
grains mixed with coarse 
ones. 

Clay, grayish wliite 



Sand, grayish white; very 
fine grains; on the border 
line between clay and 
sand. 

Sand, light colored; fine 
grains containing some 
coarse ones. 



Sand, light brown; very 
fine quartz grains, homo- 
geneous In character. 

Sand, light brown; coarse 
grains in finer matrix. 

Clay, yellowish white 

Sand, light brown; fine 
grains mixed with coarse 
ones. 

do 

Clay, light drab 

do 



Sand, grayish white; al- 
most clay; impalpable 
character. 



Clay, grayish white j Clay, grayish white- 



Clay, yellowish white. 



Sand, light brown; very 
fine quartz grains, ho- 
mogeneous in character. 

Sand, very light brown; 
fine grains mixed with 
coarse ones. 

Clay, yellowish white. 

Sand, Ught brown; fine' 
grains mixed with, 
coarse ones. 

Do. 



Clay, Ught drab. 
Do. 



Sand, grayish white; al- 
most clay; impalpable 
character. 

Clay, grayish white. 



220 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

239. The following section has been prepared by Mr. Alexander S. Farmer: 

Record of well at pumping station No. 1, Whitestone. 

Wisconsin and Tisbur}': Feet. 

1. Water-bearing sand and gravel ; 0-25 

Sankaty: 

2. Blue clay 25-45 

Jameco: 

3. Water-bearing glacial sand and gravel 45-95 

Cretaceous ? : 

4. Clay 95- 

240. This well was driven in the bay 100 feet from the shore; at high tide it is covered with from 12 
to 14 feet of water. 

Record of well of McWilliams Coal Company near Whifestorte Landimj. 
Recent: Feet. 

1. River mud 0- 6 

Cretaceous: 

2. Blue, white, and red clay, arranged in alternate layers, but containing no sand 

or gravel . 6-175 

241. Four test wells were put down to depths ranging from 90 to 120 feet; in all of them the water was 
found to be brackish, and the wells were abandoned. The tops of the wells are about 15 feet above high tide 
level, and the water in them fluctuates with the tide, to an amount thought b}' the driller to be almost 
equal to that in the bay; they are situated about 400 feet from the water's edge. 

Record of railroad wells near Whitestone Landing. 
Recent: Feet. 

1. Coarse, sandy, marsh material and " muck " . 0- 15 

Tisbury: 

2. White beach sand 15- 60 

Sankaty : 

3. Clay 60-85 

Jameco : 

4. Coarse varicolored gravel ." 85-120 

242. This was formerly a private plant from which the water was pumped into a ground reservoir on 
the hill behind it. It was later acquired by the city, and is now used only as a reserve station. 

243. Stottholf Brothers report the following section for this well; 

Record of W . W. Cole's well near Whitestone. 

Feet. 

1. Dug well 0-16 

Sankaty 1 : 

2. Clay. _ 16-56 

Sankaty? and Jameco?: 

3. Quicksand 56-70 

Jameco: 

4. Medium, coarse, water-bearing gravel 70-96 

244. No definite information has been obtained regarding the deep well at this point, other than that 
it is about 500 feet deep. The depth to bed rock, which is an interesting point, because this well is in the 
line of the old Sound River Valley, is likewise not obtainable. It was reported from one source as being 
about 10 feet above sea level, but Maj. Edward Burr, of the Corps of Engineers, reports that the excavations 
at this point have not sho^vn rock at such a height. 



DBSCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 221 

246. Record of H. B. Gilbert's well near Great Neck, Elm Point. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Yellow clay with, bowlders 0- 12 

Tisbury: 

2. Gray sand 12-24 

3. Rusty gravel 24- 56 

Tisbury?: 

4. Fine canary-colored sand 56- 66 

5. No record 66-103 

6. Coarse sand and gravel, water bearing . . 103-1 14 

A near-by dug well encountered water at 26 feet, evidently in layer No. 3. This dug well goes dry 
in dry seasons. 

247. Record of J . E. Martin's well near Great Neck, Elm Point. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Yellow clay with bowlders _ .. 0-22 

2. Hardpan clay with small cobbles 22-30 

Tisbury: 

3. Gray sand, passing below into gravel about the size of sheUed corn 30-67 

249. Mr. J. H. Herbert has kindly furni-shed the following samples from this well: 

Record of H. B. Gilbert's well near Great Neck, Elm Point. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Red sandy clay (glacial ) _ 6-1 1 

Cretaceous: 

3. Fine white sand with hgnite 13 

4. Very fine, white, sandy clay 17 

5. Fine gray sand and lignite 19-24 

6. Gray laminated clay 60 

The well was abandoned at this point and a new well (248) sunk at a distance of about 300 yards, 

where a good supplj^ was obtained in glacial gravel. 

251. The driller reports a dry hole at 65 feet, and water at 66. The well is about 6 feet above high tide 
n(}ar the beach, and it is stated that a float placed in this well did not fluctuate with the tide. 

Record of H. C. Childs's well near Hewlett Point. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Surface loamj' sand 0-3 

Wisconsin and Cretaceous?: 

2. Gray sand. 3-26 

Cretaceous i : 

3. Blue clay 26-29 

4. Quicksand , 29-35 

5. Coarse gray sand, dry 35-65 

6. Clay 65-65. 5 

7. Gravel with water 65. 5-66 

252. ]\lr. Herbert reports having sunk a 6-inch pipe 40 feet in the bottom of a 52-foot dug well; he then 
encountered hard rock (probably a bowlder) and discontinued the work. The material penetrated was 
all quicksand and gray beach sand. 

254. It is stated that Mr. GrifBn had 17 wells put down at his place without success; one on the edge 
of the beach, about 200 yards north of well No. 251, is reported to have been 90 feet deep and to have 
found no water. The well completed by Mr. Herbert furnishes a good supply of water. The material 
encountered in this well is as follows: 



222 UNDEEGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, 

Record of C. L. Griflin's -well near Hewlett Point. 

Feet. 

1. Top soil - : - -- 0-3 

2. Blue clay -. 3-26 

4. Quicksand 26- 

5. Light-graj' hardpan 

6. Gray gravel -68 

255. Record ofW. H. Arnold's well near Hewlett Point. 

Feet. 

1. Hard dark-colored earth 0-16 

2. Yellow sandy clay. . _ ...,_. ... 16-28 . 

3. Blue clay with sand 28- 

4. Gray sand -132 

5. Blue clay 132-150 

6. Gray gravel. 150-159 

256. Stotthoff Brothers, in letter dated April 30, 1903, report the following: " The well is 512 feet deep, 
and 8 inches in diameter; the first 90 feet light gray sand with coarse seams, 5 to 20 feet apart, and from 
6 inches to 2 feet thick; there being enough clay to hold the sand so that it would hold itself while driving 
the pipe; the next 140 feet fine gray sand and quicksand very fine and uniform to top of rock; no water. 
Rock from 230 to 512 feet, soft gray granite and mica veins, same character as is found throughout 
Westchester County, N. Y." 

257. Record of Mrs. M. E. Scott's well at Hewlett Point. 

Feet. 

1. Dug well 0-38 

2. Stony clay .... 38-68 

3. Blue clay and quicksand 68-164 

The well was abandoned at 164 feet. 

25S. Record of G. B. Wilson's well near Hewlett Point. 

Feet. 

1. Dug well (fresh water, shghtly hard) 0-14 

2. Beach sand .- 14-20 

3. Light-colored clay with stone 20-30 

4. Quicksand 30-32 

5. Stony clay 32-36 

6. Coarse gray sand containing salt water at 46 feet, and brackish water at 59 feet . 36-59 

7. Alternate layers of sand and clay 59-63 

8. Yellowish sand 63-65 

9. Blue clay 65- 

10. Fine yeliow and grayish sand -103 

11. Hardpan. 103-105 

12. Yellow gravel with fresh water 105-108 

259. Record, of well of Lawrence Beach Bathing Association, at Lawrence Beach. 

Recent to Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sand 0-25 

Sankaty : 

2. Clay 25-55 

Jameco : 

3. Gravel 55-62 

260. Record of John Lawrence's well, on Isle of Wigh', New Yorl\ 

Recent and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Fine beach sand and clay mixed 0-20 

2. Sand and gravel 20-40 

Sankaty : 

3. Sand and clay 40-100 

The well was completed at 30 feet, this being the best gravel layer encountered. 



DESOKIPTIVE KOTES ON WELLS. 



223 



261. Mr. Gilbert Baldwin, who was in charge of the sinking of this well, gives the following record: 



Record of D. D. Lord's well near Lawrence. 
Tisbury : 

1. Fine sand _ . 

Sankaty : 

2. Clay, containing few small stones 

3. Sand, containing shells, like clam and oyster shells _ 

Jameco : 

4. Coarse sand changing to gravel. ,_ 

The contractor, Mr. Jesse Conklin, under date of April 25, 1895, 

gives the following data: "At Lawrence I drove a 6-inch well 107 
feet ; I struck water at 5 feet ; drove 25 feet in water and got a good 
supply; struck blue clay at 30 feet; drove 25 feet tkrough it and 
struck fine sand and some oyster shells, continuing 30 feet; at 90 
feet I struck white gravel, drove 17 feet in this and got an un- 
limited supply of water." 



Feet. 
0-31 

35-50 

50-70 

70-100 



Feet. 
0-40 



• B 



• D 



• E 



Scale 



lao 200 feet 



262. Record of A. W. Hart's well near Lawrence. 

Tisbury : 

1. Yellow sand and gravel 

Sankaty and Jameco: 

2. Grayish clay, no pebbles - . . 40-60 

3. Coarse white sand mixed with a little clay 

(some oyster shells found in this sand ) . 60-70 

263. Mr. Edward Man gives the following data regarding this 
well: "At a depth of 416 feet I struck a plentiful supply of bright 
clear water, which, however, was exceedingly salt. It contained 
quite a large amount of iron, and had a slight odor of sulphureted 
hydrogen. In my opinion this water contained considerably more 
salt than the ocean itself . The water rose in the pipe to within 
about 15 feet of the surface. 

" In driving the well I encountered a water-bearing layer at 
about 40 feet and another at about 150 feet; these I should judge 
to have been about 3 feet in thickness. The first layer yielded a 
bright, clear, fresh water, pleasant to the taste, and apparently free 
from any iron, but was unfortunately found, after being used for 
several years, to be 'contaminated with sewage to a marked 
degree,' according to the report of Mr. Vulte, Professor Chandler's assistant at Columbia College. 

"At 150 feet there was another water-bearing layer, which yielded a plentiful supply of bright clear 
water, but as soon as the water was exposed to the air, the iron in it seemed to be chemically changed by 
the light and air and the water became quite brown, so that it could not be used for washing. This water 
when filtered through a Gate City stone filter was entirely free from any appearance or taste of iron, so 
that I think the iron in it was not in solution but in suspension." 

This is the well reported by Darton as "Lawrence: Depth 205 feet; capacity 35 gallons: water layer 
at 40 feet." It has since been deepened. 

265. Mr. Walsh reports that in the vicinity of Cedarhurst he usually encounters streaks of hard pan 6 
inches thick at 22 or 25 feet below the surface. The hard pan is described as a mixture of brown claj^ and 
coarse gravel, packed closely together and cemented with iron. 



• C 



Pumping Station 

I of Queens County 

Water Company 




oF 



Fig. 65.— Sketch map giving locations ol 
wells of the Queens County Water Com- 
pany shown in fig. 66. 



224 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Record of Judge Diver's well near Cedarhurst. 

Feet. 

1. Sandy loam 0-3 

2. Sand similar to that elsewhere on the Rockaway Ridge '. 3-25 

3. Coarse sand and gravel 25-35 

266. Record of Dr. Anderson's well near Cedarhurst. 

Tisbury: ■ Feet. 

1. Yellow sand 0-42 

2. Gravel 42- 

267. Record of Louis Touscher's well near Cedarhurst. 

Tisbury: . Feet. 

1 . Fine white sand - 0-37 

2. Gravel 37- 

26§. Record of Samuel Brower's well near Brewer Point. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sand : 0-17 

2. Quicksand; very fine 17-27 ~ 

3. Sand and gravel ; coarseness increasing with depth _ 27-35 

272. Mr. Jaegle reports that the marsh deposits in this well were about 10 feet thick, below which there 
was 15 feet of fine dark-colored sand, the remainder of the well being through an alternation of lead-colored 
sand and clays. A small flow was obtained at 150 feet; at 228 feet a coarse gravel was encountered, from 
which a good supply of pure water was obtained, flowing 3 feet above the surface of the meadow. A sample 
of the water-bearing sand from a depth of 228 feet, presented by Mr. Jaegle, is composed of small white quartz 
pebbles, with a very considerable percentage of erratic material. 

273. Mr. Charles R. Bettes, chief engineer, reports that there were in use at this station in the summer 
of 1903 thirty-two 4- and 5- inch wells 33 feet deep and nineteen 6-inch wells 150 to 190 feet deep. The 
average daily pumping in 1902 was 1,634,000 gallons, the minimum 850,000 gallons, and the maximum 
4,500,000 gallons. One of the new 6-inch test wells completed in 1903 tested 800,000 gallons per day. The 
water is pumped from the wells to a filter which removes the excess of iron, and is then pumped into mains. 

Samples obtained from one of the 6-inch wells drilled during the summer of 1903 show the following 
section : 

Record of well at Queens County pumping station. 
Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Gray silty sand and gravel, with a large percentage of biotite 6- 10 

Tisbury: 

2-3. White to hght-yellow quartz sand and gravel, with only a small percentage of 

glacial material . 10- 32 

Sankaty ? : 

4. Blue gravelly clay 33- 35 

5. Dirty-gray sand and gravel 35- 54 

Sankaty: 

6. Blue clay 54-76 

7-10. Fine, gray, pepper-and-salt sand, composed of a mixture of white quartz and 

green sand, weathering to a reddish yellow . 76- 95 

Sankaty and Jameco: 

11-12. Light yellowish white sand and gravel; no greensand 95-100 

13. Lignite 110 

14. Fine pepper-and-salt sand, composed of mixture of white quartz and greensand, 

containing a little gray clay. 115 



DESCKIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 



225 



Wells- 



-3.70' 



Sand 

and 

grave! 



-56.30 



Blue 
clay 

■76.30' 

Black 
sand 

-92.30' 



Gravel 
and 
sand 

_1H.30' 

Black 

sand 
-116.30' 
Reddish 

sand 
-124.30 

Coarse 
sand 

-138.30' 
Gravel 

and 

sand 
-148.30' 



-1-2.90 



Red 
sand 



-28.10 
Sand 
and 
gravel 
-39.10 

Slack 
sand 

-51. lO' 



Blue 
clay 



-84.10 

Black 
sand 

-97.10' 

Reddish 
sand 

-1 10.10' 

Coarse 
white 
sand 

-126.10' 



Sand 
and 
gravel 



-155.10 



^ M.90' _°,,,> 



Red 
sand 



■25.10 



White 
sand 



-59.10 



Blue 
clay 



-82.10 



Black 
sand 



■ 110.10 



White 
sand 
and 

gravel 



-156.10 



Red sand 
6.30' 



White 
sand 
and 

gravel 



-32.30 



Black 
sand 



■47.30 



Blue 
clay 



-84.30 



Black 
sand 



-110.30 



Red 
sand 



-126.30 

Gravel 
and 
sand 

J-144.30' 






Red sand 
5.60' 



White 
sand 



-27.60 

Clay and 

gravel 

-30.60' 

Sharp 
red 
sand 



■1-2.40' 



•50.60 



Blue 
clay 



-90.60 

Tine 
dark 
sand 

-1 I 1 .6O' 



Gravel 



-146.60 



Far Rockaway 
s'l'n'd '"*^'=*i 1= ' *°°* 
-8 00' f^'gl^s' ■'^'2" 
average at 
Valley Stream) 

Light 
sand 



28.00 

Clay and gravel 

-31.00' 
Clean 
sharp 
sand 



2.00' 

Datum M.H.T.at 



-47.00 

Hard compact 
gravel 

-64.00' 



Blue 
clay 



-95.00 



Black 
sand 



^-1 12.00 



Sand 

and 

gravel 



-138.00 



Peat 

^^-171. 10' 

Sand and gravel 
^-1 78.10' 

Fig. 66.— Sections oJ wells oi the Queens County Water Company, by Charles R. Bettes, chief engineer. (For locations of 

wells see fig. 05.) 



226 UNDEEGBOtJND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Jameco: Feet. 

15-19. Light-colored, coarse sand and gravel containing a considerable percentage 

of erratic material ; 120-155 

Records of the first five wells are shown in fig. 66; for general relations see fig. 13. 

Analysis of water from Queens County pumping station. 

[Analysis by C. F. Chandler, September 17, 1902.] 

Parts per million. 

Chlorine in chlorides 4. 100 

Sodium chloride . . 6. 766 

Phosphates (as P2O5) None. " 

Nitrogen in nitrites , None. 

Nitrogen in nitrates . 010 

Free ammonia _ . 048 

Albuminoid ammonia . 018 

Total nitrogen 10. 064 . 

Hardness: 

Before boihng 15. 780 

After boiling 10. 520 ■ • 

Organic and volatile (loss on ignition) 12. 000 ^^ - 

. Mineral matter (nonvolatile) CO., restored with ammonium carbonate , 34.500 

Total sohds (by evaporation) dried at 110° C 46. .500 

Appearance Slightly turbid . 

Color Slightly yellowish on account of sediment . 

Odor (heated to 100°F) None. 

Taste - None. 

The Long Island Railroad Compam- report the following analysis of water taken from the mains of the 
Queens County Water Company at Rockaway Beach, ^l&j, 1897: 

Analysis of water of Queens County Water Company at Rockaway Beach. 

Parts per million. 

SiOj 14. 71 

A1.A and FeA 3. 42 

CaCO, ! ..■ Trace. 

MgCO;, 4. 10 

CaSO, 8. 04 

MgCL. 4. 62 

NaCl : 2 22 



Total , 37. 11 

274. Mr. Walsh reports that at a depth of 50 feet layers of hgnite and mud were encountered, in which 
were found "snail shells, skimmer shells, and razor shells." (See fig. 13.) 

Record of well near Heuiett. 
Tisbury : Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel similar to material elsewhere on Rockaway Ridge 0-13 

Sankaty : 

2. Blue clay 13-21 

Sankaty and Jameco: 

3. Fine sand with no available water • 21-70 

4. Good water-bearing sand 70- 



DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 227 

275. Record of Mrs. Julia Flower's well near Lynbrook. 

Tisbury: ^ Feet. 

1 . Blown to red sand and gravel 0- 13.5 

Sankaty and Cretaceous: 

2. Perfect!}" dr}' blue clay; no stones _ 17- 80 

3. White clay, which became creamy under the action of the wash pipe . 80- 82 

4. White sand 82-90 

5. Blue clay similar to that in section 2 90-130 

6. Fine sand, somewhat clayey from clay above . 130-135 

7. Sand, changing gradually to white gravel. (This layer was water bearing, but 

the water had a puckerish taste, like alum. ) 135-155 

8. A blue dry clay, similar to that in sections 2 and 5 155-180 

277. Through the kindness of Mr. Franklin B. Lord, president of the Queens County Water Company, 

and Mr. Chas. R. Bettes, chief engineer, self-recording gages were placed on three wells at this point: One 
504 feet deep, another 74, and the tliird 14 feet deep. A portion of the results of this work is shown in 
PI. XYIII; a detailed report may be expected later. Mi-. Lord-reports that in 1903 the deep well was pumped 
at the rate of from 36,000 to 44,000 gallons for twenty-four hours, for a period of twenty-four and one-fourth 
hours, with three stops of fifteen minutes each. This reduced the level of the water 3.92 feet; it 
returned to its normal level in seventy minutes after the pumping was stopped. During this test the level 
of the water in the 74-foot well was not reduced, and the 504-foot well was not affected by the pumping 
of the shallower well. On February' 13, 1903, the 74-foot well was given a five-hour test, and the level of 
the water was reduced more than 22 feet; it regained its normal level in eighteen minutes. In December, 
1903, a new well was started at this place from which Mr. Bettes has furnished the following samples: 

Record of Queens County Water Company's well at Lynhrook. 

T!sbury: jFeet. 

1. Coarse yellow quartz sand; no erratic material . 0- 29 

2. Light-gray sand 29-31 

3. Same as No. 1 31- 73 

Cretaceous ? : 

4. Light-gray silty clay 73- 89 

5. Light-yellow medium sand; no erratic material 89-150 

Cretaceous : 

6. Fine to medium gray, lignitic sand 150-158 

7. Very fine black, micaceous, lignitiferous silt 158-200 

8-9. Verj" fine, dark-colored, hgnitiferous sand 200-228 

10. Medium Ught-gray sand with small amount of ligmte 228-340 

11. Dark-colored, lignitiferous, silty clay 340-363 

12. Medium dirty-yellow sand, lignitic . 363-403 

13. Medium to coarse grav sand 403-536 



228 UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OE LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



Analysis of water from wells of Queens County Water Company at Lynbrook. 
[By F. C. Chandler, February 25, 1903'. Parts per million.] 



Appearance ^ 

Color - 

Odor (heated to 100° F.) 

Taste _ 

Chlorine in chlorides -. 

Sodium chloride 

Phosphates (as T.fi-^ ) 

Nitrogen in nitrites 

Nitrogen in nitrates 

Free ammonia _ 

Albuminoid ammonia 

Total nitrogen _ 

Hardness : 

Before boiling 

After boiling 

Organic and volatile (loss on ignition) 

Mineral matter (nonvolatile), COj,, restored 
with ammonium carbonate 

Total solids (by evaporation) dried at 110° C 



504-foot 
well. 



Clear. 

None. 

None. 

None. 

3.000 

4.950 

None. 

None. 
.014 
.022 
.026 
.053 

8. 855 
3. 795 
2.000 

13. 500 
15.500 



72-foot well. 



Faint milkiness. 

None when filtered. 

None. 

None. 

9. 000 

14. 851 

None. 

None. 

.562 

.016 

.006 

.580 

13. 915 
8. 855 
5.000 

40. .500 
45. 500 



2T§. The following record is taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De 

Varona : 

Record of Brooklyn test well No. 24^. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: ■ . Feet. 

1. Top soil.... 0- 4 

2. Yellowish sand, water bearing 4-20 

3. Gray sand, water bearing 20- 28 

4. Gray sand with little gravel, water bearing _ . 28- 36 

5. Fine gray sand. 36- 40 

6. Yellowish sand and gravel 40- 44 

7. Yellowish sand and gravel ; traces of clay 44^ 58 

8. Sand, clay, and large gravel .58- 68 

Tisbury? : 

9. Sharp yellow sand with traces of clay 68- 78 

Cretaceous ? : 

10. Gray sand and clay 78- 88 

11. Blue clay, sand, and wood : 88- 92 

1 2. Yellowish sand and clay. _ 92- 98 

13. White sand, wood, and clay 98-108 

Cretaceous : 

14. Gray sand, wood, and clay 108-128 

15. Brown sand, wood, and clay 128-138 

16. White sand with traces of clay 1 138-160 

17. White sand with wood and clay 160-200 

Elevation of surface, 16.0 feet. 



DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 229 
279. The following record is taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona : 

Record of BrooMyn test well No. 23. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Yellow sand - 0- 8 

2. Gray sand, water bearing 8- 36 

3. Coarse gray sand, water bearing 36- 52 

4. White sand, gravel, and clay 52- 7-1 

Transition : 

5. Yellow sand, water bearing. 74- 78 

Cretaceous ? : 

6. Clay, sand, and gravel 78-100 

7. Clay, sand, gravel, and wood '. 100-106 

8. White sand, clay, and wood 106-130 

Cretaceous : 

9. Sand, dark clay, and wood. 130-148 

10. White sand, clay, and wood .' 148-168 

11. Sand, gravel, wood, and blue clay 168-172 

12. Blue clay 172-185 

13. Sandstone, iron ore, and wood embedded in black clay 185-198 

14. Wood and black clay 198-202 

15. Fine white sand, wood, and clay 202-220 

16. Sand, wood, and blue clay. 220-247 

17. Blue clay and iron ore 247-260 

18. Sand, wood, and clay 260-276 

19. Sand, wood, clay, and iron ore . . . : 276-282 

20. Sand, clay, and wood. 282-296 

21. Hard p9,n; iron 296-298 

22. Blue clay _ 298-312 

23. Sand, wood, and clay 312-367 

24. Clay with a little sand 367-374 

25. Sand, wood, and clay 374-390 

Elevation of surface, 16.7 feet. 

2SO. The following record is taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona: 

Record of BrooMyn test well No. 22. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Yellow sand 0- 15 

2. Sharp grayish sand, water bearing 15- 24 

3. Coarse, grayish sand, with gravel, water bearing 24- 36 

4. Same sand ; larger gravel, water bearing 36- 44 

5. Fine grayish sand, water bearing 44- 56 

6. Gravel, sand, and clay 56- 67 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: 

7. Sharp, yellow sand, water bearing 67- 82 

8. Fine grayish sand 82- 90 

9. Fine grayish sand with gravel, wood, and clay 90-100 

Tisbury and Cretaceous?: 

10. Fine grayish sand with larger gravel, wood, and clay 100-107 

Cretaceous : 

11. Gray sand with wood and clay 107-145 

12. Gray clay.. 145-169 

13. Clay, wood, and iron pyrites 169-180 

14. Sand, gravel, cla}', wood, and iron pyrites 180-190 

15. Fine grayish sand, clay, and wood 190-220 



230 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Cretaceous — Continued. Teet. 

16. Fine sand, clay, wood, and iron pjrrites 220-276 

17. Sharp grayish sand, clay, and wood 276-310 

18. Black muck, wood, and sand 310-324 

19. Light-colored gray sand, wood, and traces of clay 324-327 

20. White clay, wood, sand, and gravel 327-333 

21. Hard pan with white clay 333-343 

22. Sharp grayish sand, wood, and traces of clay ■. 343-347 

23. Same sand; slightly water bearing 347-356 

24. White clay, sand, and wood 356-370 

Elevation of surface, 17.4 feet. 

2S1. As no samples were preserved from test well No. 21, the following record is taken from the 
reports of the inspector : « 

Record of Brooldyn test well No. 21. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 

1. Yellow sand 0- 8 

2. Fine yellowish sand 8-28 

3. Fine yellowish sand with a large quantity of mica scales 28- 36 

4. Coarser yellowish sand . . 36- 50 

. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: 

5. Finer yellowish sand with small gravel 50- 65 

6. Fine white sand with large gravel 65- 69 

7. Fine white sand with wood and traces of clay 69- 80 

Tisbury and Cretaceous ? : 

8. Fine brownish sand with wood and traces of clay 80- 85 

Cretaceous: 

9. Gray sand with wood and traces of clay . 85^116 

10. Fine gray sand with wood and traces of clay. 116-195 

11. Black clay and wood , 195-202 

12. Gray sand with wood and traces of clay 202-225 

13. Gray claj^ with wood and hardpan 22.5-236 

14. Gray sand with traces of wood and clay . 236-240 

15. Gray quicksand with traces of wood and clay 240-248 

16. Gray clay ..." 248-262 

17. Gray sand with traces of wood and clay . 262-276 

18. Gray sand with wood, clay, and hardpan 276-282 

19. Fine gray sand and clay 282-290 

20. Sharp grayish sand with traces of wood and clay, slightly water bearing 290-295 

21. Sharp grayish sand with wood and traces of clay 295-345 

22. Gray sand with wood and traces of clay 345-380 

23. Fine white sand with traces of wood and clay 380-410 

Elevation of surface 17.8 feet. 

282. As no samples were preserved from test well No. 20, the following record is taken from the 
report of the inspector:'' 

Record of Brooldyn test well No. 20. 

Wisconsin and Tisbuiy: Peet. 

1. Yellow sand - 0- 6 

2. Yellowish sand 6-20 

3. Yellowish sand with a little gravel 20- 26 

4. Fine yellowish sand 26- 36 

5. Small light-colored gravel with gray sand 36- 78 

a Ann. Rept. Dept. City Works of Brooklyn for 1896, 1897, pp. 302-303. 
b Ibid,, p. .301. 



DE8CETPTIVE JSIOTES ON WELLS. 231 

Cretaceous? : * Feet 

6. Fine gray sand with traces of clay 78- 85 

7. Gray clay and gravel 85- 90 

Cretaceous : 

8. Gray sand with clay and wood 90-100 

9. Gray sand with clay, wood, and gravel 100-110 

10. Fine gray sand with clay and wood 110-124 

11. Fine gray sand with clay, wood, and gravel. 124—130 

12. Gray sand with clay and wood 130-148 

13. Darker gray sharp sand with a httle wood 148-152 

14. Dark-gray clay with wood and gravel 152-154 

15. Light-gray sand with wood and traces of clay '. . . 154-172 

16. Finer light-gray sand with wood and clay 172-178 

17. Fine white sand with wood and clay 178-212 

18. Sharp hght-gray sand with wood and clay (contains water, but not enough for 

pumping) 212-225 

19. Hardpan and wood ' 225-228 

20. Gray sand with clay and wood (contains water but not enough for pumping). 228-242 
Elevation of surface 14.6 feet. 

2§3. Record of 0. Schreiber's' well at Valley Stream. 

Feet. 

1 . Sand and gravel 0-18 

Mr. Baldwin says that the description of this well will apply to all the wells in the vicinity of VaUey 
Stream. In some places it is 2 or 3 feet farther to the water, but there is no change in the material. 

284. The Long Island Kailroad Company gives the following part analysis of its shallow dug well 
at this point: 

Analysis of railroad well at Valley Stream. 

Parts per million. 
Total sohds _ 56. 09 

3§5. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved by the Brooklyn water depart- 
ment (see fig. 10): 

Record of BrooMyn test well No. 19. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Reddish yellow loamy sand. 0- 4 

Transition: 

2. Fine to coarse light-yeUow sand . 4- 18 

Tisbury: 

3. Light-gray and grayish-yellow sands and gravel, probably glacial 18- 72 

Sankaty ? : 

4. Yellowish gray clay 72- 95 

Cretaceous : 

5. Dark-gray fine to medium sand, with lignite. _ _ _ 95-132 

6. Black clay with lignite 132-140 

7. Grayish-white clay _ . _ _ 140-150 

8. Medium gray sand with lignite _ 150-208 

"At extreme depth was found to be slightly water bearing; very small flow." Elevation of surface, 9.4 

feet, Brooklyn base. 

2§6. The following analysis has been made by the Brooklyn health department: 

Analysis of water from wells at Watt's Pond pumping station. 

Parts per million. 

Total solids •_ 63. 25 

Loss on ignition 15. 15 

Free ammonia .06 

Albuminoid ammonia. . _ .04 



232 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

■ Parts per million. 

Chlorine as chlorides 8. 87 

Sodium chloride 14-62 

Nitrogen as nitrates 2. 05 

Nitrogen as nitrites ' None. 

Total hardness 16. 12 

Permanent hardness _ _ . 16. 12 

This is the average of 4 anah'ses. 

287. The following section has been taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. 
De Varona; no samples were preserved from this well (see fig. 10): 

■ Record of BrooMyn test well No. 25, at WatVs Pond pumping station. 
Wisconsin: - Feet. 

1. Top soil 0- 3 

2. Brown sand and gravel 3- 15 

Tisbury : 

3. Yellowish fine sand. 15- 62 

Transition: 

4. Sand, gravel, and clay. . _ 62- 70 

Sankaty?: 

5. Clay and gravel 70- 95 

6. Fine gray sand: traces of clay and wood '. .. . 95-118 

Jameco ? : 

7. Sand and small gravel, water bearing , 118-130 

Cretaceous: 

8. Black clay, gravel, and wood 130-148 

9. Blue clay, gravel, and wood 148-157 

10. Sand, wood, and clay 157-160 

11 . Small gravel, wood, and clay 160-168 

12. Sand, wood, and clay 168-176 

13. Sand, wood, and clay, water-bearing . . . , 176-184 

14. Sand, traces of clay and wood 184-220 

15. Sharp sand, clay and wood, water-bearing 220-235 

16. Fine gray sand, wood, and traces of clay 235-245 

17. Sharp, gray sand, clay, and wood, water-bearing. . : 245-284 

18. Sand, small gravel, clay, and wood, water-bearing 284-296 

19. Whitish clay, sand, and wood 296-302 

20. Small gravel, wood, and clay, water-bearing : 302-331 

Elevation of surface, 8.2 feet. 

2§§. See under No. 290. The following analysis has been made by the Brooklyn health department: 

Analysis of water from Clear Stream pumping station. 

Parts per million. 

Total solids 64.62 

Loss on ignition 16. 62' 

Free ammonia .01 

Albuminoid ammonia .02 

Chlorine as chlorides. 7. 87 

Sodium chloride 12. 98 

Nitrogen as nitrates 2. 51 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Total hardness. 19. 31 

Permanent hardness 18. 12 

This is an average of 8 analvses. 



DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON %ELLS. 238 

2§9. The following record has been prepared, from samples preserved by the Brooklyn department of 
water supply (see fig. 10): 

Record of well at Clear Stream pumping station. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Dark-yellow sandy loam 0- 6 

Transition: 

2. Light-yellow medium sand 6- 35 

Tisbuiy : 

3. Darker, yellowish-brown, fine to medium sand 35- 44 

4. Fine, light, yellowish-white sand 44- 56 

Cretaceous : 

5. Dark-gra}^ fine to coarse sand, with lignite . 56- 63 

6. Ver}' dark-gray clay (unlike clay above old glacial beds: resembles claj' in No. 197) . 63- 87 

7. Fine to medium gray sands _ _ 87-125 

8. Gray sand and lignite or peat. 125-130 

9. Fine to medium gray sand 130-190 

Elevation of surface, 13.6 feet. "No water was found in this well." 

290. W. D. Andrews & Brother, under date of May 8, 1895, report: "In 1894 we completed for the 
city of Brooklyn a second contract for two tubular gang-well plants, with a capacity of 5,000,000 gallons 
each, one plant being located at the Forest Stream and the other at the Clear Stream station. * * * \yg 
struck veins of water at these two stations, at and beyond 106 feet in depth, that flowed 10 gallons per 
nunute at the surface from a 2-inch tube, and would rise in a pipe 3 feet above, while the water levels in the 
auxiliary tubes of the gang wells were several feet below this surface (lowered to that depth by continuous 
pumping of double the quantity of water required by our contract obligations). Within 60 feet of water 
veins that would flow 5 to 10 gallons per minute, through 2-inch tubes, from depths of 60, 100, and 300 feet, 
and yield by hand pumping 30 to 50 gallons from any one of the depths named, we sunk a 4-inch tube 400 
feet, and the only water found was at about 35 feet, which did not rise above the level at which it was first 
encountered, nor yield, by hand pumping, above 5 gallons per minute. 

Phillips & Worthington report the following section of a test well at this point (see fig. 10): 



Record of test well at Forest Stream pumping station. 



Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Stratified clays and sands, with underlying strata containing water 0-100 

Jameco i : 

2. Water-bearing iron formation 105-1 15 

Cretaceous: 

3. Hard white sticky clay 115-260 

4. Various stratified sands 260-435 

It is quite probable that the water-bearing formation from 105 to 115 is Jameco. The "hard white 
sticky clay" is probably the same as the fine white or gray lignitiferous sands found in the Brooklyn water- 
works test wells. 

Mr. De Varona reports that the water from the deep test well at Forest Stream station is so impreg- 
nated with sulphureted hydrogen as to be unfit for use.^' 

The following analysis has been made by the Brooklyn health department: 

Armlysis of water from Forest Stream pumping station. 

Parts per million. 

Total solids 52. 87 

Loss on ignition 12. 00 

Free ammonia .02 

Albuminoid ammonia .02 

Chlorine as chlorides 7. 69 



a History and Description of the Brooklyn Waterworks, 1896, p. 16. 
17116— No. 44—06 16 



234 UNDEEGROUND WATEK EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Parts per million. 

Sodium chloride ... 12. 67 

Nitrogen as nitrates. . . _ _ .66 

Nitrogen as nitrites ' None. 

Total hardness : . 21. 94 

Permanent hardness . 19. 44 

This is the average of 8 analyses. 

391. The following record has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water 
department (see figs. 10, 13): 

Record of BrooMyn test well No. 12. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Yellowish surface loam 1 - 5 

2. Fine to coarse light yellowish brown speckled sands. 5-30 

Tisbury : 

3. Medium to coarse hght yellowish, white sand 30 - 46 

4. Medium j^ellow sand with quartz pebbles below . 46 - 63 

5. Yellowish gray clay with quartz pebbles 63 - 66 

6. Medium light-yellow sand 66 - 73 

7. Light, reddish yellow, medium sands 73 - 98 

Sankaty : 

8. Fine gray silt 98 - 98. 5 

Jameco : 

9. Dark, multicolored, dirty sands (old glacial) 98. •3-138 

Transition : , 

10. Transition 138 -145 

Cretaceous: 

11. Fine gray sands 145 -162 

12. Fine, dark-gray, clayey silt 162 -172 

13. Gray sand with occasional quartz pebbles and pieces of Hgnitized wood. Wood 

ver}- abundant at 340 feet . . ; 172 -406 

Elevation of surface 18 feet. "No water was found in the strata below the clay bed." 

292. The following record has been prepared from the samples preserved in the municipal building, 
Brooklyn (see fig. 10): 

Record of BrooMyn lest vjell A^o. 13. 
Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Surface yellow loam 0- 8 

2. Fine to medium reddish-yellow sands 8- 32 

Transition : ' 

3. Medium yellow sand, speckled with black : . 32- 58 

Tisbury: 

4. Yellowish-white sand and gravel. No glacial pebbles .58- 70 

Jameco: 

5. Fine, reddish yellow, silty sand becoming coarser below, and containing good 

sized pebbles ; many erratics 70-102 

Cretaceous: 

6. Gray clay : 102-105 

7. Very dark clay, lignite, and pebbles :■ . . . 105-112 

8. Fine gray sand with lignite 112-122 

9. Gray clay. . 122-130 

10. Fine dark-gray sand 130-175 

11. Very coarse gray sand and small pebbles 175-190 

12. Fine dark-gray sand with occasional quartz pebbles and lignite ... 190-412 

Elevation 21.5. feet, Brooklyn base. 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 235 

The presence of reddish yellow silty sand containing a considerable percentage of the compound peb- 
bles which ordinarily characterize the glacial deposits, and which is here not separated by a clay bed from 

the overlying j'ellow sands with no glacial material, is unique in this section and doubtless represents a 
Jameco deposit, which has either never been covered by Sankaty clay or from which the clay has been 
removed by erosion. 

293. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water 
department (see fig. 10): 

Record of BrooTclyn test well No. 14- 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Surface loam 0- 6 

Transition : 

2. Medium light-yellow speckled sand 6- 50 

Tisbury: 

3. Fine to light-yellow sand 50- 55 

4. Fine to coarse grayish white sand 55- 58 

Cretaceous: 

5. Very light-yellow silt, looks hke loess . . 58- 62 

6. Fine sand to coarse gravel, with many pieces of feiTuginous concretion 62- 72 

7. Light-yellow sand 72- 77 

8. Yellowish white sand and gravel 77- 92 

9. Fine dark-gray sand . 92-125 

10. Very fine dark-gray sand 125-135 

11. Grayish white fine to medium sands, with lignite at 181 and at 244 feet . 135-328 

12. Very fine gray silty clay. 328-342 

13. Fine gray sand 342-350 

14. Very fine gray sand .' 350-365 

1 5. Fine to medium gray sand 365-390 

Elevation of surface, 16.7 feet. ''No water found in this well." 

:494. Record of commission's well near Rosedale. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam 0- 1 

3-9. Reddish-yellow outwash gravel 5-30. 5 

See Table XII. 

295. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water 
'department: 

Record of Brooklyn test vxll No. 10, near Springfield. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Yellow surface loam 0- 2 

2. Fine to coarse j^ellow sands and gravel (glacial ) 2- 40 

Tisbury : 

3. Medium bright-yellow sands, probably glacial 40- 54 

4. Fine and coarse yellowish graj' sands 54- 73 

5. Orange sand and gravel 73- 80 

Transition : 

6. Gray sand with much lignite 80- 89 

Sankaty ? : 

7. Blue-gray clay - 89-94 

Cretaceous: 

8. Fine white sand 94-102 

9. Fine gray sands with lignitized wood, well marked at 110-112, 139, 177-180, 

199-200, 219, 229, 235, 241-242, 250-252, 295, 306 feet_ 102-357 

All trace of glacial material ceases at 54 feet, and in the examination of samples this point was selected 
for the line between the Pleistocene and pre-Pleistocene deposits. The yellow gravels, however, suggest the 

Far Rockaway material, and the blue-gray clay the Sankaty. Elevation of surface, 27 feet. "No water 
was found in the strata below the blue clay bed." 



236 UNDEEGKOUND WATEE EE80UECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 

296. Record of commission's test well near Fosters Meadows. 

Wisconsin and Tisburv? ' Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam 0- 1 

3-10. Reddish-brown outwash sand, with very Httle gravel 5-3o. 5 

See Table XII. 

297. Record of commission's test well 1 mile north of Valley Stream. 

Recent? Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam - 1 

3-4. Black sand: considerable percentage of MnO.^ (swamp deposit) 2. .5- 5. 5 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: 

5-8. Light yellow sand 9. 5-26 

There is very little glacial material in the two lower samples. 

29§. Record of commission's test well 2 miles north of Valley Strearn. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Yellow surface loam 0- 1 

3-6. Outwash sand, reddish brown. 5-21 

Tisbury? 

7. Light-yellow sand (nothing recognizablj' glacial) 25-25.5; 

■ 299. Record of commission's test well between Valley Stream and Floral Parle. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam - 7 

3-9. Reddish brown silty sand and gravel (considerable glacial material) 6-36 

Tisbury : 

10-16. Lighter, brownish yellow, medium sand, doubtfullj^ glacial; no sharp line 

can be drawn between this material and that either above or below 42 - 73 

Cretaceous: 

• 17-18. Fine to coarse white sand 76 - 82 

19-21. White sand and gravel (not recognizably glacial).--. 84 - 96 

22-23. Yellowish white sand with a little clay 96. 5- 98. 5 

24. Light gray sand and gravel 99. 5-100. 5 

25. Very fine, dark-yellow, clayey sand 101. 7-102 

26. Very fine, light grayish white sand, with much silvery white muscovite. . . . 105.5-106.5 

28. Very light, grayish yellow, clayey sand 106. 6-107. 1 

29. Very fine white sand with muscovite and a little lignite 107. 5-108 

30. Very fine clayej' sand with lignite and muscovite, yellowish brown 108 -109 

31. Fine grayish sand with muscovite and Ugnite 110 -111 

32. Very fine brownish white sand 112. 5-113. 5 

33. Very dark grayishs and, with muscovite . ^ 114. 7-115. 5 

34. Black sandy clay with lignite 115. 5-116. 5 

35. Very black sandy clay, with FeS 120 -120. 5 

300. Record of commission's t-est well 2 miles southeast of Queens. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1-12. Reddish-yellow glacial sands and gravel, with nmch biotite. 0-41 

301. Record of commission's test well 1 mile south of Queens. 
Wisconsin and Tisbury?: 

1. Dark sandy loam. 

2. Subsoil sandy loam. Feet. 

3. Medium yellow sand 5- 5. 5 

4. Sand with fine gravel; considerable erratic material 10-11 

5. Wash sample shows fine grayish sand, while the sand-bucket sample shows a large 

percentage of gravel , 15-15. 5 

I 6. GrajHsh-yellow sand (sand-bucket and wash samples very nearly the same) 20-21 

j 7. Same, except that sand-bucket sample shows some, gravel 25-25. 5 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 237 

302o A number of shallow wells were put down at this point by the commission on additional water 
supply for pollution tests, by Mr. George Whipple, of the Mount Prospect laboratory. The material pene- 
trated was entirely glacial outwash sand and gravel. 

303. Record of commission's test well near Floral Park. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 

L Surface, dark sandy loam 0- 

2. Lighter loamj' sand, some gravel - 5 

3. Coarse yellow sand ' 5- .5. 5 

4. Medium grayish-yellow sand with some small graveL 10-10. 5 

5. Same, with more gravel 15-16 

6-7. Fine grayish yellow sand 20-26 

8. Grayish j^ellow sand with considerable gravel 30-30. 5 

9. Reddish yellow sand 35-36 

10. Same, but with more gravel _ . 40-41 

The whole section is apparent!}' outwash gravel. See Tables XII and XIII. 

304. Record of commission's test well, 2 miles south of New Hyde Parle. 
Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1-2. Yellow loamy sand 1- 3 

3. Yellow sand, some clay ^ - 6 

4. Coarse grayish yellow sand 10-11 

6-6. Reddish yellow sand -'. 12-15 

7-8. Coarse yellow sand to fine gravel, with some erratics 19-25 

9-10. Grayish yellow sand, with much biotite 29-36 

11 . Coarse grayish yellow sand , 38 

305. Record of commission's test well near New Hyde Park. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Black sandy loam 0- 5 

2. Reddish yellow clayey sand 4 

3. Reddish yellow sandy claj' 8- 9 

4. Reddish brown very fine to coarse sand, with much mica and erratics , 14-15 

5. Gravel up to three-eighths inch in diameter: some erratics 19. 5 

Tisbury : 

6-7. Reddish yellow fine to coarse sand 21-26 

8-9. Fine sand 28-32. 5 

306. Record of commission's test well near New Hyde Park. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam and sand. 0- 1 

3-9. Reddish-brown outwash sand and gravel 5-.36 

Tisbury : 

10-13. Fine to coarse grayish san.d, clearly glacial, but differing in appearance from 

that just above it. 36-.56 

307. Record of comjnission's test well near New Hyde Park. 

Wisconsin : * Feet. 

1-2. Surface, loamy sand 0- 1 

3-5. Light reddish yellow outwash sand and gravel .5-16 

5i. Dark-gray outwash sand and gravel . 17-17. 3 

6-7. Reddish brown silt to coarse sand (glacial outwash ) 20-26 

8-9. Fine to coarse grayish sand (glacial ) 30-38 

10. Very fine light-grayish sand i.nd clay 43-43. .5- 

Transition : 

11-16. Grayish brown outwash sand and gravel 45-71 

Tisbury: 

17. Coarse light-yellow sand, with a much smaller percentage of glacial material than 

in samples above 73-74 



238 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

30§. Record of commission's test well near New Hyde Pari-. 

Wisconsin: . Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam - ; - 0- 1 

3-17. Dark-gray outwash sand and gravel; very large percentage of erratic material. . 2. 5-66. 5 

See Tables XII. Xlil. 

310. Record of commission's test ivell near Floral Pai'l\ 

AYisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Dark gravelly loam. — - 1 . .5 

3-8. Grayish brown outwash sand and gravel 4 - 31 

Tisbury: 

9-12. Medium to fine gray sand 35 - 53 

13. Medium gray sand, with small gravel 55 — 56 

14—17. Fine grayish-brown gravel, with some sand; contains some erratic material- 60 - 77 

Cretaceous : 

18. Very fine yellow sand — 80. .5- 81. 5 ' 

19-23. Light yellow, medium, quartz sand lacking the erratic particles in the 

upper samples -. 84 -106 

24-26. Very fine, j'ellow, silty sand. 109 -117 

27. Dark sandy clay 120 -121 

28. Very fine dark-gray sand 130 -134 

29. Very fine, dirty yellow sand 148 -149 

Sample No. 25 was obtained when the small hand pump was changed to a larger force pump. It 
consists of coarse, varigated gravel with many glacial pebbles, and represents the accumulated coarser 
material from the upper part of the well. It does not represent material from the depth, 113 feet, from 
which it was obtained. See Tables XII, XIII. 

312. Record of comrnission's test ivell near Creedmoor. Feet. 

1-18. Outwash sands and gravel 0-73 

See Table XII. " 

315. See fig. 35 and PI. XIV. 

316. J. H. Herbert reports the following section for this well: 

Record of Jagnow Brothers' well near Douglaston. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 

1 . Yellow clay and sand 0- 35 

2. Yello\(r sand and small bowlders 35- 47 

3. Coarse yellow sand and gravel 47- 55 

4. Coarse brown sand and iron gravel : 5.5- 67 

5. Fine brown sand 67- 71 

6. Fine yellow sand. 71- 77 

7. White beach sand 77- 89 

8. White and yellow sandy clay 89-107 

9. Coarse yellow sand and gravel 107-127 

317. The well at this place was started by Stotthoff Brothers, who furnished the following samples: 

Record of well of W . K. Vanderbilt, jr., near Lalce Success. 

Feet. 

1. No record 0-40 

Wisconsin, Tisbury, and Mannetto: 

2. Fine sand to large gravel, with a large percentage of erratic material 40-125 

3. Reddish-yellow medium sand, with small gravel (contains glacial material) 12.5-145 

Cretaceous: 

4. Yellow medium sand (not glacial) — 145-191 



9 



DE§CEIPT1VE NOTES ON WELLS. 239 

The water in this well stood 116 feet from the surface and tested 21 gallons per minute for twenty- 
four hours, when the test was pushed up to 40 gallons per minute. The elevation of the ground is 171 feet 
as determined by the engineers of the commission on additional water supply. The screen was placed from 
166 to 186 feet. Later this well was deepened by Thomas B. Harper, of Jenkinstown, Pa. The following 
record has been transmitted to the Survey by Mr. Alexander S. Farmer: 

Record of well of W . K. Vanderhilt, jr., near Lake Success. 

Pleistocene: Feet. 

1. Earth and clay 10- 80 

2. Yellow sand. - - - - 80-100 

Transition : 

3. Yellow sand and gravel, water bearing _ 100-200 

Cretaceous : 

4. Hard crisp sand or cemented sand . 200-425 

5. Sand and clay in layers; light-colored clay and yellowish-white sand 425-460 

6. Organic matter — wood; becomes black after exposure 460-538 

7. Red clay - - 560-660 

8. Fine yellowish-white sand; Lloyd sand. ... 660-700 

9. White and coarse gravel; free water-bearing strata; Lloyd sand 700-750 

10. Blue clay ; becomes light colored upon exposure 750-755 

318. Record of commission's test well near Lake Svccess. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1-2. Yellow sandy loam 0- 3 

3-8. Dark-grayish glacial sand 8-35 

See Table XII. ' 

319. According to Mr. E. Lewis, oyster and clam shells were taken from the sands beneath the bowlder 
drift at Lakeville at a depth of 140 feet." 

320. Record of commission's test well between New Hyde Park and Lake Success. 
Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1 . Dark sandy loam 0- 0. 4 

2. Yellow loamy sand 0. 4- 1.5 

3. Black sandy loam. 1.5- 4. 4 

4-6. Yellowish-brown outwash sand and gravel 4. 4—24 

7-9. Very fine, yellow to gray, silty sand 24 -36 

10. Yellow sand to fine gravel containing many erratics 39. 5-40 

1 1 . Medium gray sand. 41 -42 

12. Fine gravel with many erratics 43 -45 

321. Record of E. C. Willetts's loell near Plattsdale. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Loam 0-4 

2. Red clay and stones 4—36 

3. Hardpan; very hard substance containing many angular stones cemented together 

with iron 36-37 

4. Very fine white sand containing dark-colored mica; water bearing 37- 

In spring the water comes up to within a few feet of the surface; in the dry season it is within 21 or 22 
feet of the surface: evidently a perched water table. 

322. Record of A. Kiefer's well near Plattsdale. 

Wisconsin: • Feet. 

1 . Very hard marl with some cobbles -80 

Cretaceous: 

2. Yellow sand. 80 -114 

3. Clay 114 -114. 5 

4. Water-bearing sand 114. 5-116 



a Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 10, 1877, p. 442. 



240 UNDERGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

3S3. Record of commission's test well 1 mile south of Manhasset. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury ? : . Feet. 

1-2. Sandy loam 0- L 5 

3. Dark-brown silty sand _ ! 4- 5 

4-9. Sand and gravel (glacial ) 9-35 

10-1 1 . Brownish-yellow silty sand (apparently glacial ) 39-47 

See Tables XII, XIII.' 

324. Record of W . J . Hamilton's well near Little Neck. 

Wisconsin ^ and Tisbur>' : Feet. " 

1 . Fine yellow sand. - 0- 45 

2. Coarse yellow sand '. 45- 55 

3. White beach sand 55- 63 

Cretaceous ? : 

4. White coarse sand and small gravel 63- 71 

5. White fine sand and yellow fine gravel 71- 83 

• Cretaceous: 

6. Wliite, fine, beach sand 83- 99- 

7. White, coarse, beach sand 99-102 

8. Blue clay , 102-125 

9. White coarse sand 125-143 

10. White small gravel. 143-147 

325. Same section as 324. 

326. Record of commission's test well near Thomaston. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-3. Yellow sandy clay. ; - 4 

4-5. Dark, multicolored, fine sand to coarse gravel, pronouncedly glacial 8 -12 

6-8. Yellowish-brown clayey silt with gravel 16 -27 

Tisbury : 

9-12. Fine to coarse glacial sand and gravel 32 -41. 5 

Cretaceous: 

13. Light-yellow, highl}' micaceous, clayey sand •. - . _ . 42. 7-43. 5 

14^17. White, clayey, highly micaceous sand 44. 5-60. 5 

18. Fine, pinkish white, micaceous sand. 64. 5-65. 5 

19. Fine, light-yellow, clayey sand _ 69. 5-70. 5 

20. Fine to coarse yellow sand 75 -76 

21. Medium to coarse white sand; water bearing 78 -79 

327. Record of J. B. Hixon's well near Thomaston. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Yellow clay .• 0-26 

Transition : 

2. Yellow fine sand 26-44 

Tisbury: 

3. Coarse, brown, iron-stained gravel. 44-52 

4. Brown sand and clay 52-.56 

Cretaceous: 

5. Wldte and pinkish clay 56-61 

6. White fine beach sand 61-77 

7. Yellow fine beach sand 77-83 

8. Yellow clay and sand 83-85 

9. Yellow coarse sand 85-93 



• 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 241 

329. Phillips & Worthington report the following section : 

Record of railroad well at Great Neck station, Thomaston. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sand.--. ---- 0- 90 

Cretaceous : 

2. Blue clay ---- 90- 93 

3. Water-bearing strata of sand 93-100 

4. Gravel - 100-112 

330. Record of commission's test well near Manhasset. 

Wisconsin ; Feet. 

1-3. Dark, brownish-yellow, clayey sand 0-5 

Cretaceous ? : 

4—7. Fine, dark-gray or bluish-gray silty sand 9-25 

332. Water rises to a height of 13 feet above the surface, which is perhaps 5 feet above extreme 
high tide. 

Mr. Hamilton reports that the onljr change ever noticed in tliis well was during the earthquake that 
occurred in September, 1898. Then the well commenced to flow very strongly and continued to do so 
for eight or ten hours, when it became normal and has remained so ever since. 

Record oj J. F. Hamilton's well at Manhasset. 

Feet. 

1. Gravel and ironstone 0-10 

2. Quicksand- 10-70 

3. Iron ore 70-70. 6 

4. Quicksand - - - : 70. 6-74 

5. Iron ore 74—75 

6. Quicksand, with artesian water 75-78 

7. Iron ore — 78- 

335. Fig. 33 illustrates a typical case of a flowing well having many of the aspects of a spring. In 
this case the pipe was driven to a depth of 10 feet and flowing water obtained, as illustrated. It also shows 
the difference in flow at high and low tide, which is common in nearl}^ all of the wells along the shore 
and the mud springs or mud cones on the bottom of the bay: these latter are evidently the same as the 
cones which were studied near Douglaston. 

337. Record of commissioii's test ivell near Manhasset Hill. 

Wisconsin and Tisbiu-y?: Feet. 

1-3. Dark, bowldery, surface loam - - - - 0-5 

4-10. Reddish brown glacial sand and gravel, with large percentage of erratic material. 11-28 

33§. Record of H. Lustgarten's xvell near Manhasset Hill. 

Wisconsin : ' Feet. 

1. Loam 0-3 

2. Hard pan - - 3-4 

Transition : 

3. Light-colored sand and gravel 7-85 

Tisbury : 

4. Quicksand and gravel - 85-127 

340. Record of commission's test well near Manhasset Hill. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-3. Brownish yellow silty sand 0-5 

4-11. Dark fine sand and small gravel, containing much glacial debris 9-45 

Cretaceous : 

12-19. Fine white, micaceous, clayey sand . 48-87. 5 



242 UNDEEGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

341. Record of Great Neck School well at Great NecTc. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Surface sand and gravel " 0-26 

Cretaceous ? 

2. Clay : 26-52 

Mr. Kasteard left this well one night without having encountered water; when he came back the 

next morning there was 9 feet of water in the well, and the water gradually rose until it came within 
30 feet of the surface; it is probable that he had gotten down very near the bottom of the clay layer and 
that during the night the water worked its way through. 

342. Record of Mrs. M. G. King's well near Great Neclc. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Red clayey loam •_ 0-4 

2. Wliite medium sand 4-6 

3. Hard pan _ 6-12 

Tisburj-: 

4. White sand with occasional streaks of iron 12-22 

5. White sand, described as good building sand . 22-45 

6. Sand with cobbles. 45-48 

7. Ordinary sand - 48-52 ; f 

344. Record of H. B. Booth's well, Great A'eck. 

Pleistocene: Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel _ 0-6 

Cretaceous : 

2. Clay of various colors; some dark, some light, some reddish 6-240 

3. Water-bearing sand (Lloyd sand) 240- 

345. The following section should probably be regarded as only approximate: 

Record of H. B. Anderson's well. Great Neck. 
Pleistocene: Feet. 

1. Hard clay and gravel; some bowlders 0-50 

Cretaceous : 

2. Quicksand and very fine white sand 50-237 

347. Record of Wm. R. Grace's well, Great Neck. 

Feet. 

1 . Various sands . 0-103 

2. Hard pan. 103-104 

34§. " Record of V. P. Travis's well, Great Neck. 

Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel 0- 

2. Hard yellow claj. 

3. Yellow water-bearing gravel -119 

Surface water was encountered at 24 feet; the water from the lower horizon stands 77 feet from 

the surface. 

350. Mr. Herbert has kindly furnished the following samples from this well: 

Record of Robert Cox's well, Great Neck. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Clean glacial gravel 0-6 

Cretaceous: 

2. Coarse white sand and small gravel 8-9 

3. White sand 11 

4. Fine yellowish white sand 21 

5. Fine white sand 35 

6. Very fine white sand 52 



• 



DESCEIPTIVE KOTES ON WELLS. 243 

351. Mr. Isaac Kasteard, who dug the upper part of this well, reports the following oection: 

Record of Roht. Seizer's well near Plandome Mills. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Water-bearing sand 0-17 

2. Fine sand 17-21 

3. Clay and quicksand (containing mica ) 21- 

Mr. George Schmidt, who completed this well, gives the following data: 

Record of Roht. Seizer's well near Plandome Mills. 
Wisconsin: * Feet. 

1. Dug well 0-21 

Tisbury?: 

2. Sand 21-50 

Sankaty ? : 

3. Bay mud and sand 50-100 

Jameco?: 

4. Coarse sand \\ath no clay 100-113 

352. Record of Charles Vanderbilt's well near Port Washington. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Surface loam 0-8 

2. Gravel and cobbly sand 8-80 

3. Coarse sand 80- 

354. Record of commission's test ivell near Port Washington. 

Wisconsin : Feet 

1-3. Fine, yellowish-brown, silty sand . - 5 

Transition : 

3-6. Dark yellowish brown sand and gravel of glacial origin . 9 -25 

Tisbury: 

7. Yerj^ fine, brown, micaceous, silty sand 27 -28 

8. Very fine, yellow-white, silty sand 31. 5-32. 5 

9-10. Fine, dark-brown, micaceous sand . 36. 5—40 

1 1 . Dark-graj" micaceous sand to small gravel ; looks like glacial rock debris 45 -46 

12. Very fine, brown, silty sand ... 49. 5-50. 5 

13. Yellowish brown sand with small gravel (glacial material) 54 -55 

Cretaceous '>.: 

14-16. Very fine reddish-brown to steel-gray, silty, micaceous sand 59 -70 

17-18. Dark, steel-gray, very fine, clayey silt (blue clay) 74 -79 

19-20. Dark, grayish-brown, micaceous, silty sand 82. 5-87 

357. Record of T. Valentine's well near Port Washington. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Hardpan and dark iron soil, very hard 0- 15 

Transition : 

2. Cobbles 15-33 

Tisbury : 

3. Yellow sand 33-53 

Manhasset bowlder bed: 

4. A very compact layer of stones, which appeared to be put in almost artificially.. . 53- 60 
Tisbury : 

5. White sand, described as good building sand 60- 80 

Tisbury?: 

6. Yellow sand. 80-123 

7. White gravel.. 123-129 



244 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

358. Record of N . H. Jacohs's well near Port Washington. 

Feet. 

1 . Dug well : 0-24 

2. Yellow sand and gravel : 24-32 

3. Clay, between blue and white in color _ 32-35 

4. Sand and gravel ; water-bearing 35- 

360. Mr. George Schmidt reports the following section : 

Record of T . E. WebVs well near Port Washington. 

Feet. 

1. Loam, gravel, and sand 0-68 

2. Clay : 68-200 

3. Sand and gravel, water-bearing ; 200-205. 6 

At 207 feet carbonized wood was found. Top of well is 73 feet above high water. 

Mr. John Fischer, who drilled the first 145 feet of this well, reports that water was found in soft, clayey 
sand, and that the greater part of the well was in soft clay or clayey sand; at 140 feet a lignitized log was 
struck. 

361. Record of Isaac Kasteard's well near Port Washington, N. Y. 

Feet. ■ 

1 . Surface loam ; no stones : 0-10 

2. Cobbles and iron ore (size of cobbles, 4 to 8 inches in diameter) .., 10-18 

3. Varicolored sands, each stratum about 4 feet thick (described as good building sand). .. 18-69 

362. The Long Island Railroad Company have furnished the following partial analysis from their 60 
to 70 foot driven well: 

Armlysis of railroad well near Port Washington. 

Parts per million. 

Total solids 74. 72 

Chlorine 12. 82 

363. Record of F. VanosM's well near Port Washington. 

Feet. 

1. Hardpan — clay and bowlders 0- 6 

2. Varicolored coarse sand, containing occasional streaks of iron 6-46 

364. Record of Charles H. Mason's vjell near Port Washington. 

Feet. 

1 . Fine brown sand 0-18 

2. Black marl containing oyster shells 18-38 

3. Clayey loam 38-42 

4. "Black marl" with pebbles 42-52 

5. Very fine sand with iron ; water-bearing ^ 52-79 

6. White sand and gravel mixed. 79-83 

A' shell from stratum No. 2 has been identified by Dr. W. H. Dall as Ostrea virginica and is regarded as 
probably Pleistocene. 

365. Record of Catholic Church well near Port Washington. 

Feet. 

1 . Loam and gravel 0- 4 

2. Coarse white sand 4-52 

3. Very fine sand .52-54 

366. Record of well of Dodge estate near Port Washington. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Yellow stony loam • 0- 6 

Tisbury : 

2. Fine dry sand 6-16 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 245 

Manhasset bowlder bed?: Feet. 

3. Rough stratum of cobbles with scarcely any sand between 16-22 

Tisbur}' : 

4. White building sand ; very compact 22-40 

5. Wliite loose dr}' sand 40-50 

Sankaty or Cretaceous: 

6. Yellow dry clay 50-71 

7. Blue clay, containing some water 71-91 

The pipe broke off at the last depth given and the clay was not penetrated. 

36S. Record of G. Zabriskie's well near Sands Point. Feet. 

1 . Fine wliite beach sand 0- 80 

2. Blue clay (like. putty when wet, impalpable when dry) 80-120 

3. Pure white sand ; whiter than that in stratum 1 120-250 

In the sand at 120 feet lignite, clam shells, and oyster shells were found. At 250 feet a hard 
substance was encountered upon which drilling made no impression; Mr. Schmidt then abandoned the job, 
and Mr. A. J. Connolly attempted to drill farther; after working three weeks, he also abandoned the well. 
Mr. Schmidt says that none of the hard material was brought to the surface. This probably represents 
bed rock. 

369. Record of well at Castle Gould, near Port Washington. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Siuface loam. . . 0-3 

2. Black hardpan (rough, stony material, with no clay) 3-26 

Tisbury : 

3. Coarse gravel 26-30 

4. Sand 30-40 

5. Fine sand containing mica 40-42 

6. Coarse sand (described as good building sand ) 42-88 

370. Mr. C. H. Danis reports that he put down a test well at this point to a depth of about 300 feet; 
the material passed through was successive small laj^ers of sand and clay, none exceeding 4 to 6 inches 
in depth. At last a thick bed of gravel was reached, when the pipe broke: the water in the well rose to 
a point 12 feet above mean high tide; it would, therefore, have been a flowing well on the beach. 

371. Record of well at Castle Gould, near Port Washington. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Coarse gravel, with very little water 6- 51 

Tisbury and Cretaceous: 

2. White sand 51-109 

Cretaceous : 

3. Gray clay 109-119 

4. Fine sand 119-127 

5. Sandy clay _ 127-152 

6. Quicksand. - 152-158 

7. Blue clay. 158-161 

8. Water-bearing sand 161-166 

9. Fine sand. 166-169 

10. Quicksand 169- 

"We placed a Cook patent strainer between 161 and 166 feet, and although at the first test the well 
only showed 2^ gallons per minute, we were able, after developing the well, to get over 30 gallons per minute. 
Lower down the hill, at a difference in elevation of about 40 feet, where we had 10 feet of this coarser water- 
bearing sand, we obtained 102 gallons per minute." — J. D. KUpatriclc. 

372. Mr. Danis reports the material penetrated in this weU as all white sand. This well flows at times, 
and would flow continuallj^ if the sand were coarser, the stoppage of the flow apparently being due to 
clogging with fine sand. The elevation is about 15 feet above mean high tide. 



246 UNDBEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOKK. 

373. The following section to a depth of L58 feet has been prepared from samples furnished by Mr. Paul 
K. Ames, of the Long Beach Association; the remainder is from the record of the driller, Mr. "W. C. Jaegle: 

Record of well of Long Beach Association at Long Beach. 

Recent: Feet. 

1. White beach sand, with water-worn fragments of shells _ 0-36 

2. Dirty graj^ sand, with small quartz pebbles and particles of vegetable matter. _ 36- 40 
Tisbur^': 

3. Fine to coarse gray sand, with a few small quartz pebbles (salt water) 40- 50 

4. Medium gray sand; no gravel 51- 55 

5. Grayish yellow sand and small gravel, with a few greensand grains 55- 65 

6. Yellowish gray sand _ 65- 70 

7. Orange-yellow sand and gravel, similar to Rockaway material 70- 73 

Sankaty : 

8. Gray sand and gravel, similar to No. 7 in texture, but not iron-stained 73- 76 

9. Large quartz gravel and pieces of blue clay containing sand and gravel 76- 82 

Jameco: 

10. Dark, multicolored coarse sand and gravel; considerable percentage of flattened 

shale pebbles; only 50 to 60 per cent of quartz; some biotite; looks as if it 
might be a sample taken from the Wisconsin moraine in the center of island. ... . 82- 90 . -^ 
. Cretaceous: 

11. Black sand composed of fine, gray, quartz sand with a large percentage of lignite: 

some FeS and S; several large pieces of lignitized wood at 99 feet 90- 99 

12. Grayish sand with some free sulphur and a few particles of lignite 99-107 

13. ^Vhite sand with occasional patches tinged lemon yellow, perhaps due to iron 

stains ; a few particles of free sulphur 107-111 

14. Dark-gray silty sand 111-119 

15. White sand with small pieces of lignite; note on bottle sa3TS " 120, petrified wood' '. 119-121 

16. Very dark colored clay ( ' ' blue clay" ) 121-135 

17. Coarse, gray, clayey sand, with particles of sulphur. 13.5-143 

18. Medium dark-gray sand (salt water) 143-145 

19. Verj' coarse dark-gray sand 145-156 

20. Olive-green sand and small quartz gravel; some sulphur salt water) 156-158 

21. Very dark lead-colored clay ; 158-174 

22. Wliite sand, containing at 190 a log of lignitized wood 174—192 

23. White gravel and salt water 192-196 

24. Clay 196-200 

25. Fine sand 200-220 

26. SoHd blue clay 220-270 

(At 270 fresh water, sweet and chalybeate.) 

27. White sand and wood 270-276 

28. Clay 276-282 

29. White sand and wood. 282-297 

30. Blue clay 297-305 

31 . ^Vhite sand, wood, and water 30.5-308 

32. Blue clay. '. 308-317 

33. White sand containing wood and artesian water 317-325 

34. Blue clay 32.5-340 

35. White sand and mineral water; has considerable CO.,, sparkling and effervescent. . 340-356 

36. Blue clay 3.56-360 

37. White sand and pure water 364-378 

38. Blue clay 378-380 

39. White sand 380-381 

40. White clay 381-383 

41. Fine sand with artesian water : : 383-386 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 247 

On May 6, 1903, well was flowing 5 gallons per minute, at a height of about 1 foot above the surface of 
the ground: it was from this well that the tide curve shown in fig. 34, was obtained. 

The water from a depth of 270 feet has been analyzed by Endermann and Saarbach, analytical chemists 
of I\ew York, with the following results: 

Analysis of water from depth of 270 feet in Long Beach Association's well at Long Beach. 

Parts per million. 

Alkali 125. 000 

Lime _ - - 3. 525 

Magnesia - . 4. 276 

Oxide of iron 7. 057 

Chlorine 1 158. 750 

Sulphuric acid — 14. 760 

Silica - - - - - - 3. 577 

Total 317. 545 

Analysis of water from 383 to 386 feet by Doctors Endermann and Saarbach : 

Analysis of vMter from depth of 383-386 feet in well of Long Beach Association at Long Beach. 

Parts per million. 

Total residue 157. 32 

Organic and volatile matter . . 54. 72 

Mineral residue 102. 6 

Free ammonia ., .07 

Albuminoid ammonia. .13 

Nitrous acid- : - None. 

Nitric acid 1 . 71 

Oxygen required for oi'ganic matter 4. 79 

Chlorine. . .. 29. 07 

374. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved in the museum of the Long Island 
Historical Society: 

Record of well at Hempstead poorhouse, Barnum Island, Xeir Yorl-. 

Tisbuiy : Feet. 

1 . Orange sand and gravel _ 0- 4 

2. Fine yellowish brown sand 5 

4. Orange sand and gravel 15 

5. Very, dark-gray, clayey sand, with a few quartz pebbles 22 

6. Small and medium quartz pebbles orange yellow 29 

7. Fine to coarse orange-yellow sand 40 

8. Same 60 

9. Yellow clay and gravel, partly cemented with iron 63 

10. Fine yellow sand 70 

Transition : 

1 1 . Fine to medium dark-gray sand 74 

Sankatj^ : 

12. Very fine dark-gray clay, ^\'ith a little lignitized wood 75 

13. Dark-gray clay 95 

14. Same 113 

15. Dark-gray clayey sand and gravel 126 

Jameco ? : 

16. Gravel of quartz and chert: has no recognizable erratics, but colore suggest glacial 

material : quite difl'erent from the orange sand at the top of the section 129 



248 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Cretaceous : Feet. 

17. Dark-gray sand 135 

18. White micaceous sand ■ 147 

19. White sand and orange gravel ; a few fragments of red quartzite 168 

20. Coarse gray sand _ 170 

21 . Fine to coarse dirty yellowish gray sand 175 

22. Coarse white sand with lignite 1 80 

23. Lignite : 200 

24. Very fine gray clayey sand _ 225 

25. Coarse grayish white sand 243 

26. Much lignite in gray sand 245-270 

27. Gray sand and lignite , . 270-370 

28. Grayclay - 380 

29. Carbonaceous clay 383 

These samples were furnished by the driller, Mr. Theodore A. Carmen, who gave the following data 
regarding this well in a letter dated April 24, 1895: 

'-'Some years ago I attempted to bore a well near the shore; at 123 feet reached fresh water; we con- 
tinued boring to a depth of 380 feet: the soil was fine beach sand and clay, but the water was not good and 
did not rise to the surface." • 

A record of the well has been published by Lewis," who adds the following remarks on the section: 
• " The deposit of clay between 70 and 126 feet seems closely analogous to many clays now found upon, 
and at various depths beneath, the surface of the island; it is evidently a local deposit, such as might occur 
in the depressions of the surface. Two tube wells have been driven at no great distance from Barnums 
Island, one 97 and the other 194 feet, in which no similar layer of clay was detected." Other records have 
been published by Merrill,'' Darton,'' and Woolman.'' 

375. As the artesian water obtained from the deep well at Long Beach, No. 373, was so chalybeate that 
it was undesirable for domestic use, a pumping plant was established at East Rockaway which draws its 
water from shallow wells in the surface gravels. 

The following analysis by Doctors Endermann and Saarbach has been furnished by Mr. Paul K. Ames: 

Analysis of water from pumping plant of Long Beach Association near East Rockaway. 

Parts per million. 

Total residue - . - 94. 05 

Organic and volatile matter 13. 68 

Mineral residue 80. 37 

Free ammonia Trace. 

Albuminoid ammonia — Trace. 

Nitrous acid None. 

Nitric acid 2. 82 

Oxygen required for organic matter 56. 94 

Chlorine 19. 32 

375A. Record of J. H. Clark's well at East Rockaway. 

Tisbury : Feet. 

1. Sand 0-6 

2. Coarse white gravel 6- 8 

3. Sand 8-21 

4. Coarse white gravel 21-24 

Tisbury?: 

5. Bright-yellow clay which tasted like alum 24-27 

a Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 10, 1877, p. 442. 

ft Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, 1886, p. 350. 

cBull. N. Y. Geol. Survey No. 1.38, 1896, pp. 32-33. 

il Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1896, 1897, p. 160. 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 249 

The driller, Mr. Fass, did not penetrate the clay in this well, but pulled up the pipe and obtained the 
water from the gravel above it. 

376. Record of J . M. Smith's ivell near Rockville Center. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Stratified, yellow sand and quartz gravel, containing a small percentage of erratic 

material 0-17 

2. Cobble bed; large, yellow, iron-stained quartz bowlders 17-18 

Ml'. McCarten says that eight or ten attempts have been made to drive wells on the property of Mr. 

Smith, all of which have been unsuccessful on account of the pipe bending in the attempt to pass through 
the layer of stones, which is water bearing and 26 inches in thickness. The sand and gravel below the layer 
of cobbles is said to be relatively dry. 

377. The following record has been copied from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. 
De Varona: 

Record of Brooklyn test well No. 2G,-near Smith Pond. 

Recent to Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Muck and sand : 0- 15 

2. Bluish gray clay. 15- 2-1 

3. Yellow sand and gravel 24r- 56 

Cretaceous?: 

4. Bluish gray clay mixed with fine sand 56- 64 

5. Bluish gray and yellow clay mixed with fine sand 64- 71 

Cretaceous : 

6. Yellow sand with traces of clay 71- 76 

7. Gray sand, gravel, clay, and wood. 76- 84 

8. Yellow sand, clay, and wood 84- 96 

9. Gray sand, bluish clay, and wood 96-108 

10. Yellow clay, sand, and wood 108-114 

11. Gray sand, cla}^ and wood 114-118 

12. "Yellow sand, clay, and wood 118-128 

13. Bright-yellow sand, clay, and wood 128-134 

14. White sand, clay, and wood (slight^ water-bearing from 170.7) 134-184 

15. White sand, brown clay, and wood 184r-202 

16. Sohd gray clay; no water 202-214 

17. Gray clay, sand, and wood ; slightly water-bearing 214-235 

18. Gray clay, fine sand, and wood; sli'ghtly water-bearing 235-279 

19. White sand, clay, and wood; shghtly water-bearing 279-510 

20. Solid clay of dark bluish gray color 510-518 

21 . Clay, sand, and wood ; slightly water-bearing 518-522 

22. Solid clay; no water 522-527 

23. Light-gray claj^, sand, and wood; slightly water-bearing 527-554 

24. Sand, gravel, clay, and wood; water-bearing 554-578 

25. Sharp white sand and white clay; no wood; flows 5 gallons per minute 578-579 

26. Small gravel, white sand, and white clay; flows 5 gallons per minute 579-587 

Elevation of surface, 8.3 feet. " First water at 25 feet; rises to 6 feet below at the surface; the best 

supply of water is from 42-45 feet." 

37S. Record of commission's test well near Roclcville f 'enter. 

Wisconsin and Tisburj- : Feet. 

1-2. Dark-brown loamy sand 0. 5- 1.5 

3. Reddish yellow fine sand — 4. 5 

4. Vei-y fine white sand to small gravel 8-9 

5. Very fine grayish yellow sand; some fine gravel 13-14 

6. Yellow silty clay, mottled red 17-17. 5 

17116— No. 44—06 17 



250 UNDEEGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Feet. 

7. Reddish yellow sand _ •. 17. 5-18 

8. Red sand, fine to medium, with biotite 18. 5-19 

9. Light-yellow sand 22-22. 5 

10. Same, with considerable yellow clay 23-23. 5 

11. Red and yellow sand 26. 5-27 

12. Fine, dark gray-blue clay, wil'i quartz sand and lignite 27 -27.5 

13. Grayish sand and lignite 29 -30 

14. Light reddish yellow sand, i o erratics 33 -34 

15-16. Medium white sand 36 -42 . 

17. Medium yellow sand 43. 5-44 

19. Fine to medium gray sand: . _ .... 47 -48 

20. Fine to coarse grayish yellow sand : 48 -49 

21. Fine to very coarse brownish yellow sand and quartz gravel (bowlder struck in 

this). . ., 49. 5-51 

22. Bowlder 51 -52 

23. Medium yellow sand 52. 5-53 

Cretaceous : 

24. Medium wliite gray sand and a little white clay 53. 5-54. 5 

25. Very fine gray sand and much white clay 55 -55. 5 

26. Very coarse white sand 55. 5-56 

27. Fine to coarse quartz sand and gravel 58 -60 

28. Fine quartz sand apparently pulverized rock 61 -62 

29. Medium grayish yellow sand 65 -66 

30. Fine to medium yellowish gray sand and yellow clay 66. 5-67. 5 

31. Medium to coarse yellow sand and clay 71. 6-72 

32. Dark-gray clay 72. 4-74 

379. Two of the wells used in this plant were completed in 1895 and the other two in 1892. The 
village clerk gives the follo^'ing data regarding the daily pumping during 1902: 

Yield in 1902 of wells of RockviUe Center waterworks, Rockville Center. 

Gallons. 

Maximum daily yield... 249,000 

Minimum daily yield 112, 000 

Average daily yield .' 150, 466 

3S0. Record of commission's test well near Rockville Center. 

Feet. 

1 . Black surface loam - 0.3 

2. Yellow dayey sand - 1.8 

3. Medium yellow sand 5. 8- 6. 3 

4. Medium to coarse gray sand 9 -10 

5-7. Medium to coarse reddish brown sand; glacial 10 -19 

8. Fine gray and bro%vn sand : same as No. 9, well 378 23 -24 

3§ 1-392. These were test wells put down by the commission on additional water supply around the 
Millburn reservoir; the deepest was No. 382, of which the section is as follows: 

Record of commission's "deep" test well near Millburn reservoir. 

Feet. 

1-8. Reddish outwash sand. -30 

' 9. Fine gray beach sand 31. 5 

10. Yellow quartz gravel 34. 5-35 

11. Fine yellowish gray sand 35. 5-36 

12. Reddish yellow sand 40 -4] 

13. Fine bro^vnish yellow sand 41 .-42 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 



251 



Feet. 

14-15. Coarser yellowish white sand 46 -51 

16. Light gray highlj' micaceous sand 54 -55 

17. Brownish beach sand 56 -57 

18-20. Fine, light-gray, highly micaceous sand - - 58 -69 

21. Coarser white sand. 73 -74 

22. Fine yellowish sand 78 -79 

23-25. Fine gray sand with a little white clay 81 -92 

26. Dark gray micaceous sand with a little lignite 93 -94 

27-28. Very dark-colored sandy clay 95 -97 

The materials penetrated in the other wells are summarized in the following table: 

Records of commission's weUs near Millhurn reservoir. 



Well number 


381. 


383. 


384. 


385. 


386. 


387. 


, 388. 


389. 


390. 


391. 


392. 








1. Reddish yellow out wash 


0-29 
29-38 


0-31 


4-29 
29-32 


0-30 
30-31 


0-22.5 
22.5-22.5 


0-21 
21-25 


0-24 
24-25 


0-21 
21-22.5 


0-29 
29-30 


0-26.5 
26.5-32 


0-26 


2. Fine gray beach sand 


26-32 



See Tables XII, and XIII. 

393. Mr. Hancock reports that all shallow wells in this neighborhood are sunk through about the 

same material and that one description will fit all. They vary in depth from 8 to 20 feet, according to the 

elevation of the surface. 

Record of M. S. Thomas's well at Baldmn. 

Feet. 

1. Reddish brown clay: no bowlders 0- 5 

2. Loose sand, gray in color 5-10 

3. Hard red sand 10-12 

4. Red sand with white pebbles 12-13 

5. White sand with an abundance of mica 13-18 

394. Record of C . H. Southard's vjell at Baldwin. 

Feet. 

1. Surface loam 0-3 

2. Fine brown sand 3-8 

3. Very coarse light-colored gravel. 8-1 1 

4. Finer gravel, decreasing in size 11-30 

5. Very white beach sand , 30-35 

395. Mr. Wortman reports that at 50 feet he encountered a very black mud which choked the well 
point. He reports that the clay at Lynbrook is about 12 feet below the surface and is of great thickness. 
Above the clay is a very coarse stony material. He also reports that a black mud was encountered in 
driving a well at the railroad station at Baldwin. 

396. Tliis well was sounded July 10 by Francis Whitney, field assistant, and found to be 288.6 feet 
deep from the top of the old pipe. Lignite was reported from 300 to 370 feet. 

399. Record of commission's test well near Norwood. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Brown loamy sand 0- 1.4 

3-4. Medium reddish yellow sand 5. 2- 6:2 

5. Fine to medium brownish yellow sand with much biotite 10. 5-11. 5 

Tisbury: 

6. Medium light-brown sand. , 15 -16 

7. Fine to mediimi rusty red sand. 18 -19 

8-11. Fine grayish yellow sand (possibly glacial ) 20 -34 



252 UNDERGROUND "WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

400. Record of commission's test well between Rochville and Hempstead. 

Wisconsin: ' Feet. 

1-2. Yellow gravelly loam : 0- 2 

3-8. Outwasli sand and gravel 2-27 

Tisbury : 

9. Medium light-yellow sand ; 31-32 

See Tables XII, XIII. 

401. Record of commission's test weU south of Hempstead. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1-2. Yellow gravelly loam ,.. - 1.6 

3-4. Reddish yellow silty sand 2.5- 6.5 

5. Fine reddish brown sand 9. 5-10. 5 

6-9. Dark reddish yellow sand and gravel (glacial ) 14. 5-22 

Tisbury ? : 

10-12. Fine yellowish silt to coarse gravel, becoming lighter and coarser below, 

not sharply glacial 23 -32 

See Tables XII, Xllf. 

402. Record of commission's test well near Greenwich Point. 

Wisconsin and Tisburj-: Feet. 

1-2. Surface dark loamy clay _ 1.5 

3-4. Tough sandj' clay with bowlders _ 2. 5-3. 4 

5-8. Yellow sand to fine gravel 6 -17 

9-10. Reddish yellow sand and small gravel, with a considerable percentage of 

finer material . _ 19 -26 

11. Coarse reddish yellow sand (same as No. 7 in well 411) _ ._ 29 -30 

All the section, with the exception of the upper 3.5 feet, appears to be regular outwash material. 

403. Record of commission's test well near Hempstead. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

I. Dark loamy sand ■ 0. 4 

2-3. Reddish dark-gray sand and gravel 1.5- 9 

4. Medium gray sand with considerable glacial debris. 10 -11 

5-6. Pebbles and fine sand (glacial) 11 -13 

Tisbury ? : 

7. Dark reddish sand. 15 -16 

8. Dark reddish sand and gravel ^ 18 -19 

9-10. Medium reddish yellow sand 23 -29 

II. Light reddish yellow sand; no erratics (not clearlj- glacial) 33 -33.5 

See Tables XII, XIII.' 

404. Record of commission's test well near Hempstead. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Black sandy loam _ _ -27 

2. Dark silt to cobbles _ . . 2. 8- 3. 2 

3-5. Fine to coarse sand, very light yellow 5. 5-16 

6. Medium reddish sand - 17 -18 

Tisbury: 

7. YeUow sand and gravel with some erratics : 18 -19 

Tisbury and Cretaceous: 

8-16. Red sand (doubtfuUy glacial).... 20.5-61 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 253 

Cretaceous : Feet. 

17. Fine dark-colored sand with lignite 64 -65. 5 

18-23. Fine, light-colored, silty, micaceous- sand, suggesting material of Cretaceous 

age 67 -94 

24. Very black, micaceous, sandy clay _ 95. 5-97 

400. Record of commission's lest well near Hempstead. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1-2. Yellow surface loam -2 

3-11. Glacial sand and gravel - . 2 -52. 7 

407. Record of commission's test well near East Meadow Brooli. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Light-yellow surface loam ■. - 1.5 

3-5. Coarse sand, with some erratic material 5 - 15 

6. Considerable gravel, with much erratic material _ 20 

Cretaceous : 

7-14. Fine, white, highly micaceous, clayey sand 22 - 51 

15. Dark-brown, very fine, micaceous, clayey sand 55 - 55. 5 

16. Light-yellow clayey sand . . . 58. 5- 60 

17. Greenish yellow fine silt to medium sand, highly micaceous. .. 65 - 66 

18. Gray silt to medium sand, highly micaceous 70 - 71 

19. Bright red sandy silt 75. 1- 76 

20. Light, grayish brown, micaceous, sandy silt 80 - 81 

21-22. Greenish yellow, micaceous, sandy silt . 85 - 91 

23. Grayish brown, micaceous, silty sand, with some lignite 91. 7- 91. 8 

24. Fine light-yellow sand 93. 5- 94 

25. Fine, greenish yellow, micaceous, silty sand 95 - 96 

26. Dark-gray, micaceous, silty sand 100 -101 

27-28. Medium light yellowish white sand 105 -111 

29. Brownish white silty sand 115 -116 

30. Dark yellowish gray silty sand 120 -121 

31. Laminated black and white sandy clay 123. 5-125 

40§. Record of commission's test well near East Meadow Brook. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury 1: Feet. 

1-8. Light-yellow outwash sand and gravel 0-35 

409. Record of commission's test well near Garden City. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1-9. Light-yellow outwash sand and gravel 0-37 

See Table XIL 

410. Record, of commission's test well at Garden City. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Dark-colored gravelly loam - 1.6 

3-7. Brownish-yellow outwash sands and gravel, with much glacial material 2. 3-23 

Tisbury?: 

8-10. Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand, not clearly glacial 27 -36. 8 

See Tables XII, XIII. 



254 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

411. Record of commission's test well at Garden City. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: • Feet. 

1. Black loamy sand 1 

2. Yellow sand to coarse gravel with a little yellow clay 3 

3-6. Bright reddish yellow sand and fine gravel 5-21 

7. Fine yellow gravel with little, if any, glacial material (same as 1 1 , well 402 ) 25 

413. Record of commission's test well at Garden City. 

Wisconsin:' . Feet. 

1. Dark sandy loam with gravel. ^ 0. 5 - 

2. Yellow sandy clay 2 

3. Yellow sand and gravel : 4 

4^10. Grayish yellow sand to fine gravel 8. 5-38. 5 

All samples apparently represent out wash material, and contain much biotite. 

414. Mr. George L. Hubbell, general manager, states that the water level in the well owned by the 
Garden City Water Supply Company can be reduced 12 feet by excessive pumping, and that when the water 
level falls after several months' steady pumping the hydrants are opened and the pumps are run at their fiill 
capacity night and day for from twenty-four to thirty-six hours. When the normal rate of pumping is 
resumed the water level rises 5 feet. A layer of clay is encountered between 20 and 24 feet, which 
is overlain and underlain by sand and gravel. 

416. Record of commission's test well near Mineola. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1. Black surface silt 

2-3. Yellow gravelly loam. . , 1.2- 3. 4 

4—8. Fine sand to small gravel (outwash glacial material ) 6 -27 

9. Very fine, reddish, clayey sand 30. 9-31 

10-12. Fine silt to small gravel (outwash material). 31 -42. 5 

See Table XII. 

41 §. Record oj commission's test well near Mineola. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Black surface loam 0. 5 

2. Yellow, silty, gravelly sand i 2 - 2. 4 

3-10. Fine silt to small gravel (outwash glacial material ) 6. 5-42 

Tisbury: 

11. Very fine, light-yellow, silty sand 50 -51 

12. Medium yellow sand (doubtfully glacial ) 51 -53. 8 

13. Coarse reddish yellow sand (doubtfully glacial ) 53 -55. 7 

See Tables XII, XIII. 

419. Record of commission's test well near Mineola. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Black sandy loam 0. 5 

2. Dark loamy sand with gravel 2 

3. Grayish yellow sand with fine gravel ...., 4 -6 

4. Same, but with more gravel 10 -11.5 

5-6. Small gravel with much erratic material 15 -20. 5 

Tisbury: 

7. Yellow sand with small gravel 20. 5-21 

8. Same, with a little clay 25. 5-26 

9-10. Small gravel 29. 5-36 

11. Very coarse yellow sand 38 -39 

12-13. Fine grayish yellow sand 43 -48. 5 

14. Same, but with a little coarse gravel , 53 -53. 5 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 255 

420. Record of C. Edison's well near East Williston. 

Feet. 

1. Coarse sand - - . - - 0- 

2. Medium sand - - -50 

3. Coarse sand to gravel ; water-bearing 50-56. 6 

4i21. Record of commission's test well near East Williston. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Very dark-brown surface loam - 0. 8 

2. Keddish brown loamy sand 2. 7- 2. 9 

3-4. Yellow clay and bowlders 7. 5-13. 2 

5. Light yellowish white sand and gravel 17. 5-18. 5 

6. Reddish yellow silty sand 22. 5-23. 5 

7. Very black sand, full of mica, looks like ground-up bowlder _ 25 -26. 5 

Tisbury: 

8-9. Fine to medium yellowish white sand- 30 -36 

10. Fine yellowish white sand to medium gravel _ 40 -41 

11. Small light-colored gravel (considerable percentage of glacial material) 41 -42 

12-13. Fine to medium yellowish white sand _ 45 -51 

14. Small light-colored gravel with glacial material 54 -55 

See Tables XII, XIII. 

422. Record of commission's test well near Albertson. 

Feet. 

1. Black loamy clay 1. 7- 2. 3 

2. Brownish yellow clay with a few pebbles very similar to the clay at East Williston.. . 3 - 3. 5 

3. Brown and yellow clay with reddish brown sand and gravel (glacial) 8 - 9. 5 

4. Dark grayish sand with much fresh biotite; evidently debris from a glacial bowlder. 10. 5-11. 5 

5-6. Yellow clay, sand and gravel (" bowlder clay " ) _ _ 15 -21 

7. Sand and coarse gravel (glacial ) _ . 23 -24 

8-10. Fine yellow sand with a noticeable percentage of glacial material. 27 -37 

See Tables XII, XIII. 

423. The greater portion of this well is in light yellow sand and gravel. Near the bottom fine gray 
sandy clay was encountered. 

424. Record of W. P. Kelsey's well near Old Westhury. 

Wisconsin: " p^eet. 

1. Coarse gravel 0- 50 

Cretaceous?: 

2. Alternate layers of sand and clay 50-150 

425. Record of J. E. Brady's well near Old Westhury. 

Feet. 

1. Glacial deposit 0-20 

2. Clay and sand, mixed (white beach sand and greasy, slippery clay) 20-133 

3. Coarse gravel, the pebbles of which were highly colored — black, red, and all grada- 

tions to yellow 138-145 

426. Record of R. L. Cottnet's well near Old Westhury. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Gravel and large stones _ 0- 50 

2. Black hardpan containing a great many stones and a great deal of mica 50- 62 

Mannetto : 

3. Very coarse gravel, quite hard and with no water _ 62- 75 

Cretaceous : 

4. Sand with little water, quite black, and with a bad odor 75- 80 

5. Very fine muddy sand 80- 85 



256 DWDEEGROUND WATER EESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Cretaceous — Continued . Feet. 

6. Wliitish blue clay, lighter than other clays 85- 88 

7. White beach sand, water-bearing ' 88-170 

8. Quicksand __. 170-175 

9. A very large stone was encountered at 175 

10. Coarse white sand 175-180 

\ 

427. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved in the museum of the Long Island 
Historical Society. The location given is only approximate: 

Record of J . F. D. Lanier's icell near Old Westhury. 
Mannetto: Feet. 

1. Yellow surface sand and gravel, no glacial material ' 0- 10 

Cretaceous: 

2. Pinkish white clay interbedded with white sand, suggesting the upper part of the 

Melville section 10- 22 

3. Fine yellow sand ^^dth supply of water 22- 37 

4. Pinkish white clay, marked " clay in thin layers " 37- 57 

5. Fine to medium yellow sand, marked "quicksand'' 57-103 

6. Ferruginous cnists in clayey sand 103- 

That stratum 3 should have contained an abundant supply of water, is rather surprising, considering the 
height of the well. The probable explanation is that the well was put down in the wet season and that this 
represents a perched water table. 

428. The quicksand in the section below rose in the pipe three or four times. It was at last kept down 
by putting gravel in the bottom of the well. The water was obtained from quicksand. It was tested for 
twenty-four hours at a rate of 25 gallons per minute. 

Record of J. F. D. Lanier's well near Old Westhury. 
Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Hardpan 0- 20 

Transition: 

2. Brown or gray clay, with plenty of flinty stones at the top 20-100 

Cretaceous : 

3. Fine white sand 100-146 

4. Quicksand, water-bearing ■ 146-150 

429. This well is about 40 feet higher than well 430. 

430. The following record has been prepared from the samples furnished by Mr. John Tart rnd the 
record of Mr. F. Wankel, foremen for the Hudson Engineering and Contracting Company: 

Record of H. B. Duryea's well near Old Westhury. 

Wisconsin and Mannetto: Feet. 

1 . Loam 0- 3 

2. Hardpan 3-27 

3. Coarse sand 27- 30 

Cretaceous ? : 

4. Yellow clay 30-50 

5. Hardpan 50- 76 

6. Quicksand 76- 86 

Cretaceous: 

7. Medium, very light yellow sand " 86- 92 

8. Sand with clay layers 92- 97 

9. Fine white sand 97-105 

10. Medium yellow sand ^^"ith some clay 105-121 

11 . Yellow sand with lumps of clay 121-140 

a No samples above 90 feet. 



DESOKIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 257 

Cretaceous — Continued. Feet. 

12. Bright reddish brown sand, with some ferruginous sandstone 140-152 

13. Medium yellow sand, with lumps of white clay 152-171 

14. "Quicksand;" a very fine, hght yellow, micaceous, clayey sand 171-190 

15. "Sandy white clay;" samples show only very fine, light yellow, micaceous, clayey 

sand - - - 190-225 

16. "Quicksand;" fine to medium, yellow, clayey sand 225-258 

17. "Dark clay;" samples show very dark, micaceous, sandy clay 258-280 

18. Coarse soapstone sand 280-286 

19. Medium to coarse gray sand 286-290 

20. Medium to coarse sand 290-308 

21 . Fine to medium gray sand 308-314 

22. White clay 314-324 

23. Coarse white sand - 324^329 

24. Coarse pink and chocolate sand 329-343 

25. White clay - - . . 343- 

Strainers are placed from 300 to 308 feet and from 330 to 340 feet. Elevation of ground, 197.5 feet. 

431. The Cretaceous sand which underhes the Wheatley Hills, while water-bearing, is so fine that it 
is difficult to finish a well in it. Mr. E. D. Morgan has been particularly persistent in his search for a coarser 
layer that would yield an adequate supply of water. The records of several of the wells drilled at this place 
are given below. 

The section of the well completed by Mr. John Fisher is reported as follows: 

Record of E. D. Morgan's well in Wheatley Hills. 
Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Hardpan '. 0-80 

Cretaceous?: 

2. Reddish clay. 80-92 

Cretaceous : 

3. Fine sand ^. 92-295 

4. Very white and sticky clay •. 295- 

Water found at the top of the clay. 

Five other parties (among whom was Gallienne) made failures in the same locality. Fisher ascribes 
their failure as due to their having passed through the clay. Below this there is a fine sand which sometimes 
rises in the pipe to a distance of 100 feet. In one case, where Fisher went through the clay for an experiment, 
the sand rose in his pipe to a distance of 60 feet. Down to 40 feet in this well the material passed through 
was so hard that no pipe was required. 

A foreman in the employ of Mr. A. J. Connolly reports the following section: 

Record of E. D. Morgan's well in Wheatley Hills. 
Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Sand and clay with bowlders 0- 90 

Mannetto?: 

2. Coarse gravel, white and yellow 90- 

Cretaceous : 

3. Yellow clay with fine sand 

4. Whitish clay (60 feet thick) _ 

5. Fine white sand with mica particles ; water-bearing -280 

Mr. Alfred Wisson reports that in the well which he completed the section is almost the same as that 
which he reported from well 434. Of the wells drilled by Mr. A. W. Gallienne, Mr. Ed. Danis reports that 
the material penetrated was very similar to that encountered in the Harriman well (No. 512), on which 
Mr. Danis was working at the same time. 



258 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

In the summer of 1903 a new well was drilled at this place by Messrs. Wankel and Tart, of the Hudson 

Engineering and Contracting Company, who have furnished the Survey with the following record and samples: 

Record of E. D. Morgan's well in Wheailey Hills. 

[Section by F. Wankel.] 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Hardpan .• 0-1 06 

Mannetto : 

2. Beach sand ' 106—115 

• 3. Hardpan _ 115-130 

Mannetto ? and Cretaceous: 

4. Beach sand ..,.. 130-201 

Cretaceous : 

5. Yellow clay _ 201-218 

6. Beach sand (here I reached the surface of the water) 218-236 

[ 7. Gravel , 236-243 

8. Medium coarse sand _ 243-252 

■ " 9. Yellow clay . 252-277 

10. White clay _ _ 277-298 ' ,^ 

11. Grayish clay 298-316 

12. Yellow clay.. 316-334 

13. Gravel, chunks of iron ore, hollow sandstones and big flow of water. 334-336 

14. Yellow clay 336-344 

15. Yellow beach sand, very fine , 344-350 

16. Coarser 350-360 

17. Still coarser 360-364 

18. Quicksand 364-368 

19. Coarse, yellow sand 368-393 

20. Pink sand 393-398 

21. White sand, growdng continually coarser to almost gravel. 398—427 

22. White medium coars^e sand 427-434 

23. White clay, not penetrated 434- 

From samples received from Wankel apd Tart the following record has been compiled (elevation 328.5 
feet, Geological Surve}'^ base): 

Record of E. D. Morgan's well in Wheailey Hills. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury ? : Feet. 

1. Quartz, sand, and gravel, with a considerable percentage of glacial material 0-106 

Mannetto : 

2. Fine sand to small gravel; quartz, with fragments of red ferruginous sandstone and 

white chert, and a few compound pebbles *. 106-115 

. 3. Quartz, sand, and gravel, many pebbles of ferruginous sandstone, and a few 

fragments of compound pebbles (mica schist ) 115-130 

Mannetto ? : 

4. Quartz, sand, and gravel, with some pebbles of ferruginous sandstone (no com- 

pound pebbles) 130-148 

5. Orange-yellow quartz gravel, with a few pebbles of verj' much decomposed white 

chert and a few fragments of compound pebbles 148-149 

Cretaceous : 

6. Light-yellow quartz, sand, and gravel; white chert (no erratics) 149-170 

7. Light-yellow quartz, sand, and gravel (no erratics ) 170-201 

8. Very light-yellow quartz, sand, and gravel ("water sand " ) 201-218 

9. Fine to medium yellowish-white sand, with a few small pebbles (no erratics)... 218-236 

10. Small quartz gravel; many pebbles and fragments of white chert ... 236-243 

11. Medium light-vellow sand 243-251 



DESCRIPTIVE KOTES ON WELLS. 259 

Cretaceous — Continued. Feet. 

12. Yellow sandy clay (very fine yellow sandy silt ) 251-277 

13. Gray sandy clay (very fine, gray, sandy silt ) 277-334 

14. Quartz, sand, and gravel with a large percentage of rounded pebbles of ferrugi- 

nous sandstone. A large fragment (3i by 2 inches) of a very much decayed, 
rounded, granitic bowlder was obtained from this layer. This is the only piece 
of erratic material in the sample 334-336 

15. Yellow sandy silt or clay, with a few small quartz pebbles and fragments of ferru- 

ginous sandstone 336-344 

16. Uniform, fine to medium, yellow sand 344^350 

17. Same 350-354 

18. Same _ 354-368 

19. Uniform, fine to medium, dirty, white sand 368-375 

20. Medium yellow sand 375-393 

21. Uniform, coarse, reddish-brown sand 393-398 

22. Coarse light-yellow sand 398-418 

23. Fine, white and yellow, quartz gravel, with fragments of ferruginous sandstone. . 418-435 

A few specimens are preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society, marked "Specimens 
obtained in boring a well at Wheatley Hills, Long Island, summer of 1890." These are all normal Cretaceous 
material, but as no depths are given have no definite stratigraphic value. In one case a small tray marked 
"460 feet" contained a medium dirty yellow sand. This probably belongs to another section. 

432. Mr. Thomas GriflBn, foreman for W. C. Whitney, reports that the material penetrated was chiefly 
"hardpan and fine white sand." 

433. Material penetrated very similar to that found in well 432, but the sand is finer and contains a large 
amount of mica. The water is raised by steam pump and if a greater amount than 4 or 5 gallons per 
minute is pumped the water becomes cloudy. 

434. Mr. Alfred Wisson reports the following section: 

Record of S. Mortimer's well in Wheatley Hills. 
Pleistocene : Feet. 

1. Hardpan (mixed clay and gravel with occasional streaks of clay). 30-100 

Cretaceous : 

2. Soft mushy clay with much mica; the clay was black and had a very bad odor 100-105 

3. Soft- reddish clay, loam-like in texture with some pure sand intermingled; some 

clear water was found at the bottom of the clay: yield, about 5 gallons a minute. 105-205 

4. Good, coarse, white sand with veiy few pebbles 205-225 

5. Blue clay (no stones) 225-226 . 

6. Good clear gravel 226-300 

7. Clay 300- 

This well was tested for three weeks at a rate of 25 gallons a minute and occasionally 50 gallons a minute 
No effect was produced on the water level. 

The following section is reported by Mr. John Fisher: 

Record of S. Mortimer's well in Wheatley Mills. 

Wisconsin and Mannetto: Feet. 

1. Coarse gravel and loamy sand, like surface material 0-150 

Cretaceous : 

2. Light baky clay ; no water on top of the clay 150-160 

3. Fine sand 160-200 

4. Coarse gravel, about the size of hickory nuts 200-205 

Mr. Fisher states that this is the onlj- well in this neighborhood in which water was found in gravel. 

He regards it as the best well in the vicinity of Wheatley Hills. 

435. According to Mr. John Heerdegan the material penetrated in this well is as follows: 



260 UKDEEGEOUND WATER RE80UECES OP LONG ISLAND, NEW YOKK. 

Reccrd of W. Stowe's well in Wheatley Hills. 
Wisconsin: Feet 

1. Bowlders and clay (till) ■. ^ 0-40 

Cretaceous ? : 

2. Alternating series of coarse and fine white sands 40-190 

Cretaceous : 

3. Fine sand and clay mixed ll0-228 

4. Material gradually coarser until gravel, is reached at 240 228-245 

5. Clay and sand mixed _ 245-295 

Water was found in the sandy layers between 245 and 295 feet, but was cloudy, and the well was plugged 

at 240 feet and a strainer put in from 230 to 240. No water was encountered until a depth of 228 feet was 
reached. The gravel in this well is reported as coarser than in any of the wells of the Nassau Electric Light 
and Power Company, No. 437. 

Mr. I. H. Ford reports that in the well which he put down at this place he found nothing but sand. 
The first water was found at a depth of 130 feet. 

436. Record of Mrs. I. Vowman's well near Roslyn. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Coarse red gravel, very hard, and with no stones 0- 20 

2. Coarse sand, quite red in streaks 20- 50 

Manhasset bowlder bed?: 

3. Sand, with a thin layer of bowlders 50-53 

Tisbury and Mannetto: 

4. Finesand 53- 90 

5. Coarse red gravel ; water-bearing 90-115 

437. Record of well of Nassau Electric Light and Power Company, Roslyn. 

Pleistocene : Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel, similar to that at surface beneath loam (water-bearing between 

80 and 82 feet ) ^ : . . 0-100 

Cretaceous : 

2. Ordinary, white, " beach" sand . 100-180 

3. Lignite, with sand , . . ^ 180-182 

4. Clay, containing a very small percentage of sand (" almost solid clay " ) 182-220 

5. Water-bearing gravel 220-238 

6. Fine sand and white clay mixed 238-250 

At 250 feet a shell was found in white clay which was identified by Dr. W. H. Dall as Terebratula 
filosa. 

According to tests made by the Nassau Light and Power Company the whole series of 4 wells when 
pumped together yields 176,000 gallons in 24 hours. Individually the wells yield as follows: 

Yield of wells of Nassau Electric Light and Power Company at Roslyn. 

Gallons. 

Well No. 1 120, 000 

Well No. 2 70, 000 

Well No. 3 24, 000-25, 000 

Well No. 4 60, 000 

The strainers in these wells are 10 feet long and are between 228 and 238 feet below the surface. The 
wells were sunk to a depth of 250 feet, 12 feet below the strainers, in order that matei'ial passing the screens 
would fall below the screens and not clog up the wells. 

438. Mr. Schmidt could not give a complete log of this well, but furnished the following data: Two 
bowlder beds were encountered, one at 82 feet, 4 feet thick, and another at 124 feet, 2 feet thick. Many of 
the stones were the size of a double fist and not a few were as large as one's head or even larger. Occasional 
streaks of clay were encountered, but these were not of any considerable thickness. There were some layers 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WEI.LS. 261 

of coarse sand and gravel of the ordinary color, containing many quartz pebbles the size of hickory nuts 
One such bed was found at 126 feet, from which the supplj' of water comes. 

Mr. Schmidt says that the above conditions are frequently met with north of the Jericho turnpike, and 
at least as far east as Westbury. He has also encountered such bowlder beds at East Williston and always 
found water in them. He says that some of the stones are so large that it is all two men can do to 
pull one out with the windlass. 

440. Record of commission's test well near Roslyn. 

Feet. 

1-2. Dark sandy loam - 1.4 

3. Yellow sandy clay _ . 5 - 5. 5 

4^5. Fine to coarse reddish-brown sand 7. 5-12 

6. Fine, reddish-brown, clayey sand with bowlders and cobbles 14 -14. 6 

7-9. Dark, yellowish gray, fine sand and small gravel, with a considerable percentage 

of erratics 18 -28. 8 

10-11. Very fine, light, yellowish-brown, micaceous clayey sand; resembles Cretaceous. 34 -40 
12-14. Fine to coarse reddish-brown sand, mostly quartz (glacial) 44 -52 

441. Record of commission's test well near Roslyn. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Black surface loam _ 0.2- 0. 8 

2-6. Dark, yellowish-brown, clayey sand and gravel containing a very large amount 

of glacial debris 2 -25 

444. Mr. Corcoran reports that a clay bed was encountered between 90 and 190 feet, on penetrating 
which, water rushed up with considerable force, bringing sand with it. 

Mr. Jesse Conklin writes (April 25, 1895), regarding a well at Roslyn, which is probably this well: 
"In Roslyn, near the Long Island Sound, I drove a 6-inch well 210 feet. At 74 feet I struck water, drove 
10 feet in water and got a poor supply. I drove on 116 feet through fine sand and some claj^: all through 
this 116 feet I found clam and oyster shells. At 200 feet I struck white gravel and drove 10 feet and got an 
unlimited supply of water. I pumped from this well 100 gallons per minute and could not lower the water 
a particle." 

445. Record of well at W. J. Post's iricTcyard, Glenwood Landing. 

Tisbury?: Feet. 

1. Sand - 0-31 

Cretaceous : 

2. Solid clay _ 31- 61 

3. Quicksand 61-69 

4. Coarse gravel — - . 69- 

446. Record of A. A. Enowles's well near Glenhead. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Brownish loam 0- 7 

Tisbury : 

2. Yellow sand and gravel 7- 60 

Manhasset bowlder bed: 

3. Sand and clay ---- 60- 75 

Tisbury : 

4. Sand -- 75-136 ' 

Cretaceous : 

5. Very dark clay - 136-137 

6. White sand, with water 137-140 



262 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

450. Record of Kersona well near Sea Cliff. 

Wisconsin and Tisbuiy: Feet. 

1 . Brown sand ; slight flow of water at 45 feet _ _ 0-45 

Cretaceous : 

2. Fine white sand, yielding milky water 45- 

3. White and pink clay ^. . -106 

452. This plant draws its water from six 6-inch wells sunk bet\veen 1897 and 1903, which 3-ield 250,000 
gallons in ten hours. The original supply was from springs. 

453. Mr. Dubois states that at 80 feet he struck hardpan with some stone. This probably represents 
the Manhasset bowlder bed. 

454. Record of commission's test well 2 miles south of Locust Valley. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Grayish-yellow fine sand to coarse gravel 1. 5-10 

Transition : 

3. Medium dark brownish gray sand _ . 21-25 

Tisbury: 

4. Light yellow, veiy coarse sand and fine gi'avel: looks like Tisburj' material 37-40 _ 

5. Same, rather finer , 47-52 

■ See Table XIII. 

455. Record of well of Nassau County Water Company, near Glen Cove. 

Recent: Feet. 

1. Marsh mud - 0-2 

2. Brown sand. 2-8 

Tisbury: 

3. Sand and brown gravel - 8-35 

4. Coarse gravel 35-54 

5. Fine gravel i — 54- 

"The gravel [in this well] is as large as a man's fist; the sand is white and coarse from 8 to 54. This well 

flows 6 feet in the air, and its pumping capacity is 250 gallons per minute." 

Samples in the office of Mr. Oscar Darling, consulting engineer, show the following section for the fiist 
10-incli well: 

Record of well of Nassau County Water Company, near Glen Cove. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Light-yellow sand and gravel with small percentage of glacial material 0-23 

2 Yellow sandy clay 27 

3. Fine yellow sand. 31 

4. Pepper and salt sand (much glacial material ) 37-41 

5. Coarse white sand 46-66 

This well flowed first at 41 feet. 

The 2-inch test well flow'ed first at a depth of 34 feet: it flowed, at 18 inches above the surface, 20 gallons 
per minute. 

ilr. Darling gives the elevation of the ground at the pumping station as 50 feet above mean high tide. 

456. Record of Fnervds' Academy well near Locust Valley. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Yellow sand - - 0- 4 

2. Light-colored sand and gravel 4— 80 

Manhasset bowlder bed?: 

3. Brown clay. 80- 87 

Tisbury : 

4. Reddish brown sand, with some water ■ 87- 90 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 263 

Cretaceous?: Feet. 

5. Hard sandy clay ("hardpan") 90- 93 

6. Gray sand and gravel ^ 93-156 

7. Hard sandy clay ("hardpan") 156-160 

8. White sand with water 160-164 

9. " Hardpan " 164-168 

Cretaceous: 

10. Brownish yellow to white sand 168-197 

1 1 . White clay, becoming pink below 197-209 

12. Greenish white sand, without water 209-212 

13. White sand and gravel ; water bearing 212-222 

457. Record of F. E. Willets's well near Glen Cove. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Brown loam , 0- 9 

2. Brownish gravel and sand .- 9- 29 

Manhasset bowlder bed: 

3. "Hardpan;" clay with bowlders 29- 44 . 

Tisbury: 

4. Light-colored sand : 44- 70 

5. Brownish clay 70- 85 

6. Sand, growing whiter as the depth increases 85-158 

Cretaceous ? 

7. Clay, with enough grit to make it hard ("hardpan") 158-164 

8. White gravel (no water) 164-182 

9. White coarse sand, with an abundant supply of water 182-186 

' 45§. Record of S. Seernan's well near Glen Cove. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Hard brown clay 0- 15 

Tisbuiy : 

2. Sand and gravel 15- 

Transition : 

3. Wliite sand. 

Cretaceous : 

4. White clay, becoming pink below. 

5. White sand ; water bearing -140 

459. Record of S. Burlce's well near Glen Cove. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. " Hardpan ;" brown clay with grit; no bowlders 0- 41 

Tisbury: 

2. Brownish sand and gravel 41-1.50 

Cretaceous: 

3. Whitish clay, becoming pink in its lower portion _ 150-165 

4. White sand, containing water 1 65-170 

Mr. Dubois states that this bed of white or pink clay commonly overlies the water-bearing strata in 

this section. 

460. Record of North Country Club well near Glen Cove. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Surface gravel. 0-20 

2. Clay. 20-21 

3. Dry brownish-yellow sand 21- 90 

Cretaceous : 

4. White clay.... 90- 94 

5. Sand 94-129 



264 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EE80UECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 

462. Record of John Minniken's well near Glen Cove. 

Recent: Feet. 

1 . Filled ground - 5 

2. Peat 5-10 

Tisbury : 

3. Veiy light-brown sand _ 10-70 

Cretaceous : 

4. Pink clay. .' 70-78 

5. White sand and gravel, water bearing; similar to the gravel in Baldwin's well 

(No. 476) 78-80 ' 

This well flows at a height of about 40 feet above sea level. 

463. Record of Crystal Springs Ice Company's wells near Glen Cove. 

Recent: Feet. 

1 . Marsh deposit 0-20 

Tisbury : 

2. Sand, with water (small flow of fresh water at 28 feet). 20-28 

Cretaceous: 

3. Bluish clay, becoming white below 28-70 

4. White gravel, with artesian water _ 70-73 

5. White clay (not passed through) 73- 

Two-inch well flowed 18 gallons per minute when first drilled, but the flow seems to have decreased 

slightly; 4-inch well flowed 30 gallons, with no decrease noticed. Water was piped up to 14J feet above 
ground in 1899. Mr. Oscar Darling reports the surface at the 4-inch well to be 30 feet above mean high 
tide. 

464. Mr. Ralph D. Carter gives the following section of this well: 

Record of J. P. Tangeman's well near Glen Cove Landing. 

Feet. 

1. White sand ' 0- 87 

2. Hardpan : 87-90 

3. Water-bearing stratum of gravel, sand, and clay, containing mica 90-100 

4. Gray-colored clay : 100-105 

465. Record of W. M. Valentine's well near Dosoris. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Brown loam 0- 6 

2. Gray to brown sand and gravel 6- 76 

Manhasset bowlder bed: 

3. "Hardpan" 76-79 

Tisbury : 

4. Brownish sand with wafer 79- 83 

5. Some gravel at about 125 

Cretaceous : 

6. Very white clayey sand 144—200 

7. Blue clay, with a veiy hard layer at the base 200-215 

466. This plant was originally constructed to supply the Pratt estate, but the mains were ultimately 
extended to Lattingtown and Glen Cove. 

Mr. Frederick Miller put in the fiist two wells near the pumping station, after he had made the two tests 
mentioned under well 467. These were both 6-inch wells, one 38 and the other 48 feet deep. The 38-foot 
well has an elevation of about 48 feet, and flowed when first put down. Since the wells have been pumped, 
this well has ceased flowing. 

In 1900 Mr. Munger put in two additional 6-inch wells, one 38 feet and the other 82 feet deep. The 
82-foot well is on the lowest ground of the series, being only about 30 feet above high tide; it is reported to 
flow 4 to 5 gallons per minute. Its section is approximately as follows: 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 265 

Record of Pratt estate well near Dosoris. 

Feet. 

1. Soil '. 0- 2 

Cretaceous: 

2. Blue clay 2-17 

3. Reddish sand and gravel 17^19 

4. Blue clay. 19-30 

5. Fine white sand 30-36 

6. Alternate layers of gravel, sand, and clay 36-82 

Water was first struck at about 40 feet, but did not flow; at 70 feet water was again encountered, 

which filled the pipe almost to the top; at 75 feet the water flowed over the top of the pipe. The yield of 
these 4 wells is given as about 100,000 gallons per day. 

The standpipe, which has a capacity of 158,000 gallons, is situated on the top of a hill, at an elevation 
of 160 feet. About 250 feet southwest of one of the good wells at the pumping station, Mr. Hunger put 
down four IJ-inch test wells to a depth of 125 feet without getting water. He reports the same character 
of soil, but no water. 

467. Mr. Munger reports two wells sunk at this point to a depth of 125 feet, through sand and clay, 
without any results. 

469. Record of D. F. Bush's well near Dosoris Pond. 

Recent: Feet. 

1. Yellowish brown sand : - 4 

2. Marsh deposit 4 -7 

Wisconsin ? : 

3. Blue clay with pebbles (" hardpan " ) 7 -15 

Tisbury : 

4. Quicksand 15 -85 

Sankaty ; 

5. Reddish gravel and clay. 85 -88 

6. Very red sand 88 -88. 5 

7. Reddish gravel and clay 88. 5-95 

Jameco: 

8. Light-colored gravel with a considerable percentage of glacial material ; furnishes 

artesian water 95 -97 

Mr. Dubois has furnished a sample from stratum 8. 

470. The following section has been compiled from samples furnished through the kindness of Messrs. 
P. H. and J. Conlan: 

Record of C. 0. Gates's well near Peacoclc Point. 

Pleistocene: Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel 0- 40 

2. Greenish gray sandy clay, with a few quartz pebbles 45 

3-5. Dark, reddish brown sandy clay, with some biotite 60 - 80 

Transition : 

6. Fine gray sand 90 

Cretaceous: 

7. Laminated, reddish brown, sandy clay ; no biotite 95 

8. Very fine, pinkish white, micaceous sand 100 

9-14. Light-gray, medium, micaceous sand 105-130 

15. Dark, grayish brown, sandy clay 135 

16. Pebbles of ferruginous sandstone 140 

17-20. Laminated red and white clay. In the fragments furnished, the laminations 

show very great distortion ; whether this is the natural condition of bed or 
is the result of method of taking samples is not knoNvn. Sample 17 
contains a few fragments of a lamelhbranch, but the sample shows 
17116— No. 44—06 18 



266 UNDERGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

evidence of having been laid out on the ground before it was packed in 

the bottle, and the shell may have been picked up there 145-160 

21-26. Brick red, very plastic clay^ .'_ 165-190 

Lloyd sand : 

27-30. Fine reddish sand; the red color seems to be due in a great measure to the 

red clay from the overlying bed 195-210 

31-33. Medium light-yellow sand .--. 215-225 

34. Fine to coarse, light yellow, quartz gravel, with a few fragments of white, chalky 

looking chert 230- 

Elevation 9.0 feet, Geological Survey base. 

Mr. Bowman reports that the well flows 30 gallons per minute. For partial analysis by Prof. Charles 
S. Slichter, see page 68. 

471. Ml'. E. K. Hutchinson reports the following section for this well: 

Record of C. 0. Gates's well near Peacock Point. 
Pleistocene: Feet. 

1. Fine sand and gravel , 0- 80 

Cretaceous: 

2. Alternate layers of red, black, gray, and milky-white clay 80-200 - 

Lloyd sand: 

3. Fine sand, gradually growing coarser 200-225 

472. Water brings up a fine, micaceous, white sand, which settles with difficulty. It is claimed that 
storms from the north do not affect the water, but that storms from the east cause it to be very turbid. 

Record of well near Peacoch Point. 
Pleistocene: Feet. 

1 . Beach sand and gravel 0-138 

Cretaceous: 

2. Red clay , " 138-198 

Lloyd sand: 

3. Sand with artesian water 198-210 

473. Mr. Hutchinson reports the following section: . 

Record of W. D. Outherie's well near Lattingtown. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel 0- 80 

Cretaceous: 

2. Clay, blue, white, and red, encountered in order given 80-260 

Lloyd sand: 

3. Varicolored sand and gravel, becoming coarser 260-340 

This well began flowing at 260 and continued to 340 feet. 

One of the workmen engaged on well gives the following record: 

Record of W. D. Gutherie's well near Lattingtown. , 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel 0-110 

Cretaceous : 

2. White, blue, brown, and red clay, encountered in the order given 110-260 

Lloyd sand: 

3. Wliite and yellow sand, in layers of 3 or 4 feet, alternating with layers of white clay. 260-342 
Elevation 13.0 feet, Geological Survey base. 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 267 

474. Record of W. D. Gutherie's well near Lattingtown. 

Recent: ^ Feet. 

1. Swamp muck 0-5 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: 

2. Brownish sand 5-60 

Cretaceous?: 

3. Blue clay with gravel, not passed through _ 60-92 

At 13 feet the water rose in a pipe 2 feet above the surface, and at 25 feet, 2.5 feet. 

475. Record of W. Price's well near Lattingtown. 

Wisconsin?: Feet. 

1. Brown clay 0-15 

Transition : 

2. White sand 15- 35 

Cretaceous : 

3. Blue clay _ 35- 37 

4. Light-colored clay 37- 

5. Pink clay -160 

6. Light-yellow gravel 160-162 

Elevation of surface 140 feet above mean sea level. 

476. Mr. W. H. Baldwin, jr., has kindly furnished the foUowng record of this well: 

Record of well of W. H. Baldwin, jr., near Lattingtown. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Brown loam 0- 3 

2. Gravelly loam .' 3- 7 

Transition: 

, 3. Yellowish sand and gravel : . 7- 12 

Tisbury: 

4. Sand and gravel, with occasional thin streaks of clay 12-107 

5. White gravel, hard and flinty 107-120 

Cretaceous : 

6. Clay 120-130 

7. Yellow sticky sand, with some water 130-134 

8. Gravel, with occasional streaks of very hard hardpan 134-199 

9. Very hard clay bed 199-255 

10. WHte sand 255-257 

11 . Gray sand •. 257-260 

12. White and pink gravel 260-265 

Elevation of surface 179.5 feet above sea level, Geological Survey base. 

Analysis of water from well of W. H. Baldwin, jr., near Lattingtown. 

Parts per million. 

Total solids - 48. 00 

Chlorine - - 7. 60 

Nitrogen as free ammonia . 022 

Nitrogen as albmninoid ammonia . 024 

Nitrogen as nitrites . 003 

Nitrogen as nitrates - 3. 300 

Odor and color .' None. 

The solid matter is all in solution and is practically all sulphates. The amount (2.8 grains per gallon) 
is extremely small. This is an unusually soft water (almost as soft as rainwater) and bears no e%'idence 
of contamination. — C . N. Forrest, chemist and inspector, Long Island Railroad. 



268 UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

479. Record of L. C. Wier's well near Lattingtown. 

Pleistocene: ^ Feet. 

1. Same as No. 481 '. 0-124 

Cretaceous: 

2. White clay .-r. 124^130 

3. White sand 130-132 

480. Record of L. 0. Wier's well near Lattingtown. 

•Feet: 

1. Sand with an occasional stratum of impervious clay.. -117.2 

2. Beach sand and gravel _ 117. 2-123. 6 

481. Record of L. 0. Wier's well near Lattingtown. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Sand and gravel _ -60 

Manliasset bowlder bed?: 

2. Red clay with gravel (hardpan ) _ 60 -63 

Tisbury and Mannetto?: 

3. White sand and gravel _ 63 -73 ■ 

4. Orange sand with water 73 -91. 9 

Cretaceous; 

5. White clay 91.9- 

482. Record is reported as very similar to that of 481. 

483. Record of E. Lotting' s well near Lattingtown. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel 0-60 

Manhasset bowlder bed: 

2. Red clay and gravel. 60-63 

Tisbury: 

3. White sand and gravel 63-73 

Mannetto?: 

4. Orange sand with water 73-126 

Cretaceous: 

5. White clay 126-132 

6. White sand 132-138 

484. Record of W. D. Gutherie's well near Lattingtown. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1. White gravel. 0-60 

Manhasset bowlder bed: 

2. Red clay with gravel (hardpan ) 60-64 

Tisbury and Mannetto?: 

3. White sand 64-83 

Mannetto? and Cretaceous: 

4. Orange-colored sand 83-108 

Cretaceous : 

5. White clay 108- 

485. Record of W. D. Gutherie's well near Lattingtown. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Stratified sand and gravel 0- 38 

Manliasset bowlder bed: 

2. Large bowlder 38- 

• Tisbury: 

3. Sand and gravel -100 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 269 

Cretaceous : Feet. 

4. Wliite clay 100-110 

5. Orange-colored sand; water bearing 110-144 

4§7. Mr. Ward reports that the plant at this station consists of thirty-two 6-inch wells, 33 to 91 
feet deep. Samples from a number of these are preserved in the archives of the Brooklyn department 
of water supply, and while the sections shown are quite irregular, the following selected records will 
indicate something of their general nature: 

Record of well No. 2 E, Agawam pumping station. 

Feet. 

1. No samples 0-35 

2. Fine, gray, micaceous sand, and medium to coarse yellow sand 35-40 

. 3. Fine, gray, micaceous sand 40-45 

4. Dark yellowish-gray silt to small gravel 45-55 

5. Very white, medium, micaceous sand 55-60 

6. Yellowish-white, medium, micaceous sand 60-65 

7. Mixture of medium yellow and fine gray sand with some small pebbles 65-90 

Nothing recognizably glacial. 

Record of well No. 10 E, Agawam pumping station. 

Feet. 

1. No samples _ . _ 0-30 

2. Dark-gray clay 30-35 

3. Fine, gray, micaceous sand 35-45 

4. Fine yellow sand 45-50 

5. Dirty grayish yellow sand and gravel 50-65 

6. Blue clay 6&-70 

7. Fine grayish-yellow sand 70-75 

8. Fine orange-yellow sand 75-80 

9. Medium grayish-yellow sand, with a considerable percentage of very small orange- 

colored pebbles 80-94 

Record of well No. 5 W, Agawam pumping station. 

Feet. 

1. No samples _ _ _ . 0-54 

2. Very fine, gray, micaceous sand _ _ _ 54-65 

3. Light-yellow to orange, small, quartz gravel _ _ 65-69 

4. Fine gray sand, with lignite _ _ 69-79 

5. Same as 3. _ _ _ _ 79-84 

6. Gray and yellow fine to medium sand, with lignite _ 84—89 

Record of well No. 10 W, Agawam pumping station. 

Feet. 

1. No samples _ _ 0-30 

2. Fine grayish yellow sand with a few pebbles. _ _ 30- 35 

3. Very fine dark-gray sand : 35- 45 

4. Gray to light yellowish gray fine sand _ _ _ _ 45- go 

5. Fine, light, yellow or grayish yellow sand _ . 80-106 

Record of well No. 11 W, Agawam pumping station. 

Feet. 

1. No samples 0-24 

2. Orange sand and gravel 24-35 

3. Fine, dark, gray and light gray sands in alternating beds 35-80 



270 UNDEKGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



Record of well No. 12 W Agawam pumping station. 



Feet. 



1. No samples 0-35 

2. Fine j-ellowisli gray sand 35- 45 

3. Fine gray sand rr; 45- 60 

4. Fine dark-gray sand, with considerable lignite 60-110 

This section is much more uniform than the other rapidly alternating sections of the same series. 



Record of well No. 6 B, E, Agawam pumping station. 

•Feet. 

1. No samples 0-24 ' 

2. Fine gray micaceous sand, with a little yellow sand 24—62 

3. Fine to coarse yellow and orange sand 62-90 

488. This was the site of the original Freeport or Agawam station, and was abandoned because of 
the large amount of chlorine which the water contained. The following summarized section has been 
prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn waterworks: 

Record of wells at old Freeport pumping station. 





IE. 


2E. 


3E. 


4E. 


5E. 


6E. 


7E. 


8E. 


9E. 


10 E. 


HE. 


12' E 


"13 E. 


1. Bleached or humus-stained gravel and 
sand 






0-5 
5-27 

27-31 
31-34 


0- 5 
5-27 

27-31? 
31-33 


0- 6 
6-27 

27-30 
30-33 


0- 5 
5-24 

24-30? 


0- 5 
5-30 


0-30 


0- 6 
5-28 

28-30 
30-33 


0- 5 
5-28 

28-30 
30-33 


0- 5 
0-29 



29-31 


0- 6 
5-25 

25-27 




2. Light-yellow to orange-yellow sand 
and gravel; apparently all quartz, 


0-28 

2S-34 
34-36 


0-2S 

28-34 
34-36 


0-27 


3. Bright-orange sand and gravel not 
always sharply separated from 
bed above, but generally coarser; 


27-30 


4. Fine, gray, micaceous sand, with a 
little yellow gravel (transition ?) . . . 


30-33 


30-33 


30-33 


27-31 30-32 




14 E. 


15 E. 


16 E. 


17 E. 


18 E. 


19 E. 


20 E. 


IW. 


2W. 


3'W. 


4W. 


5 W. 


6 W. 


1. Bleached or humus-stained gravel and 


0- 5 
5-25 

25-27 
27-31 


0- 5 
5-26 

a26-30 
30-32 


0- 3 
3-23 

23?-30 
30 -32 


0-? 5 
5-24 

24-29 
29-32 


(?) 
0-26 

26-29 
29-32 


0- 5 
5-25 

25-29 
29-31 


0-? 5 
5-29 


0- 4 
4-33 


0-5 
5-39 


0-4 
a 4-35 

a35-38 

38^0 


0-5 
5-35 

035-39 

39^2 


0- 5 
a 5-34 

034-39 
39-42 


0-? 5 


2. Light-yellow to orange-yellow sand 
and gravel; apparently all quartz, 
no erratics 


5-40 


3. Bright-orange sand and gravel not 
always sharply separated from 
bed above, but generally coarser; 
quartz, no erratics 


40-4? 


4. Fine, gray, micaceous sand, with a 
little yellow gravel (transition?) 


29-31 


33-36 









7W. 


8W. 


9W. 


low. 


11 W. 


12 W. 


13 W. 


14 W. 


15 
W. 


16 
W. 


17 
W. 


18 
W. 


19 
W. 


20 
W. 


1. Bleached or humus-stained gravel and 

sand 

2. Light-yellow to orange-yeUow sand 

and gravel; apparently all quartz, 


0-9 
9-37 


60- 9 
9-31 

31-39 


60- 9 
9-32 

032-37 


0- 5 
5-39 


0-5 
5-36 

(<^) 


0- 4 
4-38 


0- 4 
■4-35 

35-39 


bO- 9 
9-30 

30-39 


60- 8 
8-30 

030-38 


6 0-10 
10-30 

030-36 


60- 8 
8-35 

35-40 


60-10 
10-34 

34^38 


60-10 
10-38 

38-40 


60- 5 
5-40 


3. Bright-orange sand and gravel not 
always sharply separated from 
bed "above, but generally coarser; 




4. Fine, gray, micaceous sand, with a 





































o Medium sand. 

6 Weathering shows sharply to 5 feet and less markedly to depth indicated. 

<;37 to 40 feet white quartz gravel tinged with yellow. 



DESOEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 



271 



Analysis of ivaier from wells of old Freeport pumping station. 
[By Brooklyn health department.] 



Parts per million. 
253.941 



Total solids 

Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 46. 765 

Mineral matter 207. 176 

Free ammonia _ _ . 017 

Albuminoid ammonia _ . 019 

Chlorine as chlorides 110. 206 

Sodium chloride 181. 528 

Nitrogen as nitrates . 798 

Nitrogen as nitrites None. 

Total hardness 39. 382 

Permanent hardness 36. 647 

489. The plant at this station consists of sixty-two 4i-inch wells. The following summarized record 
has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn waterworks: 



Record of wells at Merrick pumping station. 





Test wells. 


Service wells, east. 




IE. 


2E. 


3E. 


4E. 


Cen 
ter. 


IW. 


2W. 


3W. 


4W. No. 6 


1 E. 


2E. 


3 E. 


4E. 


1. Fine sand to small gravel, com- 

monly quite coarse and con- 
- taming a very small percent- 
age of material of probably 
glacial origin (outwash) 

2. Light-yellow to orange, fine to 

medium, sand with some 
gravel gradually passing into 
bed below 


0- 9 
9-43 


0-9 
9^0 


0- 9 
9^0 


0-10 
10-41 


045 


0- 5 
5-49 


0- 5 

5-46 


0-12 
12-36 


! ■ 

O-IO' (») 

10-35 (a) 
(a) 


0-10 
10^5 


0-10 
10-40 


0-10 
10-40 


0-9 
9^0 


3. Gray clay 


40-45 


4. Fiiie to medium gray sand with 
some Ugnite in deeper wells 


43^8 


40-47 


40-45 


41^5 




49-50 


4&^8 


36^7 


35^1 36-105 





















Service wells, east. 




5E. 


6E. 


7E. 


8E. 


9E. 


10 E. 


HE. 


12 E. 


13 E. 


14 E. 


15 E. 


16 E. 


17 E. 


18 E- 


1. Fine sand to small gravel, com- 

monly quite coarse and con- 
taining a very small percent- 
age of material of probably 
glacial origin (outwash) 

2. Light-yellow to orange, fine to 

medium, sand with some 
gravel gi-adually passing into 
bed below * . . 


0-10 
10-45 


0-10 
10-45 


0-10 
10-45 


0-15 
15-43 


0- 8 
8-40 


0-9 
9-40 


0- 9 
9^0 


0-15 

l.T-41 


0-11 
11-40 


0-11 
11-10 


0-10 
10-40 


0-? 12 
12-39 


0-10 
10-40 


(6) 

10-40 


3. Gray clay 






4. Fine to medium gray sand with 
some lignite in deeper wells 








43-45 


40-45 


40-45 


40-44 41^5 


40-45 


40^5 


40-45! 39^5 


40-45 


40-45 
















■ 













aJMissing. 



272 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 
Record of wells at Merrick pumping station — Continued. 





Service wells, east. 


Serv- 
ice 
wells, 
west. 




19 E. 20 E. 1 21 E. 


22 E. 


23 E. 


24 E. 


25 E. 


26 E. 


27 E. 


28 E. 


29 E. 


30 E. ! 31 E. 


IW. 


1. Fine sand to small gravel, com- 

monly quite coarse and con- 
taining a very smaU percent- 
age of material of probably 
glacial origin (outwash) 

2. Light-yeUow to orange, fine to 

medium, sand with some 
gravel gradually passing iato 


0-10 
10-40 


0-11 
11-40 


0-? 10 
10-40 


0-11 
11-40 


10-10 


0-11 
11-iO 


0- 9 
9-40 


0-10 
10-40 


0-? 10 
10-40 


0-? 10 
1^40 


0-10 
10^0 


1 
0-10, 0-10 
10-4ff 10-40 


•0-9 


3. Gray clay 








4 . Fine to medium gray sand with 
some hgnite in deeper wells 


40-45 40-45 


40-45 


40-45 


40-45 


40-45 


40-45 4^45 


40^5 


45 


45 


45 45 





Ser\T.ce wells, west. 




2\V. 


3 W. ' 4 W. ! 5 W. 


6 w. : 7 w. 


8W. !9W. low.! 11 W. 

1 


12 W. 


13 W. 


14 W. 


15W.'16W. 


1. Fine sand to small gravel, 

. commonly quite coarse 
' and containing a very 
small percentage of ma- 
terial of probably glacial 
origin (outwash) 

2. Light-yellow to orange, 

fine to medium, sand 
with some gravel gradu- 
ally passing into bed be- 
low 


0-15 
40 


0-10 
lO-lO 


(?) 
0-40 


0- 9 
9-40 


0-10 
10-40 


0- 10 
10- 40 


(?) 
0-40 


0- 5 
.5-40 


0-9 
9-45 


0-10 
10-45 


(?) 
0^5 


0-10 
10-45 


0- 8 
7-^0 


0-10 

.10-40 
40-45 

45-110 


0- 8 
8-45 


3. Gray clay 


] I i , 




4. Fine to medium gray sand 
with some lignite in 
deeper weUs 




40-45 40-45 


: 

40-45 40-107' 40-45 40-45 

















































Service weUs, west. 




17W.'l8W.}l9W. 


20W. 


21 W. 


22W. 


83 W. 


24 W. 


25 W. 


26 W. 


27 W. 


28W.129W. 


30W. 31W. 


1. Fine sand to small gravel, 

commonly quite coarse 
and containing a very 
small percentage of ma- 
terial of probably glacial 
origin (outwash) 

2. Light-yellow to' orange, 

fine to medium, sand 
with some gravel gradu- 
ally passing into bed be- 
low.. 


0- 6 0-16 
6-45 lfr45 


0-10 
10-43 


(?) 
0^0 


0-10 
10-45 


0-? 10 
10-45 


(?) 
0-40 


0-10 
10-40 


n-40 


0-10 
10-40 


0-13 
13^0 


(?) 
0-37 


.(?) 
0-40 


0-10 

1^41 


(?) 
0-41 


3. Gray clay 


1 






4. Fine to medium gray sand 
with some lignite in 
deeper wells . . . 




43-45 


40-45 






40-i5 


i 
40-45 40-45 


40-45 


4045 


37-45 


40-45 


41-45 


41-45 




1 













a Very fine white sUt with gravel of very doubtful origin. 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 273 

The elevation of a number of the wells is given below; 

Elevation of wells at Merrick pumping station. 

Feet. 

7 E _ _ 13. 5 

15 E 15. 5 

7 W 14.2 

15 W 14. 8 

During the month of June, 1900, when the station was not in use, the average height of the water in 
the deep wells was 9.01 feet above the Brooklyn base; in the shallow wells, 7.11 feet. In August, 1900, 
after pumping had begun, the average height of the water in the deep wells was 3.98 feet above, and in the 
shallow weUs 2.32 feet below, the Brooklyn base. 

490. The plant of the Merrick Water Company consists of 8 or 10 shallow wells pumped by a 16-foot 
windmill; the water is discharged into a number of tanks and is distributed by a 3-inch pipe to the adjacent 
cottages. 

491. According to Ward, the plant at this station consists of forty-six 4J-inch wells, 38 to 97 feet deep. 
When not pumped all of the deep wells will flow at a height of 11.11 feet above the Brooklyn base. The 
following summarized section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water 
department : 

Record of wells at Matowa pumping station.- 





IS. 


2S. 


3S. 


4S. 


5S. 


6S. 


7S. 


8S. 


9S. 


10 S. 


US. 


12 S. 1 W. 


1. Orange sand and quartz gravel 

2. Transition 


0-35 
35-40 
40-50 

50-100 


0-35 
35-45 
45-50 

50-98 


0-35 


0-35 
35-44 
44-55 

65-100 


0-35 
35-44 

[44-99 


0-35 

IZ 


0-35 
35-44 
44-50 

50-97 


0-35 
35-55 

55-104 


0-31 
r31-38 


0-35 


0-35 


0-30 0-35 


3. Very dark-gray sand 


35-38 


35-38 


30-38 .S.'i-.Sfi 


4. Medium gray sand, with occasional 
particles of lignite 



















2-3 W. 


5-6 
W. 


11 W. 


14 W. 


18 W. 


IE. 


2E. 


3E. j 4E. 


5-7 
E. 


8E. i 9E. 


10-19 

E. 


1. Orange sand and quartz gravel 

2 Transition 


0-30 
30-35 

■ 35-98 


0-30 
30-35 




0-30 


0-30 


0-35 
35-38 


0-36 
36-39 


0-35 
35-40 


0-40 


0-40 


0-30 
30-40 


0-35 


0-35 


3. Very dark-gray sand 




30-50 
50-73 












4. Medium gray sand, with occasional 
particles of lignite 


35-98 




30-104 














35-40 


35-40 



















492. 



Record of commission's test well at Matowa pumping station. 



Feet. 



1-2. Sandy peat 0-5 

3-4. Light yellow sand and gravel 6-10. 5 

5-8. Reddish-yellow sand and gravel 11-24 

The whole section is probably of glacial origin, although the lower samples show a very small 
percentage of glacial material. 



274 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



493. According to Ward, the plant at this station consists of forty-three 4J-inch wells, 24 to 89 feet 
deep, and six 6-incli wells 92 feet deep. The shallow wells do not flow, but the deeper wells do when the 
station is not in operation. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the 
Brooklyn water department: 

Record of wells at Wantagh pumping station, New York. 





12 E. 


14 E. 


16 E. 


18 E. 


20 E. 


14 W. 


16 W. 


1. Grayish yellow sands and gravels, in part glacial. 

2. Fine dark-gray sands, occasionally showing yel- 

low sands, possibly from the bed above 

3. Dark-gray clay or sllty clay; containing a few 


O0-25 
25-49 
b 49-50 
50-91 


O0-25 

25^0 

40-50 

50-100 


10-30 

30^0 

140-50 

50-70 


a 0-25 

2.5^0 

('40-50 

50-65 


O0-25 
25-40 
40-50 
50-65 


0-20 ' 

20^0 

40-SO 

50-66 
66-70 
70-90 


0-25 
25-46 
46-.50 


4. Fine gray sands, occasionally yellow or reddish 
yellow - 


50-75 


5. Sandy clay 




6. Same as 4 . . 

























18 W. 20 W. 


22 W. 


IS. 


2S. 


3S. 


4S. 


5,S. ■' 


1; Grayish yellow sands and gravels, in part glacial. 

2. Fine dark-gray sands, occasionally showing yel- 

low sands, possibly from the bed above 

3. Dark-gray clay or silty clay; containing a few 

quartz pebbles in S series of wells . . 


0-20 
20-40 
40-44 
44-85 


0-20 

20-41 

i> 41-15 

45-85 


0-20 

20-50 

c 50-55 

55-90 


0-20 

20-40 

d 40-56 

56-90 


0-20 

20^0 

'2 40-56 

56-91 


0-20 

20-40 

d 40-56 

55-90 


0-25 

25-55 

55-60 

c 60-70 
70-75 
75-90 


0-20 
20-45 
45-55 


4. Fine gray sands, occasionally yellow or reddish 
yellow 


5.5-85 


5. Sandy clay 




6. Same as 4 

































1 No samples. 
>> Quite sandy. 



c Very fine dark silt. 

d Quite sandy; .central portions with pebbles. 



The deep test well No. 2 at this station has an elevation of 7.69 feet, and furnishes flowing water when 
the station is not in operation. In September, 1900, when the station was actively pumping, the average 
height of the water in the deep wells was L8 feet above the Brooklyn base, while in the shallow wells it was 
2.8 feet below the Brooklyn base. 

494. Record of commission's test well at Wantagh. pumping station. 

Feet. 

1-3. Sand and gravel with some peat 3- 5 

4-6. Reddish-brown fine to coarse sand 9. 5-20 

495. According to the report of the commission's inspector this well began to flow at 62 to 63 feet. 



Record of commission's test well at Wantagh pumping station. 

1-5. Dark, reddish brown, swamp-stained sand and gravel, for the most part quartz. 
6-8. Very light-yellow quartz gravel, with very few, if any, erratics 

9. Very fine, dark-gray, micaceous sand 

10. Yellowish gray sand and fine gravel. . _ ; - . : 

11-13. Very fine, dark-gray, micaceous sand 

14. Blue clay, with quartz pebbles 

15-18. Very fine, dark-gray, micaceous sand, with lignite 

See Table XIII. 



Feet. 
0-16 
16-30 
30-31 
32-33 
34-46 
48-60 
63-71 



496. From the upper part of this well no samples were received, but Prof. C. S. Slichter has furnished 
the following data: " Clay was encountered at a depth of 44 feet. At 62 feet an artesian head of about 
32 inches was developed." 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 275 

Record of commission's test well near Wantagh pumping station. 

Feet. 

No samples 0-64 

1. Veiy fine, dark-gray, micaceous sand 64-64. 5 

2. Grayish yellow fine sand to small gravel (glacial? ) 67-67. 5 

3. Light-gray silty sand . _■ 72-73 

4. Medium, white, micaceous sand 77-78 

5. Medium, yellowish white, micaceous sand 82-83 

497. Record of commission's test well near Wantagh pumping station. 

Feet. 

1. Humus-stained loamy sand 0- 0. 25 

2. Gravelly loam 2-3 

■4-5. Brownish yellow outwash sand and gravel 5. 5-13 

49§. Record of commission's te!?t well near Camp Meeting grounds. 

Feet. 

1. Humus-stained loamy sand 0- 5 

2. Yellow sandy loam 1- L 5 

3-5. Grayish yellow outwash sand and gravel 4^17 

499. Record of commission's test well near Smithville South. 

Feet. 

1. Humus-stained loam - 4 

2. Yellow clayey loam 1. 4- 2. 4 

3. Grayish yellow sand and gravel (outwash) _ 5 -14. 25 

500. This was one of the wells put down at Camp Black during the Spanish-American war; its exact 
ocation was not learned. 

Record of United States Army well on Hempstead Plains. 

Feet. 

1. Top soil - 0- 3 

2. White coarse sand and gravel 3-15 

3. Slate-colored clay 15-17 

4. White sand and gravel 17-22 

501. Record of commission's test well near HicksviUe. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

I. Surface loam - 5 

2-10. Outwash sand and gravel 2. 5-41 

II. Fine to coarse yellowish sand with small particles of glacial material 45 -46 

Cretaceous ? : 

12-13. Fine light-yellow sand with considerable mica (probably not glacial) ; suggests 

the older sands exposed in the MelviUe section 50 -56 

See Table XII. 

502. Record of commission's test well near HicksviUe. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-3. Sandy loam - 3 

4r-6. Light-yellow outwash sand and gravel , 4. 5- 11 

Tisbury : 

7-8. Sand and gravel with a considerable percentage of black silt; looks very 

much like an old land surface (no glacial pebbles ) 15 - 22 

9-15. Very light, yellowish white, fine sand to small gravel, containing a very 

small percentage of glacial pebbles 25 - 57 



276 UNDEEGEOUND WATEB EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 

Cretaceous?: Feet. 

16. Very fine yellowish white sand, with a little lignite.' 59 - 61 

17-25. Lightj yellowish white, speckled, fine sand and small gravel; gravel is 
white quartz, with occasional particles of ferruginous sandstone; no 

pebbles of recognizable glacial material 64. 5-100 

Cretaceous : 

26-32. Uniform, light-yellow to white, micaceous sand 101 -131. 

33. Fine sand to small gravel, containing a considerable number of small, ferru- 
ginous, sandstone fragments, which give sample a speckled appearance. 132. 5-135. 5 
See Table XII. 

503. Samples preserved in the office of Mr. Oscar Darling, consulting engineer, show the following 
section : 

Record of Nassau County Water Company's well near Hicksville. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : feet. 

1 . Glacial sand and gravel 0-85 

The well plant consists of two 8-inch wells placed in the bottom of a pit 50 feet deep, in which the 
direct suction pump is also placed. An Acme system is used having a storage capacity of 25,000 gallons. 

505. Record of well of H. J. Heinz Company near Hicksville, 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet, 

1. Sand and gravel. 0-90 

Cretaceous : 

2. Sand and clay 90- 

506. Record of commission's test well near HicTcsville. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Light-yellow surface loam ,, 0. 5- 1 

2. Dark, humus-stained, loamy sand." . . 1.8- 2. 2 

3-13. Light-colored outwash sand and gravel 3 -53 

Cretaceous : 

14-162- White, micaceous, clayey .sand, pronouncedly Cretaceous in character 59 -75 

17-18. Fine, micaceous, reddish-brown, clayey sand 75 -80. 5 

See Table Xll. 

507. . Record of Jos. Steinart's ivell near Hidcsville. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 

1. Gravel. 0-75 

Cretaceous : 

2. Gravel with lignite and white clay, water bearing; water would not clear 75-120 

3. Very black clay 120-130 

4. Gray sand with abundant supply of water 130-150 

50§. Mr. F. K. Walsh reports the following section: 

Record of St. John's Protectory well near HicTcsville. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. A very compact sand with no gravel and no clay 0-75 

2. Water-bearing gravel .■ 75-80 

509. Record of well of Colored Children's Home near Westbury. 

Wisconsin: ' Feet. 

1 . Sharp dirty -white sand 0-20 

Cretaceous?: 

2. Mixture of gray quicksand and clay 20-60 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON" WELLS, 277 

511. The following section has been prepared from the record and samples furnished by Mr. George H. 
Pease, foreman: 

Record of W. P. Thompson's well near' Old Westbury. 

Wisconsin; Feet. 

1. Bowlder clay 0-23 

Mannetto : 

2. Yellow quartz sand and gravel (no glacial material ) 23- 56 

Cretaceous? : 

3. Yellow silty clay, resembling loess- _ - 56- 98 

Cretaceous : 

4. Fine to coarse yellow sand 98-108 

5. Very coarse light-yellow sand, with some gravel: slightly water bearing 108-128 

6. Fine sand 128-131 

7. Fine light-yellow sand; slightly water bearing 131-144 

8. Coarse sand ; water bearing 144-190 

9. Coarse light-yellow sand and gravel, becoming fineji- below 190-209 

Strainer was placed between 195 and 205 feet. The well tested about 60 gallons per minute. Test 

was made on two consecutive days, and each test was continued ten hours. 

512. Record of J B. Harriman's well in Wheatley Hills. 

Wisconsin and Mannetto; Feet. 

1 . Loam and bowlders (some yellow gravel ) 0- 70 

Cretaceous? : 

2. Clay, with very little grit and no gravel (j^ellow, almost a loam, resembling loess 

in color but not in texture ) 70-130 

Cretaceous: 

3. White gravel, with layers of white clay 130-200 

4. Wliite sand with water 200-220 

513. Record of commission's test well near Jericho. 

Pleistocene: Feet. 

1. Dark sandy loam 0- 1 

2. Yellow clayey sand 4 - 5 

3-6. Yellowish-brown fine to coarse glacial sand 8 -18 

7. Yellowish-white coarse to fine gravel (doubtfully glacial) 18. 5-19. 5 

8. Fine to medium yellowish-brown sand 23 -23. 5 

9-10. Yellowish-white medium to coarse sand. 28. 5-35. 5 

11. Fine reddish-brown sand with considerable muscovite 39 -40 

12-13. Medium to coarse yellowish-white sand with some biotite 44 -50 > 

Cretaceous ? : 

14-15. Fine to medium yellowish-white sand 54 -56 

16. Very fine reddish-white sand 59 -60 

._ 514. Record of H. R. Winthrop's well near Jericho. 

Feet. 

1 . Surface loam 1- 6 

Pleistocene and Cretaceous : f 

2. Coarse sand and gravel — 6-183 

No change in the material from 6 to 183 feet. It was all of the same degree of fineness. Water 
was first encountered at 150 feet; down to that depth the material was almost perfectly dry. Four samples 
from the well, ranging from 171 feet 9 inches to 182 feet 10 inches, show very light-yellow sand and gravel, 
with no erratic material. It is therefore impossible to tell how much of this section is to be considered 
Pleistocene and how much pre-Pleistocene. 



278 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

515. Record 0/ T. Willis's well near Jericho. 

Wisconsin: - ■ " Feet. 

1. Ordinary sand with an occasional bowlder (several blasts were necessary) 0-50 

Mannetto? and Cretaceous: 

2. Quicksand 50- 53 

3. Red sand, with alternate layers of yellow and reddish-yellow gravels 53-175. 5 

See record and sample from well No. 514, which indicate that part of this gravel should be con- 
sidered pre-Pleistocene. 

516. The following record has been compiled from information furnished by Mr. John- J. Hicks and 
Mr. Wilham C. Jaegle: 

Record of Jacob Jachson's well near Jericho. 
Pleistocene : Feet. 

1. Surface sand and gravel 0- 40 

Cretaceous : 

2. Black sticky clay, containing Ugnitized wood _ 40- 80 

. 3. Sand, clay, and gravel 80-165 

4. Sand (3-inch pipe) 165-168 - 

Mr. Hicks reports that this well was drilled from 165 to 210 feet by A. W. GalUenne. Mr. Jaegle, how- 
ever, drove a new pipe in the same well to a depth of 3 feet and found good water, so the Gallieime well is 
to be discounted. 

517. Samples from this well, together with a section drawn by W. Goold Levison December 28, 1881, 
are preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society. 

In the following section the record given on the left is from Mr. Levison's drawing, and that on the right 
is from the samples: 

Records of Jules Kunz's well near Jericho. 





Drawing. 


Feet. 


Samples. 




(i 


Clay and gravel loam 





- 15 


Yellow quartz sand and gravel. 


Wisconsin 




Compact, tough, unmodified drift. 


15 


- 51 


No sample. 


Mannetto ? 


3. 


Gravel and sand; "glacial rubble". 


51- 


- 81 


Fine sand to medium yellow 
gravel (all quartz). 




4. 


Sharp, yellow, friable sand 


81 


- 96 


Yellow silty .sand (Cretaceous?). 




5. 


Sandy clay; laminated; piece of 
tree (probably chestnut). 


96 


-103 


Finely laminated yellow and white 
clay. 


Cretaceous 


6. 


Blue and gray, compact, sandy, 
rather tough clay, abounding 
in nodules and crusts of iron 
pyrites. 


103 


-133 


Very dark, laminated, micaceous 
sandy clay, showing ripple marks 

■ ("blue clay"). 




7. 


Micaceous sand; water; gray sand; 
fine dune sand. 


133 


-143 


Fine, pink, clayey sand. 




,8. 


Medium, white, micaceous sand 


143. 


5-147. 5 


Do. 



Merrill " and Darton ^ have both published records of this well in which an error has evidently been 
made in copying in the thickness of the yellow gravel, which extends from 51 to 81 feet. 

51§. This is a dug well from which the supply is now obtained from four 3-inch strainers 12 feet long, 
placed horizontally in the water-bearing gravel just above the clay, and connected directly with the suction 
pipe from the pump. 



a Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, 1886, p. 353. 



i> Bull. U. S. Geological Survey No. 138, p. 35. 



DESCKIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 279 

Record of Allard & McGuire's weU near Syosset. 

Pleistocene: , Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel 0-47 

2. Gravel 47-50 

Cretaceous : 

3. Lead-colored clay 50-53 

519. Mr. Jaegle states that in sinking this well he encountered, at a depth of 150 feet, a stratum of fine 
gravel, overlaid by gravelly clay, from which the air rushed with considerable force. This is probably a 
blowing well similar to those which have been described in many parts of the'West (see p. 74). 

520. Record of county poor farm well near BroolcvUle. 

Feet. 

1. Wliite sand and gravel 0-105 

2. Quicksand; fine dark-colored sand with coarse material at bottom 105-278 

521. Record of H. Rushmore's well near BroolcmUe. 

Feet. 

1. Surface loam and then ordinary sand 1 ' 0- 75 

2. Quicksand _ 75-375 

3. Blue clay 375-377 

4. Hardpan (gravel and sand packed very hard ) 377-396 

This record was reported by Mr. J. L. Bogart, who lives on the adjoining property and who was much 
interested in the well at the time it was sunk. 

522. ■ Record of commission's well near East Norwich. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Dark surface loam and gravel 1 - 5 

2-3. Reddish-yellow medium sand _ 4. 5- 7 

4. Yellowish-gray clayey sand. 12. 5-13. 8 

5-6. Grayish sand and gravel (glacial) 14. 2-20 

Wisconsin? : 

7. Light yellowish-white silt to coarse sand 20 -23 

523. Record of Quinan well near East Norwich. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: • Feet. 

1 . Very stony sand and gravel 0-100 

Tisbury and Cretaceous: 

2. Yellowish-red sand 100-120 

Cretaceous : 

3. Black clay, becoming white 120-124 

4. Clay and fine sand, dark colored. 124-127 

5. Coarse sand (water bearing) 127-149 

6. Clay 149- 

524. Record of LuMum well near East Norwich. 

Feet. 

1. Gravel 0-212 

2. Sand -.... : 212-224 

3. Clay 224- 

525. The first test well at this place, which was put down about 25 feet from the engine house, was 
unsuccessful. The samples preserved in the office of Mr. Oscar Darling, consulting engineer, show the 
following section: 

Record of Nassau County Water Company's well at Oyster Bay. 

Pleistocene : Feet. 

1. Wliite sand and gravel 0- 5 

2. Coarse gravel 5-15 

3. Medium yellow sand 15- 60 

4. Gray sand with much biotite 60-160 



280 UNDEEGROUT!TD WATER EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Water was found in abundance in the coarse gravel from 5 to 15 feet, but the sand below this point 
while water bearing, was regarded as too fine to furnish water for waterworks purposes. An attempt was 
then made to develop the stratum at 10 feet by a series of gang wells, but it was found to be only a small 
pocket. About 300 feet north of the pumping station, and down the valley, coarse water-bearing gravel 
was found at a depth of 10 feet which had a thickness of from 10 to 30 feet. It is expected that a gang 
of twelve 4-inch wells of an average depth of 35 feet will be put down at this point. The water from these 
wells stands just level with the surface, which is 23.5 feet above mean high tide. 

536. This well was driven in 1900. At a depth of 3 or 4 feet from the surface clay was encountered, 
below which there was gravel, and then clay to a depth of 50 feet, where water was encountered which 
flowed 8 to 9 gallons p^r minute. Below this was sand and gravel, which furnished a small flow of artesian 
water, to a depth of 160 feet, where a layer of clay 2 feet thick was encountered. At 62 feet a'strong artesian 
head was encountered which forced the water 11 inches above the 3-inch pipe, and furnished over 100 gallons 
per minute. As the water did not clear, it was driven through clay and sand to 165 feet, where it was 
stopped in sand and gravel. At this point it furnished about 80 gallons per minute of clear water. At 17 
feet above the surface of the ground the well delivers 5 gallons per minute. 

The following partial analysis was made by Prof. C. S. Slichter: 

Ancdysis of water from Townsend TJnderhill's well near Oyster Bay. ■ ■ 

Parts per million.^ 

Hardness _ 31. 2 

■ . Chlorine ...:.. 7; 08 

Alkalinity . 27. 5 

Temperature, 59° F. 

527. This well was driven in 1900 and now furnishes 15 gallons per minute at a height of 3 feet above 
the ground. The well is about 20 feet above mean sea level. 

Record of Charles Weelcs's well near Oyster Bay. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Sand and gravel ^ 0- 15 

Sankaty ? : 

2. Clay - - 15- 90 

Jameco ? : 

3. Micaceous sand, gradually growing coarser 90-110 

528. Record of J. M. Sammis's well near Oyster Bay. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: ' Feet. 

1 . Sand and gravel with poor water_ _ 0- 30 

Sankaty ? : 

2. Clay ■. _ : 30-35 

Cretaceous 1 : 

3. Fine white sand with little water 35-140 

See fig. 16. 

529. Mr. E. K. Hutchinson, under date of April 29, 1896, gives the following data regarding this well: 

^ Record of well of Van Sise <& Co. near Oyster Bay. 

Wisconsin and Tisburj^: Feet; 

1 . Sand and gravel _ 0-30 

Sankaty?: 

2. Clay 30-35 

3. Clay and sand no water 35-53 

Jameco?: 

4. Yellow sand and gravel 53-57 

Flows 9 gallons per minute. 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON" WELLS. 281 

The flow of this well was measured by W. H. C. Pynchon, April 11, 1903, and found to be 3 gallons per 
minute, at a height of 18 inches above the surface, or 10 to 12 feet above mean sea level (see fig. 16). 

5'iO. On April 27, 1903, Mr. Pynchon found the flow to be 5 gallons per minute from a reduced 
nozzle at 18 inches above the surface. He reports that the water will rise 2\ feet above the surface. 

Record of D. W . Smith's well at Oyster Bay. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel 0-35 

Sankaty ? : 

2. Clay _ 35-50 

Jameco?: 

3. Fine yellow sand, growing coarser 50-65 

531. Mr. Hutchinson states that the original flow was 15 gallons per minute. On May 27, 1903, 
Mr. Pynchon found it to be 8.5 gallons. The water will rise about 6 feet above the surface of the ground- 




Fig. 67. — Sketch map showing locations of wells described at Oyster Bay. 

532. The water-bearing gravel is reported to be unusually coarse in this well. When first completed, 
it flowed 21 gallons per minute. 

Record of E. K. Hutchinson's weU at Oyster Bay. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel '. . _ 0-35 

Sankaty?: 

2. Clay 35-50 

Jameco?: 

3. Sand, growing coarser 50-83 

533. The clay layer usually encountered in this vicinity is reported as very thin in this well. 

534. The original flow is reported as 10 gallons per minute. When measured by Mr. Pynchon April 
27, 1903, if was 4 gallons per minute at a height of 2 feet above the surface. 

535. The original flow was 9 to 10 gallons per minute. The flow April 27, 1903, was 2 gallons per 
minute at a height of 2 feet and 4 inches above the surface. 

17116— No. 44— 06 19 



282 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

539. The following section of this well was furnished by Mr. E. K. Hutchinson in a letter dated April 
29, 1895: 

Record of A. J . & A. S. Hutchinson well at Oyster Bay. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: t . j-eet. 

1 . Sand and gravel, with plenty of water of poor quality _. 0-30 

2. Clay 30- 35 

3. Sand and gravel; plenty of water raised 6 feet above level of first water 35-120 

Sankaty': 

4. Clay; no water 120-185 

Jameco?: 

5. Yellow sand and gravel with artesian water 185-190 

The original flow from stratum 5 was about 70 gallons per ininute at 3 feet above the ground. The 

water will rise to a point 17 feet above the surface at low tide and will overflow at high tide. The surface 
is 2 to 3 feet above mean high tide. 

542. Mr. W. H. C. Pynchon reports the following history of this well: 

" First position : Driven to a depth of 106 feet through sand and gravel with water all the way for 80 
feet, then clay to 105 feet. It was left on Saturday night with water just dripping from the well pipe which 
stood 2 feet above ground. The flow kept on increasing until at the end of eight days it was flowing SO 
gallons a minute fi'om 2-inch pipe, about as much sand as water. It ran so for one week and then began 
to fall off, until at the end of one week more it was not running at all. Second position: It was then driven 
to 130 feet, but no flow Pipe was pulled up and its lower 6 feet perforated and covered with 40-mesh 
wire gauze. Third position: The pipe was then reinserted in the hole to a depth of about 125 feet, with the 
result that the water came up on the outside of the pipe instead of the inside so that earth had to be ranuned 
in all around the pipe. It then flowed 18 gallons per minute at 3 feet above the surface, though the water 
will rise to a level of about 9 feet. The wellhead is now 3.50 feet above high tide." (For general relations 
see fig. 16.) 

543. The flow at low tide, June 30, 1903, was 26.5 gallons per minute. 

Record of Dr. 0. L. Jones's well at Oyster Bay. 
Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Gravel , 0-60 

Sankaty ? : 

2. Clay '- - 60-135 

Jameco 1 : 

3. Little flow at '. 135-140 

4. Coarse sand 140- 

Cretaceous : 

5. Clay 

6. Very heavy gravel mixed with white sticky clay -220 

Prof. C. S. Slichter has made the following partial analysis of this water: 

Analysis of water from Dr. 0. L. Jones's well at Oyster Bay. 

Parts per milliDn. 

Hardness 20. 

Chlorme 4. 25 

Alkalmity 17.0 

Temperature 57° F. 

544. "Driven in July, 1896. It is located on the beach at the edge of the salt marsh, and the tide 
rises ordinarily about 1 foot over the wellhead, i. e., well is about 6 feet above low-tide mark. At low tide the 
flow is not over 20 gallons per minute, but just before the tide goes over the wellhead it flows 100 gaUons 
a minute. Water comes from gray and black sand, but is free from iron." 

This well was sounded in connection with observations on the effect of the tide on the rate of flow and 
found to be 93.1 feet deep. (For general relations see fig. 16.) 



DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 283 

The sample of water, marked Mohannes Spring, Oyster Bay, Long Island, submitted to me for exami- 
nation contains: 

Analysis of water from Mohannes Casino m>ll at Oyster Bay. 

Parts per million. 

Appearance Clear. 

Sediment- Norie. 

Color . - . . ... None. 

Odor (heated to 100° F) None. 

Chlorine in chlorides 7. 92 

Sodium chloride ■ 13. 08 

Phosphates None. 

Nitrogen in nitrites None. 

Nitrogen in nitrates (reduced by sodium amalgam) . 495 

Free ammonia . Trace. 

Albuminoid ammonia Trace. 

Total nitrogen -. . 495 

Total hardness 28. 3 

Permanent hardness 28. 3 

Organic and volatile (loss on ignition ) 8. 00 

Mineral matter (nonvolatile) . . 46. 00 

Total solids (by evaporation ) 54. 00 

This sample of water is of great organic purity; it is very soft and is admirably adapted for use as 
a drinking water as well as for domestic purposes. — Ernst J . Lederle, Ph. D. 

The "Mohannes Spring" is the 99-foot artesian well described in the table of wells. 
' 545. The water is so strongly impregnated with iron that it is unfit to drink. Yield 2 feet above the 
ground, 18 gallons per minute, at high tide. 

Record of T. TJnderhilVs well at Oyster Bay. 

Kecent to Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Sand and gravel _ 0-25 

Sankaty : 

2. Clay 25-80 

Jameco : 

3. Fine gray and black sand, growing coarser 80-107 

Total depth according to sounding, 114 feet. 

Analysis of water from T. UnderhUVs well at Oyster Bay. 

[By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] 

Parts per mUlion. 

Hardness 46. 9 

Chlorine 6. 18 

Alkalinity 37. 5 

Temperature .• 57" F. 

546. Record of Lee well at Oyster Bay. 

Feet. 

1. Heavy sand and gravel 0- 50 

2. Gray and blue clay .50-125 

3. Beach sand, growing coarser, well commenced to flow at 160 feet 130-200 

Depth by sounding, 188.3 feet. 

Analysis of water from Lee well at Oyster Bay. 

[By Prof. C. S. Sliehter.] 

Parts per million. 

Hardness 37. 

Chlorine 3. 9 

Alkalmity 43. 7 

Temperature 58 F°. 



284 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



547. Analysis of water from Burgess well at Oyster Bay. 

[By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] 



Parts por million. 



Hardness '. - - 28. 7 

Chlorine 4. 77 

Temperature 58° F. 

See PI. XIII, A. 

548. Record of Hamilton viell near Oyster Bay. 

Wisconsin and Tisbui-y: Feet.- 

1. Gravel Q- 30 

Sankaty?: 

2. Clay 30-80 

Jameco?: 

3. Sand nilli wiitcr, i\()t arlosian 80-130 

Cretaceous: 

4. Clay 130-227 . 

A second well was drilled near this one and a good flow obtained at 105 feet. 

540. Record of William Trotter's well near Oyster Bay. 

■ Wisconsin and Tisbuiy: Vc.cx. 

1 . Gravel 0-10 

Sankatyh 

2. Clay '. 10-70 

Jamcco?: 

3. Gravel, with artesian water 70-90 

Analysis of water from William Trotter's well near Oijster Bay. 

[By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] 

Parts por million. 

Hardness 21. 9 

Chlorine 6. 2 

Alkalinity 21. 

Temperature ■. 56° F. 

551. Water is reported for the whole depth of the well, but did not flow until a depth of 259 feet was 

reached. 

Record of II. Bollard's well near Oyster Bay. 

Feet. 

1 . Surface sandc and gravel with some water 0- 45 

2. Fine dark-colored brown sand, becoming coarser at the bottom and passing into a lead- 

colored gravel 45-259 

Analysis of water from H. Bollard's v>ell near Oyster Bay. 

[By Prof. C, S. Sliclitor.] 

Parts per million. 

Hardness 33.7 

Chlorine '. 6. 02 

Alkalinity 19. 95 

Temperature 62° F. 

552. The following section is from Mr. Ed. Schmidt: 

Record of Edward Swan's well near Oyster Bay. 

Foot. 
1. Coarse sand, slightly yellow in color, with occasional layer of gravel 0-60 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 285 

553. This well was veiy easily drilled. The material became coarser and coarser until at 465 Tcct an 
excellent flow was obtained. There was no rod clay hei'e and no hai'd red stratum. A little blue clay was 
found at 150 feet. 

Record of E. Roosevelt's well near Oyster Bay. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: I'l.ct. 

1. Sand and gravel, water bearing ()-l(X) 

Cretaceous : 

2. Brown sandy clay, grading into gray sandy clay 100-465 

554. For partial analysis see page G8. (See fig. 16 for general relations.) 

555. Record of G. M. Fletcher's well on Center Island, New York. 

Pleistocene and Cretaceous?: Feet, 

1 . Sand, with an occasional stratum of clay 0-160 

Cretaceous : 

2. Alternate layers of yellow, black, red, blue (hard like flint), and milkv-wliilc 

clay 160 -316 

3. Very fine beach sand 316 -330 

4. Thin stratum of brown shale 330 -330. 4 

5. Coarse sand (with some water ) 330. 4-360 

6. Thin stratum of brown shale 360 -360. 2 

7. Very fine sand, gradually growing coarser 360. 2-370. 10 

Elevation above tide 12 feet. 

At the last depth given the particles ranged from one-eighth to one-half inch in diameter. A 
concretion was encountered at 280 feet, and lignite at 330, 350, and 370 feet. 

Mr. Frank Nichols, foreman in charge of the drilling of this well, reports that salt water wa.s encountered 
at 18 feet and again at 100 feet. Fresh water was first encountered at 360 feet. 

556. For partial analysis see page 68. 

557. Nichols states that the natural pressure is "lower" in this well than in the others, and this, 
together with the fact that salt water was used in drilling the well, necessitated long pumping before the 
water became fresh. The clay contains a great deal of sand and is very micaceous. 

The low pressure is probably due to the fact that the main artesian gravel was not reached. It will 
be noticed on PI. II that this well lacks .50 feet of reaching the coarse Lloyd gravel, in which the other 
wells are finished. 

Record of S. T. Shaw's well on Center Island, New York. 
Pleistocene: Feet. 

1 . Coarse yellow gravel 0- 50 

Pleistocene and Cretaceous: 

2. Fine beach sand and clay 50-150 

Cretaceous : 

3. White, blue, and gray clay; red clay and sand and gray clay; encountered in the 

order named 1 .50-295 

4. Coarse sand 295-298 

55§. Mr. R. F. Nichols, foreman in charge of the drilling of this well, reports the following section: 

Record, of C. Hoyt's well on Center Island, New York. 

Pleistocene: Feet. 

1 . Very coarse gravel , coarse as black walnuts 0- 60 

Cretaceous : 

2. White and very stick}^ clay 00- 72 

3. White beach sand 72-90 

4. " Very pretty blue " clay '.' 90-130 

5. Gray sandy clay 130-275 



286 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Cretaceous: Feet. 

6. Very hard stratum, brownish red in color, were two da5's in drilhng 8 inches; 

described as very similar to hard stratum reported in Fletcher well (No. 555). . 275- 

7. Gray sandy claj^ • 

8. A second hard stratum ^ -300 

9. Sand, becoming coarser and passing into white gravel-like peas 300-321 

Well began to flow at 300 feet. Elevation above mean high tide, 4 feet. 

559. ilr. R. F. Nichols, foreman, reports that this well began to flow at night. The screen was put 
in and the well was left at the depth to which it had been sunk. 

Record of . W . 'Welmore's well on Center Island, New Yorlc. 
Pleistocene: Feet. 

1 . Sand and gravel : 0-60 

Cretaceous: 

2. Clay, no bowlders '. 60-300 

3. Very white sand (Lloyd sand) 300-318 

Elevation above mean high tide, 3 feet. 

For partial analysis, see page 68. 

560. The material encountered in this well is very similar to that found in No. 558. Below 150 feet 
considerable lignite was found. 

562. Mr. A. Neilson, superintendent of the Pierce estate, reports the following: "The \vriter was not 
managing the property when the well was put down, and so can not give record of strata. There was originally 
an old open well 30 feet deep, which was a good one, but to get more water a 6-inch pipe was put down 
10 feet below the bottom of the open well. This well is about 600 feet back from the shore of the sound, and 
the top is about 30 feet above high water. The tides do not change the water in anj. way. About 150 feet 
from the one described there is another well about 80 feet deep, all 6-inch pipe, which I believe is a better 
well, though it has never been tested to its full capacity." 

Mr. Frank Wankel, now foreman of the Hudson Engineering and Contracting Company, reports that 
a number of j^ears ago he sunk a 6-inch well for Colonel Kruger, and it may be that this is the well referred 
to in the above letter. Mr. Wankel gives the following data regarding it: 

Record of Colonel Eruger's well near BayviUe. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury ; Feet: 

1 . Beach sand ' : 0-160 

2. Coarse gravel 160-170 

At this depth a fine material was encountered and the driving was discontinued. No clay was 

encountered. The well is 200 feet from the water's edge, and 50 or 60 feet above sea level, and tests 15 
gallons a minute at full capacity. 

564. Mr. Danis stated that early in July, 1903, the pipe, which originally extended 9 feet above the 
surface, was cut off even with the ground, and the flow increased very rapidly from 75 to 120 gallons per 
minute, weir measurement. Sand then followed and the water finally became very red. After a time it 
cleared and continued to flow at the increased rate. 

Record of I. Cox's well near Mill Neck. 
Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . White sand with fresh water 0- 12 

2. Wliite sand with very salty water ^ 12-100 

Sankaty?: 

3. "Black muck" - 100-150 

Cretaceous: 

4. Thin layers of clay and quicksand 150-200 

5. Red clay, with occasional layers of gray clay containing hgnitized wood 200-300 

6. Sand, becoming coarser and filled with water (Lloyd sand) 300-330 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 287 

566. Record of commission's test well at Massapequa pumping station. 

Feet. 

1-2. Peat with sand and gravel. 0-2 

3-4. Dark-brown vegetable stained sand and gravel 2- 5 

5-9. Yellow-brown sand and gravel (probably glacial outwash ) 5-24 

567. According to Mr. Ward this plant consists of fifty-three 4J-inch wells, 37 to 106 feet deep. All 
the deeper wells furnish artesian water. Samples of the shallower wells, preserved in the municipal building, 
Brooklyn, show the following generalized section: 

Generalized section of BrooMyn waterworlcs wells at Massapequa pumping station. 

Feet. 

1. Light yellowish gray sand and gravel; nothing readily recognizable as of glacial origin. 0-25 

2. Fine reddish brown to yellowish gray sand 25-40 

3. Fine gray sand 40- 

The elevation of deep test well No. 1, which is a flowing well, is 10.1 feet Brooklyn base. 

568. Mr. Solomon Ketchem, secretary, reports that the supply of the Amityville Water Company is 
derived from 6-inch wells, 40 feet deep, sunk in 1893; the water level is 12 feet below the surface and is 
lowered 4 feet by pumping. The yield in 1900 was as follows: 

Yield of Amityville Water Company's wells in 1900. 

Gallons. 

Maximum daily ' 156, 000 

Minimum daily 53, 000 

Average daily 104, 000 

569. The whole section given below is glacial outwash. 

Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 

1-2. Yellow sandy loam 0-2. 4 

3-9. Fine reddish-yellow sand to small gravel . 4. 5-31 

See Table XII. 

570. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. 

Feet. 

1 . Humus-stained loamy sand and gravel 0. 0- 0.4 

2-3. Reddish-yellow loamy sand and gravel 1.0- 3.5 

4-6. Light yellowish-white outwash sand and gravel 6. 0-17. 75 

571. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. 

Feet. 

1-3. Surface loam 0-2 

3-9. Light-colored sand and quartz gravel only a very small percentage of erratic material . 5-31 

572. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam 0-1.2 

3-9. Light grayish sand and small gravel, with a smaller percentage of erratics than in the 

wells farther west. 5-35. 5 

573. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 

1-2. Yellow sandy loam 0-1.5 

3-7. Reddish yellow fine to coarse sand (glacial outwash ) 4-25 

574. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Surfaceloam. - 2.3 

3. Yellow loamy sand and gravel 2. 7- 3. 3 

4-9. Coarse outwash sand and gravel 5 -32 



288 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LOTSTG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

10. Fine yellowish gray sand _ _ 36 -36. 5 

11. Very fine yellowish gray sand 37. 5-38 

12. Medium-sand ^.. 40 -41 

13. Fine to coarse sand 45 -46 

14r-15. Coarse sand to fine gravel, with small layer of silt 50. 5-53 

16-18. Fine silty sand 55 -61. 5 

19. Fine to medium sand 63 -64 

20. Coarse sand 65. 5-66. 5 

21. Fine silty sand . 70 -72.5 

Cretaceous : 

22. Very fine, greenish yellow, micaceous sand 74. 5-75. 5 

23-24. Medium, whitej coaree sand 80 -85 

This series of samples shows apparently four stages of deposition above a depth of 70 feet. See 
Table XII, 

575. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1. Surface loam. - .1 ;, 

2-3. Yellow sand and small gravel . . 1.5-4 

4-5. Yellowish white sand and small gravel 6 -11 

6. Small gravel, with considerable percentage of erratics 15 -16 

7. Fine to coarse sand 20 -21 

Cretaceous ? : 

8-12. Fine white sand with tendency toward a yellow color in the upper samples, 

possibly due to an old land surface 24 -41. 5 

See Table XII. 

576. Record of Dry fuss & Nibbe's well near Central Park. 

Pleistocene: " Feet. 

1. Surface gravel -15 

Cretaceous : 

2. Black clay 15 -35 

3. Iron rock ". : 35 -35. 5 

4. Fine dark sand, becoming coarser and containing water 35. 5-55 

Mr. J. Elliott reports having dug a well at this place in which he struck clay very near the surface and 
passed through 3 feet of iron rock. 

Analysis of water from Dry fuss & Nibbe's well near Central Parle. 

[By Prof: C. S. Slichter.] 

Parts per million. 

Hardness 185 

Chlorine 55. 6 

Alkalinity 26. 2 

Temperature .... 56-F. 

The high hardness and chlorine indicates that this well has become contaminated with the brines from 
the pickle factory. 

577. Mr. Elliott reports that in some of these wells thin layers of clay were found at 4 feet and 20 feet. 
He adds that similar layers of clay are often found in wells at a distance of half a mile from the foot of 
the hills, at which point the silty or clayey layers dis^pear. 

57§. The high chlorine in the analysis below is doubtless due to brine from the pickle factory. 



DESCRIPTIVE KOTES ON WELLS. 289 

Analysis of water from well of J . Keller & Sons near Farmingdale 

[By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] 

Parts per million. 

Hardness - 30. 6 

Chlorine - - . - - 32. 6 

Alkalinity 21. 5 

Temperature - _ . 63-F. 

5§0. Record of commission's test well near Farmingdale. 

Feet. 

1 . Surface loam 0- 1 

2-6. Light sands, passing into small gravel, with a very small percentage of erratics 1-21 

5§i2. Mr. J. H. Gutheil gives the following data: "Diameter, 3 feet from to 81; 1\ inches from 81 to 
111 feet. The surface of the ground is black soil mixed with coarse gravel; yellow clay is underneath; 
then pure sand in depths of 10 to 15 feet, separated by iron ore and hardpan. About the middle of the dis- 
tance in depth I found a coarse yellow sand, very sticky, as if mixed with mud." 

383. Record of Harms estate well near Plainview. 

Pleistocene : Feet. 

1 . Gravel - 0-50 

Cretaceous : 

2. Alternate layers of light gray and black clay 50-70 

3. Dark, rather coarse sand, with water 70-75 

584. Mr. Elliott furnished four samples representing material between 58 and 70 feet; all are fine yellow 

Cretaceous (?) sand. 

Analysis of water from John Titus's well near Plainview. 

[By Pro! C. S. SUchter.] 

Parts per million. 

Hardness. 20 

Chlorine ! 2. 76 

Alkalinity 9 

Temperature ' 59° F. 

5§3. Record of Oscar Jaclcson's well in West HiUs. 

Pleistocene : Feet. 

1 . Dark surface soil mixed with large field stones 0- 2 

Cretaceous : 

2. Clay 2- 6 

3. Fine white sand 6-16 

4. Coarse gravel mi.xed with clay, parted b}^ veins of iron ore and hardpan 16- 56 

5. Sand with veins of black and blue clay 2 to 3 feet thick 56-119 

6. Driven; material not known 119-141. 5 

586. Mr. Dubois has furnished the following samples from this well: 

Record of H. L. Stimpson's well in the West Hills. 
Wisconsin : Feet. 

1-3. Clayey sand and gravel with many compound pebbles 8- 20 

Mannetto : 

4. Orange-yellow quartz pebbles, with a very few fragments of compound rocks, 

the latter probably derived from the overlying beds 28 

5. Orange-yellow quartz pebbles, with considerable sand and yellow clay, and many 

fragments of decayed white chert 40 

6. White quartz sand, with much fine-grained red ironstone and decayed chert . , , 52 



290 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, 

Cretaceous 1: Feet. 
7-17. White to light-yellow quartz sand and gravel containing fragments of decayed 

white chert :. 60-120 

18. Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand _ : 125 

19. Fine to coarse white sand "T. 130 

20. Fine to coarse yellow sand 135 

21-22. Medium, yellow, sllty sand, with many small, brown, ferruginous nodules 

and a few pellets of clay 140-145 

23-24. Medium to coarse light-yellow sand with many fragments of dark-brown fer- 
ruginous sandstone. 150-155 

587. Record of Richard Collier's ivell near Woodbury. 

Pleistocene: ■ Feet. 

1. Surface loam; no gravel 0- 15 

2. Sand with considerable gravel '. 15- 35 

3. Gravel _ 35-98 

Cretaceous : 

4. Black clay 98-138 

5. Hard iron rock 138-138.5 

6. White sand 138.5-144 " 

Analysis of water from Richard Collier's well near Woodbury. 

[By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] 

Parts per million. 

Hardness. ■ 52. 5 

Chlorine 16. 6 

Alkalinity 12. 5 

Temperature 60° F. 

5§8. Mr. William Jaegle, who drilled this well, reports that between 120 and 150 feet he encountered 
a dry gravel from which the air i-ushed with considerable force, and that it blows intermittently between the 
4^inch and 6-inch casing. The 6-inch casing extends to a depth of 120 feet and the 4-inch to a depth of 
185 feet. 

589. Mr. William Jaegle reports that a blowing well formerly existed at this place, but that it was 
destroyed in an attempt to find the hidden treasure which this blowing was thought to indicate. 

590. It is stated that this well blows before a storm, and that it makes enough noise to be heard in the 
house. 

591. These samples were taken from the dump by one of the men who had been with the well from the 
start. The surface about the well is distinctly morainal in character, but the samples indicate that the Pleis- 
tocene material is of no very great thickness. The sands are apparently the same as the sands shown in 
the Melville section. 

Record of Cold Spring Creamery well near Cold Spring station,. 

Cretaceous : Feet. 

1 . Dark clayey sands 0-20 

2. Medium yellow sand 20-60 

3. Medium reddish yellow sand, containing water 60-96 

592. Record of H. A. Monfort's well Tiear Cold Spring station. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Loam and gravel 0- 4 

Wisconsin and Cretaceous: 

2. White sand (dry) : 4- 90 

. Cretaceous: 

3. Dark clay '. 90-130 

4. Orange clayey sand 130-173 

5. Blue clay. !. ^ . 173-181 

6. White sand 181-195 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 291 

593. Analysis oj water jrom Mountain Mist Springs, West Hills. 

[By G. J. Volckening, E. M., Feb. 21, 1S98.] 

Parts per miUion. 

Sodium chloride 13. 95 

Lime 6. 80 

Magnesia 2. 15 

Iron and alumina .41 

Sulph .^rio anhydride 2. 53 

Carbonic anhydride 5. 15 

Silica 8. 17 

Alkalies (approximate) 1. 00 

Total 40. 16 

594. The section in this well is reported as very similar to that of well No. 595. 

595. Record of Columbia farm well near Cold Spring Harbor. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: 

1. Sands and gravel. 

Cretaceous : Feet. 

2. Water-bearing sand, yielding milky water at 186 

3. Alternate layers of fine white or lead-colored claj' and sands, the sands containing 

water 186-195 

59<». At 160 feet the well is reported to have furnished quite a little gas, which has very much the odor 
of marsh gas. 

Record of W. R. Jones's well near Cold Spring Harbor. 
Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel..... 0-190 

Cretaceous : 

2. Black clay, becoming whiter below. 190-200 

3. White sand with water 200-228 

598. Record of Mrs. W. Wood's well near Cold Spring Harbor. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel with an abundant supply of clear water, which turned dark on 

boiling 0-40 

Cretaceous : 

2. Altei'nate layers of white or lead-colored sands and clays. 40-163 

599. Record of well of Van Wyke heirs near Cold Spring Harbor. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Surface sand and gravel 0- 35 

2. Sand and gravel, with a little water 35- 40 

Cretaceous : 

3. Sand and clay , 40-150 

4. Water-bearing sand 150- 

601. Record of W. E. Jones's well near Cold Spring Harbor. 

Pleistocene : Feet. 

1. Sand 0-160 

2. Clayey sand 160-179 

3. Gravel with glacial pebbles 179-195 

602. This is stated to be the well which in Barton's report is given as " Cold Spiing Harbor, 125 feet 
deep: flow 18 gallons per minute." 



292 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

603. Record of G. E. Brightson's well near Cold Spring Harhor. 

Feet. 

1. Gravelly clay, quite hard - 0- 30 

2. Fine gravel and coarse sand. - . - 30-105 

3. Blue clay. **- 105-135 

4. Bluish sand - - 135-170 

5. Veiy coarse sand, water bearing 170-177 

604. Record of L. C. Tiffany's vjell near Cold Spring Harbor. 

Tisbur}': -Feet. 

1. Gravel 0-125 

Cretaceous ? : 

2. Clay, with some grit : 125-135 

3. Fine sand 135-225 

4. Blue clay 225-235 

5. Coarse sand, with abundant supply of water 235-243 

607. Record of Wm. White's well near Cold Spring Harhor. 

Tisbury : Feet. ' 

1 . Sand and gravel 0- 40 

Cretaceous ? : 

2. Black clay 40-41 

3. Sand and gravel 41- 95 

4. Brown clay, passing below into white clay 95-118 

5. Red sand 118-120 

6. Fine white sand ■ 120-179 

The well began to flow at 120 feet, but choked with sand, and a fi'ee flow was not obtained until a 

depth of 179 feet was reached. This well flowed 12 feet above high tide. 

60§. Record of J. T. Jones's well near Cold Spring Harhor. 

Tisburj'-: Feet. 

1 . Top soil and gravel, with highly mineral water 0-12 

Tisbuiy?: 

2. Black muck 12-20 

3. Coarse sand and gravel 20-60 

Cretaceous : 

4. White clay 60-65 

5. Red sand : 6.5-66 

■ 6. Coarse white sand, with artesian water 66-70 

609. Record of L. C. Tiffany's well near Cold Spring Harhor. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Marly mud 0- -5 

2. Beach gravel, with large stones .■ 5-50 

Cretaceous I : 

3. Clay, black on top, becoming white below 1 .50-58 

4. Fine sand, becoming coareer below. 58-76. 8 

When the artesian sand was first struck, it is estimated that the well flowed 120 gallons per minute, 

but the water contained a large amount of fine, white, micaceous sand. To cut off this, the well was driven 
deeper and the flow reduced to 75 gallons per minute (measured). This is the maximum yield, the flow 
being less at low tide. 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELIS. 293 

610. ■ Record of H. De Forest's well near Cold Spring Harbor. 

Tisbury : Feet. 

1. Upper gravel and sand 0- 80 

Cretaceous : 

2. White clay 80 -80.5 

3. Orange sand ' 80. 5- 95 

4. Sand, brighter yellow than No. 3. 95 -133 

5. White clay 133 -148 

6. Fine sand becoming coarser 148 -165 

61 ii. The following record has been prepared from samples preserved from this well: 

Record of R. De Forest's well near Cold Spring Harbor. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Glacial sand and clay 5 

2. Large quartz and granite pebbles 15 

Cretaceous : 

3. Medium hght-yellow sand 17- 25 

4. Pink sand, medium 28. 8 

5. Medium, white, quartz sand with much mica. 32 

6. Fine pink sand. 60 

7. Medium, coarse, white, quartz sand 70 

8. Coarse quartz with large pieces of FeS 120 

9. Wliite laminated clay 160-167 

10. Fine gravel ; water bearing 177-183. 8 

613. Record of Eagle dock well near Cold Spring Harbor. 

Recent: Feet. 

1. Filled ground 0- 10 

2. Muck- 10-14 

Tisbury : 

3. Beach gravel with salty water 14-100 

Sankaty : 

4. Clay 100-158 

Jameco : 

5. Fine sand, passing into coarse gravel containing artesian water 158-176 

The samples of the water-bearing gravel preserved by Capt. W. R. Bingham show a very large per- 
centage of erratic material. 

614. Mr. Webster reports that the measured flow of this well at 12.10 p. m., December 31, 1902, was 39 
gallons per minute. Mi'. J. G. Hannah, the former owner of the well, reports that on November 5, 1902, 
the flow at low tide was 16 gallons per minute and at high tide 50 gallons per minute. Mr. Webster has 
kindly furnished the following analysis, and notes by Prof. Herbert E. Smith, State chemist of Connecticut: 

Analysis of water from James Bowen's well near Cold Spring Harbor. 

Residue on evaporation : ' Parts per million. 

Total 39. 

Volatile 13. 5 

Chlorine, combined 4. 00 

Nitrogen of free ammonia . 032 

Nitrogen of albuminoid ammonia . . 012 

Nitrogen of nitrites . 001 

Nitrogen of nitrates .55 

Oxygen consumed from permanganate in one-half hour at 100° C .2 

Hardness as carbonate of calcium 10. 00 

Color 0.0 



294 UNDEEGEOUND WATER RESOUECES OF LOWG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 

Professor Smith says: "The sample was clear, free from sediment, colorless, and odorless. These 
results show that the water contains a very small amount of mineral matter, that it is soft, and that it is 
of high organic purity. The figure for chlorine is subnormal for the locaUty of the well, and the nitrogen 
of nitrates is not much, if any, above the normal. These results indicate, in my opinion, that the water 
is free from sewage or drainage contamination and excelilent for drinking and other domestic uses. 

"The figures for organic matter are very satisfactory indeed. The figure for chlorine (4) is the clJorine 
that is normal to a narrow strip in the central portion of Long Island. According to the chlorine map, this 
area is about 35 miles long, with an average width of not over 2 miles, and runs through Sufl'olk Countj^, 
back of Cold Spring Harbor. As the normal on the coast is 6 or above, the result in this sample would 
indicate that the water comes from the interior portion of the island. 

"I of course do not wish to make to,o strict an interpretation of a single analysis, but where the differ- 
ence between the local chlorine and that found is so distinct as in this case, I think it pretty safe to conclude 
that the water sent me comes from the interior." 

In this connection see the analysis from the deep wells given on page 68 and analyses of wells Nos. 526, 
543, 545, 546, 547, 549, 554, 556, and 559. 

615. Record of L. V. Bell's well near Cold Spring Harbor. 

Feet. ■ 
1. Coarse sand and gravel, with one or two layers of cobbles; no clay 0-65 

616. This well is in the basement and begins in pink Cretaceous sand. 

617. Mr. Matthew King, foreman for P. H. & J. Conlan, reports that this well is 325 feet deep, but 
Mr. J. Conlan states that it was finished at 140 feet. 

620. Record of T. S. Williams's well near Cold Spring Harbor. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Gravel 0-30 

Cretaceous: 

2. Red and white sand. 30 - 80 

3. White clay 80 -86 

4. Fine white sand; fresh water 86 -136 

5. White clay and sand 136 -146 

6. Yellow sand and gravel (looks like brown sugar) 146 -160 

7. Red and white clay ". 160 -162 

8. Fine white sand 162 -178 

9. Coarse quartz gravel; no sand; gravel about 1 inch diameter. 178 -200 

10. Fine white sand becoming pinkish ^ 200 -230 

11. Small gravel 230 -230. 5 

12. White sand 230.5-256 

13. Yellow clay 256 -257 

14. Reddish sand 257 -262 

. 15. Gray clay 262 -394 

16. Coarse yellow gravel. 394 -398 

This well flows 10 gallons per minute at a height of 8.5 feet above mean high tide. 

621. Mr. Danis reports the following section for this well: 

Record of Walter Jennings's well near Cold Sfring Harbor. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Stony soil 0-10 

Cretaceous: 

2. Clay : 10-12 

3. Sand 12-40 

4. Clay 40-42 

5. Red sand , - - . 42-65 

6. White sand 65-92 



Di:8CEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 295 

622. This well was first driven 42 feet and water obtained which was used for a time, but proved 
unsatisfactory. It was then deepened and two more water-bearing sands encountered. The present 
supply from the lower layer is reported to be very good. 

623. Record of R. De Forest's well, West Neck. 

Cretaceous: . peet. 

1. Brownish-red sandy clay 0-117 

2. White sand 117-137 

3. Clay 137-157 

4. Coarse white sand; water bearing 157-168 

624. Record of Alex. Denton's well near Huntington. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Hardpan.. 0-80 

Tisbury?: 

2. Fine white sand 80-165 

Cretaceous : 

3. Light-colored clay 165-175 

4. Water-bearing sand. 175-181 

625. Record of H. J. Dubois's well near Huntington. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Gravel and sand 0-80 

Tisbury and Cretaceous: 

2. Very fine brown clayey sand 80-255 

Cretaceous : 

3. Fine to coarse light-yellow sand 255-264 

626. On May 11, 1903, gage readings were begun on this well. Observations for six hours showed no 
fluctuations in the level of the water, which rose about 10 inches above the top of the pipe out of which it 
was flowing before being piped up. Mr. Sammis says that when first driven the water did not reach the 
top of the pipe but stood several inches below it. After one or two weeks' pumping the well began to flow. 

627. This well was aU in sandy gravel, with the exception of a thin layer of clay just above the white 
water-bearing gravel. 

62§. This weU was abandoned in the summer of 1903, but MJr. Dubois states that they intend to sink 
it deeper. It will be seen from PI. XVT that the Lloyd gravel should be encountered at this place at about 
500 feet below sea level, or about 125 feet below the present bottom of the well. The chances of getting a 
good supply of water by deepening the well 150 feet are, therefore, regarded as extremely good. 

Record of B. Ward's well, West Neclc. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Loam 0-10 

Tisbury: 

2. Sand and gravel 10- 88 

Sankaty ? : 

3. Blue clay 88-116 

Jameco ? : 

4. Dark-brown gravel mixed w'th clay 116-149 

Transition: 

5. Dark-brown sand 148-164 

Cretaceous : 

6. Blue hardpan 164-173 

7. Blue clay... 173-193 

8. Pink clay 193-273 

9. Brown sand, very fine 273-280 



296 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Cretaceous — Continued. Feet. 

10. Pink clay 280-335 

1 1 . Pebbles 335-336 

12. Dark-brown sandy clay 336-347 

13. Sandstone 347-350 

14. Pink clay 350-386 

15. Brown sand 386-416 

16. Fine sand, like quicksand 416-417 

17. Brown clay 417-429 

18. Water sand .'. 429-430 

19. Light-blue clay. ..:... 430-432 

20. Veiy black clay 432-435 

21. Light-blue clay, turning to reddish color near bottom of stratum. 435-439 

22. Brick-red clay. , , . 439-444 

23. Slate-colored clay 444-447 

24. White clay, like kaolin 447-449 

25. Very dark-blue clay 449-453 

26. Blue clay with charcoal 453-455 

27. Light-blue clay , 455-461 

28. Light-green clay 461--465 

29. Red clay ...: 465-471 

30. Dark-gray clay 471-476 

31. Light-blue clay : 476-479 

32. Dark-brown sand. , 479-480 

33. Green clay 480-482 

34. Red clay mixed with blue 482-485 

35. Very fine brown sand mixed with clay 485-487 

36. Very white clay - 487-488 

37. Black clay 488-491 

38. Dark-brown clay ..-.: 491-495 

39. Drab-colored clay -. 495-497 

40. Hardpan, or sand rock; looks like an oolitic limestone 497-498 

629. Record of Mrs. M. H. Clots's well, West Neck. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Surface loam 0-10 

2. Hardpan with gravel — 10-25 

Tisburjr and Sankaty: 

3. Fine brown sand; a little clay 25-85 

Sankaty : 

4. Blue clay 85-93 

Jameco?: 

5. Brown gravelly sand ; water bearing 93-97 

630. The 4-inch pipe is cut off 17 feet from surface, and the well flows 10 gallons per minute into an 
underground cistern. Water would rise to within 4 feet of the surface. 

A 5-inch well was sunk about 10 feet from the 4-inch well, to a depth of 147 feet, and flows into the 
underground cistern 18 gallons per minute. 

Record of A. Heckscher's well near Halesite. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Surface - 0- 10 

Cretaceous: 

2. Pink clay 10-140 

3. Coarse white gravel 140-142 



DESCBIPTIYE NOTES ON WELLS. 297 

631. Record of Mrs. A. W. Marsh's well, West Neck. 

Feet. 

1. Dug well 0-80 

Cretaceous: 

2. Marl 80-90 

3. Blue clay - 90-110 

4. Fine sand, white -- - 110-111 

5. White clay- 111-115 

6. Water-bearing sand . . 115-131 

632. Record of R. B. ConJclin's well, We,st Neck. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Surface earth -10 

2. Bowldei-s - . - - 10 -12. 5 

3. Gravel and clay mixed with surface material 12. 5-24 

Tisbury : 

4. Fine dark-gray sand - - _ 24 -29 

5. Dark-gray gravel 29 -30 

Cretaceous ? : 

6. White sand - - 30 -46 

7. White quartz gravel; water bearing , 46 -51 

8. Yellow sand 51 -56 

633. This well was visited in company with Dr. O. L. Jones on April 24, 1903, and the following sam- 
ples and records obtained. At this time the pipe had been cut oft' about a foot below the mean level of the 
ground (5 to 6 feet above high tide), and the well was flowing about 5 gallons per minute. The foreman 
stated that at low tide the water ceased to flow, but when the tide had risen 1 foot the well commenced to 
flow and the flow increased until high tide. 

Record of Dr. 0. L. Jones's vjell, Lloyd Neck. 
Recent to Tisbuiy: Feet. 

1 . Sand and gravel 0- 95 

Sankaty ? : 

2. Dark-gray laminated clay, with pieces of partly lignitized wood 95-105 

Jameco?: 

-3. Fine to coarse yellow sand (glacial?) 105-122 

Cretaceous : 

4. Dark-gray laminated clay . 122-222 

Lloyd sand : 

5-6. Veiy light-yellow sand, with fragments of wliite, very much decayed chert 222-243 

7. White quartz gravel, with a few pebbles of ferruginous sandstone and white chert. 243-246 

8. Coarse, light-yellow sand, with a few fossil fragments 247. 5 

9. Small yellow quartz gravel, with a few white chert pebbles 248. 5 

The fossils from No. 8 were submitted to Dr. T. W. Stanton and he regarded them as Upper Cretaceous. 
They show: (1) Crinoid stem; (2) fragment of shell; (3) Clausa americana, a bryozoan veiy common in 
the Rancocas formation in New Jersey. (Identified by Ray S. Bassler. ) 

635. Record of commission's test well 1 mile northeast of Amityville. 

Teet. 

1-2. Surface loam 0-1 

3. Gravel and yellow loam 1- 2 

4-8. White quartz, sand, and gravel; very few if any erratics 5-25 

See Table XII. 

636. Record of commission's test well 1 mile north of Lirulenhurst. 

Feet. 

1. Very dark sandy day ; - 0. 5 

2-4. Sand and gravel, with a small percentage of erratics 0. 5-16 

5-6. Medium gray sand (possibly glacial) 16 -21 

1 7116— No. 44—06 20 



298 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

637. Record of commission's test well 2 miles northwest of Lini-enTiurst. 

Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam and sand 0- 1 

3-9. Sand and small gravel: very small percentage of erratics 1-29.5 

See Table XII. 

63$. Record of commission's 'test well near Maywood. 

Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam 0-1 

3-9. Light grayish-white sand and quartz gravel; very sniall percentage of erratics.. 5-30 

639. ' Record of commission's test well 1.5 miles south of Pinelawn. 

Wisconsin and Tisbuiy: Feet. 

1 . Dark-colored loamy sand - 0. 5 

2-5. Dirt)' yellow sand and small gravel . 5-16 • 

6-7. White sand and gravel : some erratics 20 -26 

8. Fine yellow sand 30 -35 

9-14. Medium grayish-yellow sand ; some erratics 40 -60 

" Cretaceous: 

15-19. Coarse, sharp yellowish-white sand 60 -85 

20-21. Verj' dark, fine lignitic sand 87 -92 -' 

See Table XII. 

640. Record of cotnmission's test vxll 2 miles north of Lindenhurst. 

Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam , ' 0-2 

3-5. Medium yellow sand 2-12 

6. Very light-colored sand and gravel; smaU percentage of glacial material 14—30.5 

641. Record of commission's test well 2' miles south of Wyandanch. 

Feet. 
1-2. Surface gravelly loam 0-1 

3-8. Very light-colored sand and gravel with a very small percentage of glacial material. 5-31 

642. Record of commission's test well near Pinelawn. 

Feet. 

1 . Dark-colored surface loam 0-0. 5 

2. White sand and gravel with some erratics 5-42 

643. The following analysis was made Febraaiy 5, 1894, b}^ C. F. Chandler, Ph. D. and Charles E. 
PeUew, E. ^L: 

Analysis of water from Colonial spring near Wyandanch. 

Parts per million. 

Potassic sulphate 3. 30 

Potassium chloride. 7. 42 

Sodium chloride 13. 72 

Calcic carbonate 5. 09 

Magnesic carbonate 3. 03 

Oxide of iron and aluminum .26 

Silica J 7. 55 

Organic and volatile matter 1. 50 

Total residues on evaporation at 230° F 41. 87 

" The ' Colonial ' is a pure alkaline water, showing unusual freedom from organic matter." 
The analysis of the ilo-Mo-Xe spring was made by the same chemists, who pronounced it the purest 
water they had ever examined. 



DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 299 

Analysis of the Mo-Mo-Ne spring near Wyandanch. 

Parts per million. 

Potassic sulphate 2. 00 

Potassium chloride 1 . 08 

Sodium chloride 8. 20 

Sodic carbonate , 1.12 

Calcic carbonate . . . 1 . 56 

Magnesio carbonate 2. 30 

Oxide of iron and aluminum 28 

Silica - - - 8. 01 

Organic and volatile matter 3. 35 

Total residues on evaporation at 230° F 27. 90 

644. Mr. George Carll reports regarding this region: "My well was first dug 130 feet and gave a fair 
supply of good water. When the well was finished the bottom was a kind of a quicksand and clay, that at 
times would make the water of a whitish color. I afterwards sunk two terra-cotta tubes, making it 136 feet 
deep, and the water was from 12 to 15 feet in depth. About 500 or 600 yards to the north are never-failing 
springs. The wells north and south range from 20 to 50 feet in depth. I struck the same bed of clay at 47 
feet, but there was nearly 3 feet difference in striking it in just the width of the well, and consequently I 
could get but little water.' ' 

645. Mr. Elliott states that the thin clay layer which occurs very near the surface in this well extends 
for about 1 mile south of his house, and north as far as Huntington. 

Record of J . Elliott's well near Melville. 
Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Loam, sand, and gravel. 0- 4 

2. Clay 4-5 

3. Sand and gravel 5-56 

64§. All deep wells in this neighborhood lost more or less water in 1900^1901. 

Record of A. C. Soper & Company's well near Fairground. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Dug well (sand) 0-120 

Cretaceous : 

2. Sand : 120-130 

3. Clay 1 30-200 

4. Very fine sand, mixed with a little clay; plentj^ of water but could not pump on 

account of stopping up 200-260 

5. Coarse sand; very good water; pumps without trouble 260-267 

649. Record of F. Gallienne's well near Huntington. 

, Feet. 

1. Glacial sand and gravel 0- 65 

2. Dark-gray sand and clay ... 65- 70 

3. Dai-k dirty-gray sand and gravel (probably glacial ) 70- 90 

Cretaceous: 

4. Veiy fine, dark-colored, silty, micaceous sand. 95-120 

5. Clay 120-200 

650. Mr. Darling states that this is a gravity system depending on a ground resei-voir situated 170 feet 
above mean high tide. The material penetrated in the group of driven wells is as follows: 



300 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Record of wells of Huntington waterworhs, Huntington. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Silt, mixed with clay 0- 5 

2. Loam, passing into hardpan 5-25 

Tistury : 

3. Water-bearing gravel .^ 2.5-60 

Each well will yield 150 gallons per minute without lowering the water below the suction limit. 

652. Record of well of Huntington Light and Power' Company near Halesite. 

Recent: Feet. 

1. Filled ground ' 0-6 

2. Swamp deposit .' , 6-10 

Tisbury: ' ~ 

3. Dark sand and gravel _ _ 1 . 10-70 

Sankaty ? : 

4. Blue claj' 70-71 

Jameeo?: 

5. Light j^ellowish gravel 71-75 

• 653. Record of R. F. Carmen's well near Centerport. 

Tisbury; Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel 0-154 

Cretaceous : 

2. Blue clay '. 154-229 

3. White gravel 229-258 

654. Record of R. S. McCrary's well near Centerport. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 

1 . Coarse sand and some water ' 0-161 

2. Sand. , 161-175 

Jameco ? : 

3. Multicolored stones as large as a man's fist 175-185 

655. Record oj C. A. Hallock's well near Centerport. 

Wisconsin: " Feet. 

1. Surface gravel 0-4 

Cretaceous : 

2. Pink clay: solid, sticky 4-38 

3. Dark-colored gravel : water bearing. 38-42 

657. Record of J. J. Robinson's well near Centerport. 

Feert. 

1 . Dug well 0-26 

2. Bluish sandy clay 26-110 

3. Yellow gravel. 110-117 

658. This plant was originally supplied from springs which yielded about 200 gallons per minute. The 
water from these was collected in a basin at the pumping station and then lifted to a ground reservoir having 
a capacity of about 250,000 gallons. Early in 1903 two very successful artesian wells were completed, and 
the spring supply has now been abandoned. The wells, which are 8 inches in diameter and 47 feet deep, 
are situated about 32 feet above mean high tide, and it has been found that 250 gallons per minute must 
be pumped from them to cause them to cease flowing. The ground reservoir is still used to supply the lower 
parts of the town, and an Acme system, having storage capacity of 25,000 gallons, has been installed foi 
high-level service. 

The following samples from one of the wells have been furnished by ilr. Henry Cabre, driller: 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. " 301 

Record of well of Norihport waterworks, Northport. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Clayey gravel : 0-1 

2. Silty sand, fine, dark reddish brown 1- 3 

3. Very fine, reddish brown, clayey sand — 3- 5 

4. Reddish brown silt to small gravel; contains a considerable percentage of erratics. . o-'lO 
Tisbury : 

5-6. iledium, dirtj', yellow sand — 10-20 

7. Fine white sand to coarse gravel (doubtfully glacial ) 20-25 

5. Fine, dirty, yellow sand 25-30 

9. Medium sand , 30-35 

10-13. Medium sand to small gravel 35-48 

14. Medium, dirt}% yellow sand 48-51 

This whole section, while not pronouncedly glacial, is probably to be regarded as composed of reworked 
material of Glacial age. 

659. Record of A. 0. Gilder sleeve' s well near Larkjield. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury ; Feet. 

1. Coarse sand, mixed with gravel and small stones. ... 0- 50 

2. Coarser sand '. 50-186 

660. Record of Fred Nevins's well near Northport. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Loamy clay. 
Tisbury: 

2. Sand, becoming coarser with increasing depth. 

3. Water-bearing sand at. 165 

4. Sharp white sand, water bearing, at 196 

662. The following analysis was made by George A. Ferguson and Raymond J. Nestell, November 
.30, 1901 : 

Analysis of icater from F. J. Smith's well near Northport. 

Parts per million. 

Chlorine in chlorides 19. 252 

Equivalent in sodium chloride. 31 . 774 

Phosphates None. 

Nitrogen in nitrates _ 4. 490 

Nitrites None. 

Free ammonia. . 040 

Albuminoid ammonia . 040 

Hardness equivalent in calcium carbonate : 

Temporary. 56. 000 

Permanent! 18. 000 

Organic and volatile matter _ 35. 000 

Mineral matter after ignition. 125. 000 

Total solids at 230° F 160. 000 

663. This flowing well consists of a short pipe driven into an old spring site. The water rises 5 feet in 
the pipe. It is a good example of a type of well common on the north shore which is on the border 
line between a spring and an artesian well. (See fig. 33.) 

664. Record of D. B. Moss's well near Little Neck. 

Feet. 

1. Fine sand to water level 0-48 

2. Gray clay 48- 

3. Very fine brown sand, some water ' -67 

4. Coarse white gravel 67-75 



302 UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

666. Record of well oj P. Van Iderstine's Sons, Little Neck. 

Tisbuiy: Feet. 

1 . Light-Golored coarse sand and gravel 0-130 

2. Water-bearing gravel . 130-143 

669. This is the Port Eaton well reported by Darton/' who gives the following record, furnished to 
him by j\Ir. Nimmo : 

Record oj Dr. 0. L. Jones's well on Eaton Neclc. 

Feet. 

1 . Quartz gravel and sand _ 10 

2. Quartz gravel and sand _ 20 

3. Fine sand mixed with claj' 30 

4. Gravel .' . 40 

5. Sand and fine gravel 50 

6. Sand and fine gravel 60 

7. Coai-se gravel 70 

8. Coarse gravel 80 

9. Fine gravel 90 

10. Fine gravel , = 100 

11. Gravel and sand. . 110 

12. Fine gravel. 120 

13. Coarse gravel 130 

14. Fine yellow sand 140 

15. Fine yellow sand mixed with mica 150 

16. Lighter-colored sand with mica 160 

17. Coarser sand ; no mica — 170 

18. Coarser sand; no mica -. 180 

19. Fine red sand. 190 

20. Coarse straw-colored sand 200 

21 . Very coarse sand ' 205 

22. Fine light-colored sand. 210 

23. Clear gravel 215 

24. Light coarse sand 220 

25. Light coarse sand. 225 

26. Coarse gravel 230 

27. Coarse gravel - - 240 

28. Yellow sandy clay 250 

29. Sharp coarse sand. - 255 

30. Sand and gravel. : 260 

31. Clear, fine, light-yellow sand 265 

While salt water was reported in this well to a depth of 205 feet, at 263 feet an excellent supply of fresh 

water is said to have been obtained which flowed slightly above the surface. Attempts to develop this 

brought in salt water, and Mr. C. H. Danis, who afterwards worked on the well, reported that he could get 
no fresh water. The well was deepened to 340 feet through sand and gravel containing salt water. 

670. Mr. Bevin has kindly furnished the Survey with the following samples from this well: 

Record of L. A. Bevin' s well on Eaton Neclc. 

Pleistocene : Feet. 

1-2. White sand and gravel, with a percentage of erratics 15- 30 

Cretaceous: 

3. Medium-coarse white sand 40 

4-6. Sand and small pebbles with a rather pinkish cast 50- 75 

a Darton, N. H., Artesian-well prospects in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region: Bull. TJ. S. Geol. Survey No. 138, 
1896, p. 35. 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 303 

Cretaceous — Continued. Feet. 

7. Coarse pinkish white sand 80 

8-9. Medium, white, micaceous sand 90-100 

10. Very fine, gray, micaceous sand 1 10 

11. Medium to coarse white sand. _ 120 

12. Small angular quartz pebbles, evidently broken from larger ones 130 

13. Medium to coarse white sand 130 

14. Medium white sand , - . . 150 

15. White clay ("kaolin" )._ 159-160 

16. Small white quartz pebbles 165 

17-20. Fine, gray, micaceous sand. . 250-300 

21-25. Medium-coarse white sand 215-240 

26-31. Fine, white, micaceous sand 250-300 

32-34. Medium yellowish white sand 310-330 

35-39. Fine sand and small quartz pebbles 335-350 

Nearly all the samples contain fragments of milk-white chert, generally quite soft; when first seen they 
may be mistaken for white, calcareous concretions. 

Mr. Danis reports that fresh water was encountered at a depth of 12 feet, and that below that nothing 
but salty water was found. The well is about 5 feet above high tide, and flows a little salty water at high 
tide. 

&71, The following record has been furnished by Mr. E. K. Hutchinson to the New Jersey Geological 
Survey: « 

Record of Dr. E. H. Muncie's well on Muncie Island, New York. 
Recent: ' " Peet. 

1. Muck and sand with shells 1 0- 10 

Wisconsin? and Tisbury: 

2. Heavy, yellow, micaceous sand and gravel, with water salt as the ocean, standing 

nearly at the surface of the meadow; this stratum is very similar to that 

obtained from most of the shallow wells on Long Island 10- 45 

Sankaty? and Jameco? 

3. Clay; fine sand like beach sand; sand and clay mixed; color, blue and gray 45-150 

Jameco ? and Cretaceous : 

4. Clay, sand, etc., much like the last, only darker, with water which flowed 14 

gallons a minute over the top of the casing, which was 2 feet above the ground. 
This water was fresh, but was colored black; about three wheelbarrow loads 

of wood (lignite ) was pumped out ; the pipe seemed to be in wood 1 50-200 

Cretaceous : 

5. Lighter colored sand and clay mixed; amount of lignite gradually decreased. 

Sand a little heavier at the base where good water was obtained. Water flowed 

8 gallons a minute from 2-inch pipe 2 feet above the surface 200-270 

Doctor Muncie reports: "The present well flows 15 gallons per minute; the first water obtained flowed 

for about 6 months and then stopped. At first the flow was about 30 gallons per minute, but the water 

ontinued dirty." 

673. The Long Island Railroad Company have furnished the following partial analysis made January, 
1901: 

Analysis of water from railroad well near Babylon. 

Parts per million. 
iotal solids 81. 39 

674. Mr. E. Camerdon, cliief engineer, reports that two of the wells at this place were put down in 
1893, and two in 1898; each well will yield 300 gallons per minute. The section is as follows: 

a Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1899, 1890, p. 79. 



804 UNDERG-EOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Record of Sumpwams Water Company's v;ell near Babylon. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Surface loam ' , 0-3 

2. Fine white sand. '. 3-54 

3. Coarse sharp sand 54—60 

4. Very clean white gravel v 60-70 

The water contains no iron, but shows slight traces of alum and salt. A detailed description of this 

plant will be found in the Engineering Record, volume 43, 1901, pages 28-30. 

675. When the original site of the Great South Bay Water Company plant, No. 691, was abandoned, 
the station was moved to this place. The present plant consists of twenty 5-inch wells, 40 to 45 feet" deep, 
with a capacity of 2,250,000 gallons per day. 

6§0. Record of C. S. Burr's well near Kings Parle. 

Feet. 

1. Dug well _ . _ 0-118 

Cretaceous : 

2. Pink sand - 118-138 

3. Wliite sand 138-142 

6S1. Record of Captain Clarice's well near Elwood. , - 

Feet. 

1. Dug well - 0^ 90 

Cretaceous : 

2. Dark, quite fine sand, sticky, no water. 90-170 

6§3. Record of Wm. Herod's well near Kings Parle. 

Feet. 

1. Sandy loam 0- 4 

Tisbury and Cretaceous? 

2. Medium white sand with occasional thin streaks of clay 4-152 

685. Mr. Thompson reports: "I have put down five 6-inch flowing wells, the water from which is used 
for trout hatching and growing. The first well was sunk about ten years ago. I sunk a l|-inch pipe, and 
got a good flow at 33 feet. A 6-inch pipe gave 50 gallons per minute at 33 feet. I then dro^e a 1-J-inch pipe 
inside of the 6-inch pipe, and at a depth .of 45 feet got a nice flow." ' 

Mr. H. J. Dubois, the driller, reports the following section for two wells on the south side of the ravine: 

Record of Edw. Tlwmpson's wells near Middleville. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : " Feet. 

1. Red loamy sand at the surface, becoming coarser and passing into gravel below 0-32 

A deeper well, put down on the northern side of the ravine, showed the following section: 

Record of Edw. Thompson's well near Middleville. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 

1 . Gravel with only a small amount of water D- 30 

Cretaceous ? 

2. Dark-brown clayey sand, becoming coarser below and yielding artesian water 30-160 

6S6. Record of J. F. McGiff's well near Fort Salonga. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Soil 0- 5 

Tisbury : 

2. Ferruginous sand 5- 6 

3. Clean, light-colored, pebbly sand 6-113 

Cretaceous : 

4. Tenacious sandy clay 113-118 

5. Water-bearing gravel 118- 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 305 

68 §. Mr. Velsor has furnished the following samples from this well: 

Becord of Doctor Gillette's well near Fort Salonga. 
Wisconsin; Feet. 

1. Very fine light grayish loam ,. 0- 8 

Tisbury: 

2. Glacial sand and gravel, for the most part quite clean, but containing a little silt 

between 35 and 38 , 8-73 

Below 45 feet the samples show quite a little ferruginous concretionarA' material. 

691. This was the site of the original pumping station of the Great South Bay Water Company. The 
supply was from a gang of 5-inch wells, 60 feet deep, of which Mr. C. A. Lockwood gives the following data: 

Record of old wells of Great South Bay Water Company at Bayshore. 

Feet. 

1. White beach sand becoming finer near the bottom of the well 0-60 

For the first two years these wells, of which there were 12 or 15 in all, yielded a sufficient supplj', but 

at the expiration of that time the demand increased, and a 350-foot well was sunk to obtain a greater supply. 

The material encountered in putting down this well was all white beach sand with some lignite at 300 feet. 

The water from the gang of 60-foot wells became more and more charged with iron, and had a smell similar 

to that of decayed vegetation; its taste was also bad. It was for this reason, together with the fact that a 

greater supply was desired, that the deep tests were sunk and, when these failed, the station was moved to 

No. 675. 

Mr. Sands, the superintendent, has furnished the following notes regarding these deep test wells made 

by Mr. John C. Lockwood, the former president of the Great South Bay Water Company, who had charge 

of the drilling: 

Record of deep test wells of Great South Bay Water Company at Bayshore. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Yellow sand and gravel _ 0- 59 

Sankaty 1 : 

2. Clay (15 or 20 feet thick) 59- 

Cretaceous: 

3. No record. 

4. Clay , 144-146 

5. No record. 

6. Clay (15 or 20 feet thick) 242- 

"At 262 feet got strong flow, water rising 9 feet 6 inches above surface when casing was run upward." . 
The following analysis was published in the first rules and regulations of the company: 

Analysis of water from old wells of Great South Bay Water Company at Bayshore. 

[Analysis by C. F. Chandler, Ph. D., New York, December 5, 1889.] 

Parts per million. 

Appearance in 2-foot tube Clear, colorless. 

Odor None. 

Taste - - . None. 

Chlorine in chlorides _ 8. 10 

Sodium chloride 16. 78 

Phosphates. . . None. 

Nitrogen in nitrites None. 

Nitrogen in nitrates. .02 

Free ammonia. .17 

Albuminoid ammonia .07 

Total hardness 19. 03 

Permanent hardness. . 19. 03 



306 UNDERGBOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Parts per million. 

Organic and volatile matter 3. 99 

Mineral matter. 44. 87 

Total solids at 240° F '. 48. 86 

" The total amount of solid matter contained in the \s^ter is extremely small. There are no phosphates 
and no nitrites, both of which are regarded as evidences of contamination when present. The nitrogen in 
the form of nitrates is very small, and the free and albuminoid ammonia is moderate." 

692. Record of Strong well near Bayshore. 

Feet. 

1 . Sand : no change in texture or color 0-67 

694. Record of commission's test well near Bayshore. 

Pleistocene: Feet. 

1-2. Yellow surface loam. - 1. 5 

3. Medium yellow sand 5 - 5. 5 

4-5. White sand and gravel : 10 - 16 

6-21. Grayish white sand and gravel 20 -100.' .5 

Cretaceous 1: 

22. Very dark brownish gray, micaceous, clayey sand. 101. 5-102. 5 

Samples 1 to 21 apparently represent glacial outwash. See Table XII. 

695. Record, of commission's test well near Bayshore. 

Feet. 

1-2. Surface sandy loam 0- 2 

3. Medium yellow sand 5- 5.5 

4. Coarse sand and small gravel with glacial material 10-10. 5 

5-6. Light yellowish white fine sand and small gravel 15-20. 5 

7. Small gravel with a little fine sand, containing sorne glacial material.. 25-26 

8-9. Fine sand to small gravel .- . 's 30-36 

The whole section of this well is composed of glacial outwash. See Table XII. 

696. Record of commission's test well near East Islip. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1-2. Sandy loam 0-3 

3. Light-yellow fine sand to small gravel 3- 5 

4. Grayish white sand and gravel, with considerable glacial material ' 5-10 

5-6. Light reddish brown sand and gravel, with a small percentage of glacial material. . 10-20 

7-8. Light yellowish white fine to medium sand, not clearly glacial 20-30 

697. Record of commission's test loeU near Brentwood. 

Feet. 

1-2. Sandy loam. 0-1.5 

3-8. Grayish white sand and gravel ; probably glacial outwash 5-30 

See Table XIII. 

698. Record of commission's test well near Brentwood. 

Feet. 

1-3. Surface loam; some gravel 0- 5. 5 

3-8. Outwash sand and gravel 10-30. 5 

See Table XIII. 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 807 

699. Record of commission's test well near Islij). 

Feet. 

1-2. Yellow surface loam 0- 2 

3. Dark, humus-stained, medium sand 5- 5. 5 

4— .5. Medium light-yellow sand . . 10-16 

6. Small gravel, with a noticeable percentage of glacial material 20-21 

7-9. Dirty, yellow, fine sand to small gravel 2.5-40. 5 

This whole section appears to be of glacial origin. 

700. Record of commission's test well near Islip. 

Feet. 

1-2. Yellow loamy sand ^ 0-1.5 

3-8. Light grayish sand and gravel, with a small percentage of glacial material .5-31 

9-10. Medium light-yellow sand ; age very doubtful 35-41 

701. Record of commission's test well near Islip. 

Feet. 

1-2. Yellow gravelly loam 0- 2 

3. Dark reddish brown sand and gravel with considerable glacial material 2- 5 

4. Light-j^ellow medium sand to coarse gravel, with only a small percentage of glacial 

material , 5- 9. 6 

5. Very dark reddish-brown sand and gravel ; very doubtfully glacial 15-35 

702. Record of commission's test ivell near Central Islip. 

Feet. 

1. Black loamy sand - 0. 5 

- 2-4. Fine to medium Light yellow sand : 0. 5-10 

5-7. Light yellow sand and gravel with glacial material 12 -25 

703. Record of commission's test well near Central Islip. 

Feet. 

1-2. Yellowish-brown sandy loam 0- 2 

3. Medium light yellow sand 2- 5 

4-9. Light yellow sand and gravel with a little glacial material 5-35 

705. Mr. Darling states that the two wells at this point furnish 150 gallons of water per minute with 
deep-weU pumps; with direct suction he believes they would yield 2.50 gallons each. He has installed an 
Acme system with a storage capacity of 10,000 gallons. 

Record of wells at St. Joseph's in the Pines, near Brentwood. 

Feet. 

1 . Sand 0-27 

2. Water-bearing sand 27-32 

3. Clay 32-35 

4. Water-bearing sand 35-52 

706. Mr. Codman writes regarding this localit}^: "In excavating for cellars or wells there is often 
found at a depth of 2 to 5 feet a layer of grayish-blue deposit, locally called 'blue clay.' This layer, which 
is 2 or 3 feet thick, on di'ying shows a clayey fracture, though it is wholly devoid of plastic qualities, j 
have washed it and find it a very fine sand. I consider it rock flour." 

One mile south of the main line of the railroad the water stratum is found at a depth of 28 feet; 1 mile 
north of the track the depth gradually increases to 52 feet. 

707. Record of commission's test well near Brentwood. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 

1-2. Reddish yellow surface loam 0- 3 

3. Medium yellow sand with a little gravel 3- 5 

4. Dark-drab silty sand, with a few pebbles 5- 21 



308 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury — Continued. Feet. 

5-8. Yellowish white sand and gravel 21- 40 

9-10. Coarse sand and gravel, with a very noticeable percentage of erratics for this 

region 45- 50 

1 1-12. Fine to coarse light yellow sand and gravel £0- 60 

13. Fine to coarse gravel with some sand and a smaS percentage of glacial material . . 60- 65 

14—18. Light yellowish sand and gravel, glacial . . 65- 88 

19. Fine to medium yellow sand • 88- 92 

20. Light reddish-bi'own sand and gravel, with erratics _ 92- 97 

Cretaceous?: 

21. Fine, yellowish brown sand and gravel 97-100 

22. Fine to medium, grayish-yellow sand , 100-103 

See Table XIII. 

708. Record of commission's test well near Brentwood. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1 . Black sandy loam_ : 1 - 0. 4 

2. Light-yellow silt 0. 4- 2. .5 

3-11. Light-yellow or grayish yellow sand, with considerable erratic material (glacial 

outwash) 2. 5-44 

See Table XIII. 

71©. Record of Charles Blyndenhurgh's well near_ Hauppauge. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Coarse gravel _ 0-20 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: 

2. Fine sand, with thin layer of clay at 25 feet. _ 20-45 

Tisbury : 

3. Coarse gravel. 45-49. 5 

711. Mr. Price has kindly furnished the following samples from this well: 

Record of C. B. Pedriclc's well near Smithtown. 
Pleistocene : Feet. 

1. Very fine, brown, micaceous sand .- 90 

2. Grayish yellow silty sand and small, rather angular, quartz gravel; contains a few 

pebbles of glacial origin _ 163 

3. Very fine, bright-yellow, micaceous silt, with quartz pebbles 165 

4. Medium yellow sand 168 

The section reported by Mr. Price is as follows: 

Record of C. B. Pedriclc's well near Smithtown. 

Pleistocene: Feet. 

1. Coarse gravel 0- 20 

2. Very micaceous quicksand 20- 95 

Pleistocene?: 

3. Stiff clay with quartz pebbles. 95-165 

4. Yellow sand with small supply of water : 165-168 

712. Record of J. B. Payne's well near Smithtown. 

Feet. 

1. Gravel and sand, with surface water 0- 20 

2. Clay 20-60 

3. Quicksand and water 60-100 

4. Clay 100-118 

5. Gravel and sand 118-127 

This well was never completed. 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 309 

7 1 3. Record of Frederick Nohaclc's well near Smithtown Branch. 

Feet. 

1 . Sand, with surface water 0- 30 

2. Clay with stone (stones were black and did not wash white) 30-105 

3. Black material. 105-110 

4. Sand and gravel 110-125 

The sand from stratum 4 of this well rose in the pipe and was cleaned out and the water at once rose 
to within 50 fe?t of the surface. 

714. Mr. Redwood has kindly furnished a sample from a depth of 95 feet; it is a glacial gravel, 
similar to that found in upper part of wells in this section. 

715. Record of E. M. Smith's well near Smithtown Branch. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Surface loam 0^ 5 

2. Clay containing a few pebbles , 5- 40 

Tisbury : 

3. Fine white sand. ..... 40-83 

4. Good gravel , . . . 83-100 

71<». Record of C. F. Leeman's well near Smithtown Branch. 

Feet. 

1 . Surface loam 0- 5 

2. Good gravel 150-160 

Mr. Rogers was unable to finish a complete log of this well. He thinks no claj' was encountered. 

717. Record of Rassapeaque Club's well near Smithtown Branch. 

Wisconsin or Tisbury : Feet. 

1. From medium white sand at the top gradually becoming coarser until coarse gravel 

is encountered 0-18 

The coars? gravel in this well at 18 feet furnishes artesian water. 

71 §. Mr. George Schmidt reports that one bed of clay was encountered in this well. He could give 
no further information regarding it. 

719. These wells were completed in 1899 and are pumped with an air lift. The supply is stated to 
have decreased and the water to be hard and salty. 

Record of well of Society of St. Johnsland at Kings Parle. 

Pleistocene?: Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel, with surface water below 10 feet 0-15 

2. Clay 15-20 

3. Sand, with main water-bearing horizon at about 40 feet 20-90 

720. Record of W. W. Kenyan's well on Nissequogue River. 

Tisbury : Feet. 

1 . Gravel. 0-130 

Cretaceous : 

2. Dark-blue clay. 130-170 

3. Grayish brown sticky sand 170-206 

4. Coars? white gravel. 206-212 

725. It is stated that the water in this well at first stood 12 feet below the surface, but that after pump- 
ing it rose to 8 feet. 

Record of W. J. MatJierson's well on Nissequogue River. 

Feet 

1 . Dug well 0-20 

2. Sand and gravel. 20-35 

3. Black clay. 35-45 

4. Marsh mud and sand 45-100 

5. Very fine white sand 100-130 

6. Coarse sand with water 130-146 



310 UNDEEGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

722. Mr. Rogers has kindly furnished a sample from this well from a depth of 80 feet; it consists 
of brown glacial sand and gravel. 

723. Record of R. H. Smith's well near Stony BrooTc Harbor. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sand •. ^ 0-60 

2. Mixture of clay and sand _ _ 60-- 90 

3. Fine sand and gra%^el, growing coarser. '. . . 90-117 

724. No clay or quicksand was encountered in this well, the material being entirely sand and gravel. . 

727. Record of C. R. Roherts's well near Oalcdale. 

Feet. 

1. Bog, bearing foul-smelling water - 15 

2. Fine black gravel - . ... 15 - 17. 5 

3. Muck, bearing foul-smelling water 17. 5-170 

At the depth of 170 feet, no better water having been encountered than that found at the top, the 

well- was abandoned. Mr. Kirk reports that in the vicinity of Swan Creek the same conditions are often 
encountered. 

729. Record of commission's test well near Sayville. 

Feet. 

■ 1. Black loamy sand - 0. 4 

2. Yellow loamy sand 0. 4- 2 

3-11. Light-yellow or grayish yellow fine sand to small gravel, with a few glacial pebbles. 2 -45 
See Table XIII. 

730. Record of commission's test well near Ronkonkoma. 

. Feet. 

1. Black loamy sand _ Surface. 

2. Yellow loamy sand Subsoil. 

3-6. Light grayish white sand and gravel (glacial ). . . , 2-20 

7. Fine to medium white sand, with traces of lignite _ 24—25 

8-14. Light-3'ellow fine sand to small gravel, with a few erratic fragments in the lower 

samples 29-62 

731. Record of commission's test well near RonkonTcorna. 

Feet. 

1 . Black loamy sand - 0. 6 

2. Yellow loamy sand 6-2 

3-5. Grayish yellow sand and gravel with a few erratics.-. 1 _. 4 - 5 

6. Very bright, vermilion, clayey sand 18 

7-13. Very light grayish yellow sands and gravel, with a small percentage of glacial 

material 24—56 

See Table XIII. 

732. Record of commission's test well near Ronkonkoma. 

Feet. 

1 . Black loamy sand - 0. y 

2. Yellowish loamy sand 5- 3 

3-4. Light-yellow sand with a few gravels 4 -10 

5. Very fine to medium grayish brown sand. 14 -15 

6-9. Reddish yellow sand and gravel, with pronounced glacial pebbles 19 -35 

See Table XIII. 

734. Record of John Elaiber's well near Ronkonkoma. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet, 

1 . Sandy loam 0-8 

2. Coarse sharp sand ; no stones nor clay 8-81 



DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 311 

736. The location of this well as given on the map is probably slightly in error. 

Record of William Ralston's well near Lake Bonkonlcoma. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: . Feet. 

1. Surface loam _ 0-5 

2. Coarse gravel 5-12 

3. Medium white sand- 12-22 

i. Black hardpan, with stones about the size of walnuts 22-25 

5. Medium white sand 25-54 

737. Record of J. Weher's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. 

Pleistocene : Feet. 

1. Sand : 0-13 

2. Sand, with a little gravel and occasional streaks of clay. 18- 25 

3j Coarse sand 25- 38 

4. Clay; no bowlders _ 38-103 

5. Water-bearing sand '. 103-117 

Mr. W. T. Arthur has kindly furnished the following samples from this well : 

Record of J . Weber's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. 

Feet. 

1. Medium to very coarse, dirty, quartz sand, with some small gravel; has the general aspect 

of glacial material, and contains a few rounded fragments of soft, fine-grained, mica 

schist, with biotite 103-117 

2. Very fine, light-gray, silty sand, with much muscovite 117- 

' The water from the sand and gravel between 112 and 117 rises just to lake level. 

738. There was 8 feet of water in pipe when the well was completed; the lake level was then said to 
below. Later the lake level rose and a corresponding rise of the water in the well occurred. 

Record of G. E. Plunkett's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. 

Feet. 

1. Dug well _ . _ 0-60 

2. Coarse sand 60-70 

739. Record of R. W. Newton's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. 

Feet. 

1. Surface loam 0-5 

2. Fine white sand 5-55 

3. Clean white gravel _ 55-60 

Mr. Rogers reports that where waterworn gravel is encountered at any depth exceeding about 50 
feet the supply of water is always abundant and good. This statement of Mr. Rogers is equivalent to 
saying that wherever a coarse gravel is found below the main water table an abundant supply is obtained 
(p. 67). 

A sample furnished by Mr. Rogers, marked "Newton well, 60 feet, 1896," is fine Ught-yellow glacial 
sand with some gravel. 

740. Water stands 8 feet below surface; this is said to be at the same level as Lake Ronkonkoma. 

Record of well of W. Imhauser estate near Lake Ronkonkoma. 

Pleistocene : Feet. 

1 . Clay ; no bowlders 0-62 

2. Medium sand 65-75 

741. Mr. Ralston, who has lived near Lake Ronkonkoma all his life, reports that in digging or driving 
wells on the west side of the lake a considerable thickness of clay is encountered in nearly every instance, while 
on the east side the material is for the most part sandy, the sand being of the kind known as "beach sand." 



312 UNDEEGKOUND WATER RESOUKCES OV LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Record of Nelson Newton's xvdl near Lake Ronkonkoma. 

Feet. 

1 . Surface loam. _ '. . 0-5 

2. Yellow sand .' _ 5-10 

3. White beach sand ' 10-33 

743. Record of W. H. Warner's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury; Feet. 

1. Fine sand ._ -35 

2. Clay J 35 -36. 5 

3. Sand and gravel 36. 5-47 

744. In wet weather the water is milky, indicating, Mr. Terry thinks, that clay lies a short distance 
below 86 feet. 

Record of John Morrissey's well near Lake Grove. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : . Feet. 

1 . Stony sand .-. ... 0-8 

2. Coarss sand; no stones 8-15 

3. Yellow sand, described as being like the subsoil in sandy places 15-17 

4. Coars3 sand, with stones varying in diameter from 4 to 6 inches,. 17-45 

5. Stones and gravel , 45-58 

6. Ordinary sand , 58^86 

• 745. Record of Irving Overton's well near I^ake Grove. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 

1 . Stony top soil .■ 0- 6 

2. Finer material to fine sand 6-14 

3. Clean white sand , 14-35 

4. Gravel and clay .• 35-45 

5. More or less stony gravel 45-52 

6. Ordinary sand 52- 

746. Record of Doctor Moneclce's well near Lake Grove. 

Feet. 

1 . Light sandy top soil 0- 4 

2. Yellow sand subsoil, no stones 4- 8 

3 . Hard blue clay, no stones or pebbles 8-21 

4. "Mica mud".. . . 21-24 

Water rose in the pipe, stopping further work. The water was muddy, but had no bad odor or bad 
taste. 

In putting down another well on this same property for Doctor Monecke, leaves and muck were 
encountered at 23 feet. There was a 14-inch stratum of this material, and the water coming from it had 
a very bad odor. 

749. Record of commission's test well near St. James- 

Feet. 

1. Dark humus-stained loam - 0. 3 

2. Reddish brown sandy loam 3 - 3 

3. Brownish yellow sand and gravel 3 - .6 

4-11. Dirty, gray, fine sand to coarse gravel; a small quantity of glacial material 6 -45 

12-14. Dark, yellowish gray, very fine to coarse sand, glacial 45 -59 

7 .50. Record of Father Ducey's well near St. James. 

Wisconsin ; Feet. 

1. Hardpan, a compact mixture of sand and gravel, containing bowlders 0- 60 

Tisbury : 

2. Gravel and sand : - 60-150 

Mr. Rogers has sent the following sample from this well: 

Feet. 
1-2 Clean, light-colored sand and gravel, clearh' glacial, perhaps Tisbury 140-150 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 313 

'S'Si. Record of Jerome Saxe's well near St. James. 

Pleistocene : Feet. 

1. Very coarse stony gravel 0- 30 

2. Hardpan 30-150 

3. Clay containing a few stones 150-160 

4. Gravel, etc 160-208 

5. Quicksand 208-245 

6. Clean white gravel ,. 245-250 

Mr. Rogers has furnished the following sample from this well : 

Feet. 
1. Clean, light-colored glacial sand and gravel at _ 250 

752. Record of D. Emmett's well near St. James. 

Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel stones from the size of a fist to a robin's egg 0- 30 

2. Loam ( « ) _ 30-90 

3. Quicksand ( ? ) , 90-140 

4. Clay, with thin layers of gravel. 140-190 

5. Quicksand 190-290 

6. Gravel 290-300 

753. Mr. Rogers reports this well to be 82 or 83 feet above the level of the Sound, and that the water in 
the well rose to the level of the water in the Sound. He has furnished a sample of clean, light-colored 
glacial sand and gravel taken at a depth of 97 feet: 

Record of D. Emmett's well near St. James. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Sand and gravel 0-30 

2. Light-yellow fine sand. .... 30-40 

3. Water-bearing gravel 40-97 

754. According to the location indicated on the map, the depth to water in this well is abnormally 
great, and it is quite possible that the location is an error. 

Record of D. Emmett's well near St. James. , 
Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. "Till" (probably also including outwash gravel) 0-140 

Cretaceous : 

2. Fine pink sand 140-160 

755. Record of commission's well near St. James. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1-2. Brown surface loam 0- 4 

3. Very fine j^ellow loam and sand 4— 5 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: 

4-16. Fine sand and small gravel, yellowish gray above and darker below (glacial). . 5-69 
Tisbury: 

17-20. Dark, yellowish gray, fine to medium sand, probably glacial 69-90 

The material shown in samples 17-20 is the same as that shown in samples 12-14 in well No. 749. 
See Table XIII. 

756. Record of commission's test ivell near St. James. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Humus-stained surface loam - 0. 4 

2. Yellow sandy loam — .4-3 

3. Yellow sand. 3 - 5 

4-16. Gray sand and gravel (considerable glacial material) 5 -70 

757. This well was first dug to 94 feet and then the 6-inch pipe sunk 40 feet. The sinking of the pipe 
did not in any way aflfect the water level in the weU. 

17116— No. 44—06 21 



814 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

75J>. Record of George Erland's well near Stony Brooh. 

Feet. 

1. Surface loain '. 0- 10 

2. Dark almost red sand 10- 60 

3. Quicksand 60-160 

4. Coarse, dark, almost red sand lOG-107 

760. Record of W. Rowland's well near Setauket. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Hardpan 0-25 

Tisbury : 

2. Sand and gravel with one or two strata of hardpan. 25- 60 

3. Water-bearing gravel 60- 62 

Cretaceous?: 

4. Quicksand mixed with some clay 62-251 

5. Gravel ." 251-252 

761. Record of William Clarice's well near Seimilcet. 

Feet. 

1 . Surface loam : 0-10 

2. Various strata of sand and gravel 10- 

• 3. Yellow clay, containing no stones (2 feet thick). 

4. Quicksand. 

5. Coarse sharp sand -90 

762. Record of Howard Wallace's well near Setauket. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Surface loam 0-12 

2. Coarse sand and gravel 12-50 

3. Quicksand 50-52 

4. Coarse reddish sand .- 52-70 

Mr. Rogers has furnished a sample marked "70 feet, 1896," which is clearly glacial material. 

763. The following samples have been received from this well: 

Record of W. T. Cox's well near Setauket. 
Tisbui-y: Feet. 

1. Light, brownish yellow glacial sand and gravel, possibly Tisbury 0-85 

Cretaceous: 

2-3.- Very fine, dark-gray, micaceous, sandy clay 85-132 

4. Medium to coarse, white, quartz sand, with some mica and white clay 132-145 

5. Fine and coarse, gray, micaceous sand 145-155 

6. Light-yellow medium sand 155-180 

7. Light-yellow clayey sand 180-188 

Water is reportedto have stood only 4 feet below the surface when well was between 145 and 155 feet, 
but at 188 feet it stood 10 feet below the surface. Under date of October 5, 1903, Mr. W. T. Cox reports: 
" The water came from fine gravel mixed with sand, which looked like brown sugar. The water was obtained, 
Mr. Hutchinson told me, at 320 feet. He measured the flow carefully and stated that it was 18 gallons a 
minute at low water and considerably more at high water. Water was abundant from 188 feet to the bottom 
of the well, but the fineness of the material prevented a flow, which commenced when a slightly coarser layer 
was encountered at 320 feet." 

764. Record of Nort House well at Setauket. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Hardpan 0-20 

Tisbury : 

2. Medium white sand 20-40 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 315 

76<>. Record of CharUfs Benner's well near Setauket. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Hardpan (poiiipact mixtiiro ol' sand and {gravel; brown in color) 0-20 

Tisbury: 

2. Medium white sand 20-50 

766. The elevation of this well is said to be 6 feet above tide level. At a depth of 38 feet it was 
abandoned on account of the constantly increasing supply of salty water. Mr. Rogers reports that several 
other wells on the same property 20 to 30 feet deep gave fresh water. One of these wells is about 10 feet 
above high water and the other 5 feet. 

76§. Record of John Catcher's imll, Crane Neck. 

Feet. 

1 . Surface loam 0-10 

2. Gravel, with occasional streaks of hardpan 10-50 

3. Clay and quicksand 50-56 

4. Yellow gravel '. 56-65 

769. Record, of v)ell near Old, Field, Point. 

Feet. 

1 . Hardpan 0-40 

2. Clean, fine gravel _ 40-50 

At the depth of 50 feet salt water was encountered and the well was abandoned. 

770. A good water-bearing strata was encountered at 36 feet. Mr. Rogei^s reports that a number of 
wells in this iinmediate vicinity give a good yield of fresh water at about the same depth. Well No. 769 
is the only exception of which he knows. 

771. Record of well near Mount Misery Point. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Sand, with .salt water 0-110 

Cretaceous?: 

2. Blue gravelly clay 110-165 

772. General section of wells about SayviUe. 

Feet. 
1. Fine sand of different colors, sometimes red and sometimes white, changing to good, 

clear, water-bearing gravel 0-45 

773. Record of Long Island Railroad well at Bay port station. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Surface loam _ 0-1 

2. Yellow sand 1-4 

3. Clay ; no bowlders 4- 5 

4. White sand. 5-28 

There was no change in the coai-seness of the material in stratum 4. Mr. Arthur reports that in digging- 
wells near Bayport occasional patches of clay may be found, but that suqh occurrences are rare. 

774. Record of Sea Cliff Hotel well at Patchogue. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Loam 1 _ 0-4 

2. Medium reddish gravel. 4-6 

3. Blue clay ; no stones 6-8 

4. Very fine sand S- 



316 CJNDEEGEOUND WATER EESOUR0E8 OE LONG ISLAKD, NEW YORK. 

775. Eecord of Nassau Oyster Company's well at Patchogue. 

Feet. 

1 . Limbs, stumps, and trunks of trees '. 0- 9 

2. Fine yellow gravel ' _ . 9-12 

3. Blue clay; no stones. __ 12-14 

4. Muck and black loam .'^ 14^49 

5. Fine white sand - 49-52 

6. Black mud .- 52-72 

At this depth very black water was encountered and the well was abandoned. The pipe was then 
pulled and the location changed 90 or 100 feet north, where the pipe was driven 19 feet through the following 
material : 

Record of Nassau Oyster Company's well at Patchogue. 

Feet. 

1. Sandy loam _ ...■...'. 0-6 

2. Medium yellow gravel 6-9 

3. Clean medium sand 9-19 

776. - Record of T. J. Kirk's well near Patchogue. 

Feet. . 

1. Loam - - 0^ 4 

2. Yellow gravel -■. 4^ ;^ 

3. Fine white sand ,. 6-10 

. 4. Fine to coarse gravel. 10-15 

5. Pure white fine sand. *. 15-28 

778. Record of commission's test well near Patchogue. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1-2. Surface loam 0- 3 

3-13. Light, yellowish gray, speckled sand (nothing clearly glacial) .4-55 

14-20. Reddish brown fine to coarse sand (glacial ) 59- 90 

Cretaceous : 

22-28. Very fine, micaceous, gray to olive-green sand. , 99-129. 50 

29. Very fine, reddish brown silty sand 131-133 

30. Dark brownish gray, very fine silty sand 134-135 

31. Dark yellowish brown silt to coarse sand 139-140 

See Table XIU. ' ■ 

779. Record of commission's t€st well near Patchogue. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 

1-2. Medium silty sand — .... 0- 1 

3. Medium light-yellow sand with gravel (probably glacial ) 3-5 

4-12. Fine to medium light-yellow sand (glacial) 10-50 

780. Record of commission's test well near Patchogue. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1. Black loamy sand. 0- 0. 4 

2. Medium yellow sand — . 0. 4- 2 

3-12. Yellowish white fine to medium sand, with a few pebbles (age very doubtful) . . 3-50 

y§l. Record of commission's test well near Patchogue. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1-2. Yellow silt 0-3 

3. Yellowish brown medium sand . 3- 5 

4^9. Light grayish white sand and gravel ; the gravel is quite mottled and is probably 

to be regarded as glacial 9-35 

Cretaceous : 

10. Grayish white medium sand, with much silvery white muscovite; suggests Cre- 
taceous material. . 39-40 

11-12. Yellowish white fine to coarse sand. 44^51 

See Table XIII. - 



DESOEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 317 

7 §2. Record of Reynolds well near HoTbrooTc. 

Pleistocene: Feet. 

1 . White sand and gravel — 0-90 

Mr. Kirk reports that there was no change in the material at increasing depths. At 65 feet a 
bowlder the size of a man's head was encountered. 

784. Record of commission's well near Farmingville. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Dark humus-stained sand , . - 0. 2 

2. Yellow loam _ 2-2 

3. Bright-yellow medium sand 1 - 3 - 5 

4. Dark-gray sand and gravel, with much glacial material 9 -10 

Tisbury: 

5-6. Fine to coarse yellow sand : — 14 -20 

7-12. Light-gray sand and gravel, with some glacial pebbles 24 -50 

785. Record of A. P. Terry's well near "Farmingville. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Sand -- 0- 4 

2. Gravel and stones 2 to 12 inches in diameter 4- 16 

Tisbury: 

3. Coarse sharp sand — 16- 23 

4. Gravel 23-37 

5. Sand 37-46 

6. Gravel and stones '- 46- 63 

7. Coarse sand _ . 63- 71 

8. Coarse gravel. . - 71- 73 

9. Finer sand . 73- 78 

10. Sharp, white, coarse sand, with black specks 78- 86 

11 . Coarse gravel 86- 90 

12. Coarse sand _ 90-94 

13. Sandy gravel 94-104 

14. Coarse gravel and small stones . 104—1 10 

At 54 feet a stone 10 by 14 inches was taken out of this well. 

786. Record of August Fuch's well near FanningviVe. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Stony loam 0-12 

2. Coarse white sand, with occasional stones 3 to 5 inches in diametei' 12-40 

Tisbury : 

3. Medium white, clean sand _ 40-58 

4. Yellow hardpan (a verj^ hard and stony layer ) 58-62 

5. Medium clear, bright sand 62-65 

6. Gravel _ 65-70 

Mr. Terry reports that at 70 feet he stnick "real" hardpan, on top of which water was found. 

787. Record of D. Schwarting's well near Farmingville. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Sand and stones . 0-13 

2. Coarser material : mixture of loam, gravel, and stones 13-17 

Tisbury: 

3. Coarse dull-white sand 17-22 

4. Sandy material, with some mica and an occasional stone 22-27 



318 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLaND, NE 5V YORK. 

7§8. Record of William Clark's well near Farmingville. 

Wisconsin and Tisbuiy: . Feet. 

1. Heavy gravell}- loam 0- 6 

2. Fine gravel, with an occasional stone the size of one's fist 6-45 

3. Coarse gravel ^ 45-59 

Material became coarser at increasing depths, and water was found in very coarse stony gravel. 

789. Record of Mrs. Max Richter's well near Farmingville. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: ^ Feet. 

1. Gravelly loam _ 0--4 

2. Sand, with an occasional stone _ 4-30 

3. White clean sand 30-60 

790. This well is described as at " Waverly, 3 mUes 'northwest of Holbrook," and its exact location not 
known. 

Record of Frank Frans's weU at Waverly. 

Feet. . 

1. Sand and gravel 0-45 

2. Gravel and stone, 4 to 6 inches in diameter 45-49 

3. Sand, slightly yellow in color 49-55 

4. Ordinary sand 55-80 

791. Record of J. F. Byrne's well near Selden. 

Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel 0-14 

2. Coarse sand and occasional stones 14-30 

3. Coarse stony gravel _ 30-45 

4. Coarse, sharp, white sand, containing black specks which were thought to be iron pyrites. 4.5-64 



792. Record of Doctor Emerson's well near Selden. 

Feet. 

1. Sandy top soil 1 0-3 

2. Medium, white, fine sand ; no mica 3-14 

3. Very fine, hard, gray material, with a great deal of mica; soft and velvety to the touch. 14-17 

4. Medium white sand ; no stones. . _• 17-40 

5. Coarse sand 40-43 

6. Dark-colored fine sand 43-53 

7. Coarse sand ... 53- 

793. " Record of Axel Hodges's well near Selden. 

Feet. 

1 . Light sand 0-4 

2. Medium sand, containing a little mica; no stones 4—14 

3. Yellow sand, almost hke subsoil 14-16 

4. Mica sand, said to glisten in the sun hke silver, this being probably due to the presence 

of muscovite; there were no stones in this stratum 16-38 

On account of the increasing stickiness of the sand Mr. Terry believes that clay underlies it. 

794. Record of Adolph Serabler's well at New Village. 

Feet. 

1. Medium dull sand ; no top soil 0- 4 

2. Coarser yellow sand 4—8 

3. Very fine mica sand; from 8 to 32 feet the sides of the well stood up like a wall; there 

was no caving whatever 8-32 

4. Blue clay ; no stones 32-34 

5. "Mica mud" 34-38 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 319 

795. Record of commission's test well near TerryviMe. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 

1. Fine yellowish gray sand, evidently filling - 0. 3 

2-3. Yellow sandy loam 3- 6 

4-5. Yellowish gray sand with a few erratics ' 6 -15 

6-10. Very fine gray sand with some biotite _ 15 -38 

Cretaceous?: 

11-16. Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand . 40 -70 

796. Record of commission's well near Terryville. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Humus-stained surface loam - 0. 3 

2. Dark reddish sandy loam _ 3- 3 

3-4. Light-yellow medium sand, passing gradually into bed below . _ 3 -10 

5-11. Fine grayish white sand, with muscovite and biotite 10 -45 

12-14. Medium to coarse light-yellow sand .- 45 -57 

See Table XIII. 

797. Record of commission's test well near Echo. 

Feet. 

1. Dark humus-stained loam - 0. 3 

2. Dark-yellow loam 3-4 

3. Medium yellow sand 4 - 5 

4—19. Dirty gray sand to small gravel; small percentage of glacial material- 5 -85 

Samples 13 and 14, 50 to 60 feet below the surface, show a very considerable amount of glacial 

material. 

798. Record of commission's test well near Echo. 

Feet. 

1. Humus-stained surface loam - 0. 4 

2. Dark-yellow sandy loam 4- 3 

3. Medium yellow sandy loam 3 - 5 

4r-21. Dirty gray fine sand to small gravel; very small percentage of glacial material. 5 -95 
See Table XIII. 

800. This well is approximately 5 feet above mean high tide. Mr. Overton reports it to be 63 feet' 
deep, which would more nearly agree with the depth of the Port Jefferson Water Company's wells, which 
obtain their water at about a depth of 50 feet. They are also flowing wells. As the well was attached to a 
ram, the depth could not be measured readily. 

Record of J. J. Overton's well near Port Jefferson. 

Feet. 
1. Loam - 0- 4 

Tisbury: 

2. Coarse white sand with occasional layers of wlfite gravel 4—20 

801. Record of J. L. Darling's well near Port Jefferson. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sandy loam ^ _ 0-4 

2. Medium yellow to white sand 4r-20 

Cretaceous ? : 

3. Sticky brown to drab colored clay 20-40 

4. Medium white sand 40-96 

The elevation of the surface at this well is approximately 50 feet above mean high tide. The clay 
described in stratum 3 is similar to that found in the brickyard 150 yards south of Mr. Darling's house. 

803. The supply of the Port Jefferson Water Companj^ is from two 6-inch wells, 54 feet deep, which will 
normally flow about 4 feet above the surface. One well tests 7,000 to 8,000 gallons per hour, while the two 
together give only 8,000 to 9,000. Mr. T. B. Rogers gives the following section of these wells: 



b'ZO UJSTDEEGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 
Record of Port Je^erson Water Company's wells, Port Jefferson. 

Wisconsin and Tisburyl: " Feet. 

1 . Surface loam — 0-5 

2. Sand and gravel 5-51 

3. Hardpan ^ - 51-54 

Mr. Rogers also furnishes a sample of the main water-bearing stratum, which is a clean, highly' erratic, 
glacial sand. 

The Long Island Railroad Conipanj' has furnished the following partial analysis of water fronv the mains 
of the Port Jefl'erson Water Company (March 30, 1903): 

Analysis of xoaier from Port Jefferson Water Company's wells, Port Jefferson. 

P arts.per million. 

Total solids 40. 18 

Chlorine 8. 04 

804. This well will flow about 5 feet above liigh tide. By means of a ram it supplies the bank and 
adjoining buildings. 

Record of N. W. Davis's well, Port Jefferson. 
Tisbury: F«efc - 

1. Medium white sand 0-75. 5 

806. Mr. Davis reports that this is a closed-point well and that he can give no record of the material 
passed tlirough, but that it appeared to be very fine sand with probably some clay. He bases this opinion 
on the amount of fine sand which was pumped out during the water tests at difi'erent depths. At 140 feet 
very coarse material, probably coarse gravel, was encountered. 

807. Record of J. W. Brown's ivell near Port Jefferson. 

Feet. 

1 . Brown loam 0-3 

Tisbury: ' 

2. Medium white sand 3-90 

808. Record of J. Riddle's well near Port Jefferson. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Gravelly sand and some bowlders 0- 15 

Tisbury and Cretaceous?: 

2. Medium white sand with a little brown, sticky clay at about 100 feet 15-120 

Attempts were made to dig a Well on ground 20 feet higher, but the efl'ort was abandoned on 
account of bowlders. • 

811. The following samples have been received from 'Mr. Rogers: 

Record of well of Port Jefferson Company, Port Jefferson. 
Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Medium light-colored sand (glacial) 212 

2. Light-colored sand and gravel; fragments of ferruginous concretions and con- 

siderable erratic material 240 

3. Light-colored glacial sand and gravel 265 

4. Same as 3 2S0 

Cretaceous: 

5. Dark-drab clay, containing some coar.se quartz sand: leaves the fingers white as 

does Cretaceous material 325 

6. Light-drab clay, containing some coarse quartz sand, evidently from laminated 

layer 340 

7. Fine to medium, white, highly micaceous, quartz sand ('' not much water") 370 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 321 

812. Mr. Davis reports that the surface in the vicinity of this well is rather thickly covered with bowl- 
ders and that he expected to encounter them in putting down this well, but that not a single bowlder was 
encountered, nor even coarse gravel. ■ . 

Record of J . II. HopJcins's well near Mount Sinai. 

Feet. 

1 . Surface loam ■ 0-3 

Tisbury : 

2. Medium white sand . 3-95 

813. Record of J. M. Shaw's well near Bellport. 

Feet. 

1 . Surface loam and yellow sand 0- 4 

Tisbury : 

2. White sand with no change in coareeness - 4r-4:5 

814. Record of W. McOee's well, 2 miles west of YapJiank station. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: ' Feet. 

1. Loamy top soil, no stones 0- 4 

2. Coarse sand 4-68 

Mr. TeiTy reports that the material of this well was the most even in character that he ever found. 

818. Record of Judge Bartlett's well near Middle Island, New YorJc. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Hardpan 0-39 

Mr. Terry reports that the stones were embedded in a very heavy loam. Water was encountered 
at 8 feet, in a 6-inch stratum of yellow mud. Another similar stratum was found at 32 feet. In the spring 
of the j'ear the water stands 8 feet below the surface; in the dry season at ^0 or 32 feet. The water at the 
8-foot level is impure. 

819. Record of Hawman Brothers' well near Rocky Point. 

Feet. 

1 . Surface loam _ . . 0- 3 

Tisbury: 

2. Medium white sand with no gravel nor clay. . 3-128 

822. Record of Mrs. Oroty's ivell near Manor. 

Wisconsin?: Feet. 

1. Surface loam _ 0-3 

2. Clay, no stones 3-29 

3. Sand 29- 

824. Mr. Davis says that none of the water-bearing material in this well can be called gravel. In most 
of the wells in the vicinity of Port Jefferson he calculates on getting water a little above sea level, the elevation 
of the water level being greater at greater distances from the sea. 

Record of G. E. Hageman's well near Wardenclyffe. 

Feet. 

1 . Brown loam 0-3 

Tisbury: 

2. Medium white sand 3-123 

825. Mr. Nikola Tesla reports the following section : 

Record of Nikola Tesla's well near Wardenclyffe. 

Tisbury and Cretaceous 'I : Feet. 

1. Fine sand .' 0-122 

2. Gravel 122-124 

3. Alternating layers of sand and gravel 124-166 



322 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

"At a greater depth than that shown in this well layers of fine sand and gravel, each about 2 feet 
thick, alternate seemingly to an infinite depth. This was observed in digging a large shaft near the well, 
and it is assumed that the soil in the well is of the same character." 

A sample furnished by Mr. T. B. Rogers, the driller, from a depth of 167 feet, is a clean glacial sand and 
gravel. The shaft referred to in Mr-. Tesla's letter was 135 feet deep. In the bottom of this two pipes were 
driven at angles of 45 degrees. According to Mr. W. H. Beera, the driller,. the section is as follows, depths 
along the pipe having been reduced to vertical depths: 

Record of shaft sunk near Nikola Tesla's well, Wardendyffe. 
Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sand and gravel in dug well 0-135 

Cretaceous V. 

2. Fine gray sand ■_ 135-205 

3. Coarse white gravel ' 205-223 

Cretaceous : 

4. Fine white sand 223-347 

§26. According to Mr. Saxe, this well shows medium-white fine sand all the way to its bottom at 90 
feet." A sample from a depth of 80 feet shows light -yellow sand not clearly glacial. 
Mr. Warden reports the following section : 

Record of well of the North Shore Industrial Company near WoodviUe Landing. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Sand and clay 0-30. 

Tisbury and Cretaceous ? : 

2. White sand, very fine 30-50 

3. Gravel, growing coarser 50-94 

82T. Record of Wardendyffe Brick and Tile Company's well, WoodviUe Landing. 

Feet. 

1. Heavy tenacious claj' . . _ , _ _ 0-47 

2. Coarse gravel ; . . 47- , 

* 

82§. Record of well of Long Island Railroad at Wading River. 

Feet. 

1. Surface loam 0- 5 

2. Coarse white sand, passing below into coarse gravel 5-110 

§29. Record of Mrs. De Groat's well near Wading River. 

Recent: Feet. 

1. Creek mud, bearing very black water 0-20 

Wisconsin : 

2. Hardpan (an iron cemented mixture of clay and stones) 20-38 

The pipe broke at a depth of 38 feet and the well was abandoned. 

§30. Record of S. W. Wheeler's well near Wading River. 

Feet. 

1 . Surface loam - 0-4 

Tisbury : 

2. Medium white sand 4-68 

Mr. Davis reports that in all his well experience he has not encountered bowlders below the surface 
between Wading River and Port Jefl^erson. 

§31. Record of Dr. William Carr's well near Center Moriches. 

Wisconsin 1 : Feet. 

1. White sand and gravel, with many stones 0-18 

2. Clay,no stones .' 18-20 

3. White sand 20- 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 323 

532. Record of Otto Lauraman's well near Center Moriches. 

Wisconsin?: Feet. 

1. Surface loam 0-8 

2. Coarse, white, " gravelly " sand _ 8-18 

3. Hard, dry, yellow clay 18-24 

4. Coarse sand 24-34 

533. Record of William HaUock's well near Center Moriches. 

Wisconsin*: Feet. 

1 . Surface loam 0-5 

2. White " gravelly " sand 5-15 

3. Hard, dry, yellow clay with an occasional stone , 15-20 

S36. Record of W. Frank Smith's well near East Moriches. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Loam '. 0-2 

2. Sand 2-9 

3. Gravel 9-17 

4. White sand 17-28 

5. Quicksand 28-33 

§3§. Record of Wesley Young's well near South Manor. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Loam 0-2 

2. Sand with stones • 2-22 

539. Record of Alfred Steele's well near Sovth Manor. 

Wisconsin: ' Feet. 

1 . Surface loam 0-2 

2. Sknd 2-15 

540. Record of Benj. Raynor's well near South Manor. 

Wisconsin?: Feet. 

1. Surface loam 0-1 

2. Sand 1-22 

3. Clay 22-24 

Mr. Nichol reports that he drove the pipe several feet into the clay bed and then pulled it up again, 
and obtained the water from above the clay. 

§41. Record of Wallace Raynor's well near South Manor. 

Wisconsin ? : Feet. 

1. Black loam 0-3 

2. Clay, with occasional layers of sand; no stones 3-15 

3. Quicksand 15-19 

4. Clay. ■. 19-36 

5. Coarse sand; water bearing. ^ 36- 

§42. Record of Porter Howell's well near South Manor. 

Wisconsin?: Feet. 

1. Loam 0-3 

2. Sand, with a Uttle clay. 3-18 



324 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

§43. ^ Record of J. W. Nichol's well near ManorviUe. 

Wisconsin ? : . Feet. 

1. Surface material 0-6 

2. Clay. . . . : '. 6-^ 

3. Coarse white sand ^ 7-12 

§44. Record of M. E. Raynor's well near ManorviUe. 

Wisconsin?: Feet. 

1 . Sand 0-12 

2. Sandy clay :... 12-15 

The clay in this well is described as being heavier (purer) at increasing depths. Water was found in a 
thin stratum of sand overlain and underlain by clay. 

845. The Long Island Railroad Company report the following partial analysis: 

Analysis of water from railroad well at ManorviUe. 

Parts per million. 

Total solids 153.9 

§46. Record of Mrs. Jones's well near ManorviUe. 

Wisconsin?: Feet. - > 

1 . Surface loam , 0-3 

2. Clay, with occasional layers of water-bearing sand; no stones i . 3-42 

3. Water-bearing sand 42- 

Mr. Nichol reports that the clay in stratum 2 was the color of putty, and that he has often encountered 
it in digging near the surface. He has never found stones in it. 

§47. Mr. Preston Raynor reports the foUowing sections from two wells on his place: 

Record of Preston Raynor's weU No. 1, ManorviUe. 

Wisconsin?: Feet. 

1 . Loam and yellow sand. .• 0-12 

2. Clay; no stones . . . . . : . 12-28 

3. Pine clean sand ' 28-32 

Recorh of Preston Raynor's well No. 2, ManorviUe. 

Wisconsin?: , ■ . Feet. 

1. Black loam j 0-3 

2. Hard clay ; no stones 3-40 

3. Sand '. 40-42 

Mr. Raynor reports that he has never found a single stone in his vicinity. Clay is exposed in many of 
the ponds at low water, and several firms have made brick in this vicinity. 
§4§. Mr. W. H. Beers has reported the following ])artial record: 

Record of Dr. J . H. Darlington's ivell near Hulse Landing. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Black surface loam 0-2 

2. Sandy subsoil 2-3 

3. Yellow surface cla;-. 3-4 

Transition : 

4. Coarse gravel 4^5 

Tisbury : 

5. Fine white beach sand 5-35 

Sankaty?: 

6. Dark-red clay, like brick in color 35-43 

7. Black sand, like that in sluggish creek ponds 43-60 



DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 325 

§49. Record of R. B. Dayton's well near Remsenhurg. 

Wisconsin?: Feet. 

1. Loam ----- - 0- 

2. Sand and gravel • - - 

3. Slate-colored clay - - . 

4. Sand and gravel -20 

850. Record of Jacob Raynor's well near Speonlc. 

Wisconsin ? : Feet. 

1. Surface loam and yellow sand 0-5 

2. iledium sand 5-21 

3. Brown clay - 21-25 

4. Coarse white sand 25-29 

851. Record of BJllsworth Raynor's well near Speonlc. 

Wisconsin?: . Feet. 

1. Surface loam and yellow sand 0-4 

2. White sand 4-18 

3. Clay- - 18-20 

4. White sand , ..- 20-26 

852. Record same as 850. 

854. Record of C. H. Wells's well near Baiting Hollow. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sandy loam - - 0- 5 

2. Fine slightly yellow sand 5- 50 

3. Hardpan (a hard stratum which carries no water and is composed of a mix- 

ture of clay and quite coarse gravel, seeminglj^ cemented together with iron.. 50- 51 

4. White sand 51-105 

Mr. Young says that the record above is duplicated in every well which he has put down in the 
vicinity of Baiting Hollow. The surface loam is of about the same thickness in each place, wliile the depth 
to stratum No. 2 varies from 45 to 60 feet, and the total depth of the wells from 90 to 110 feet. The 
depth to water varies with the elevation. 

Mr. Young gives the following owners of wells in this vicinity, which have similar sections: Howell 
Benjamin, John B. Warner, Charles Warner, George F. Terry, John W. Fanning, J. C. Young, J. L. Young, 
Sydney Shaw, E. Hallock, Frank O. Reeves. 

855. Record of Charles Warner's ivell near Baiting Hollow. 

Feet. 

1 . Heavy surface loam - 4. 5 

Tisbuiy : 

2. White sand with occasional streaks of clay: no change in coarseness of sand at 

increasing depths 4. 5-100 

856. Record of Howell Sandford's well near Baiting Hollow. 

Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Heavy surface loam 0- 5 

2. White sand with occasional streaks of clay - 5-104 

The material in this well is almost exactly similar to that in No. 855. There is no change in coarseness 
of sand at increasing depths. 



326 UNDEBGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 
§56A. Mr. Terry has furnished the following samples from this well: 

Record of Sydney Shaw's weU at Ceniervilte. 

Tisbury: Peet. 

1-10. Light j-ellowish outwash sands with a little gravel , 0-65 

Below 65 feet the well was driven with a closed point and no samples were obtained. 

§57. Record of A. Zabriskie's well near West Rampion Beach. 

Wisconsin?: Feet. 

1. Surface loam and yellow sand 0- 4 

2. Hardpan (described as a clay mixture of a slaty color whose particles seem to 

be cemented together) . ., ' 4- 5 

3. White sand 5-20 

§5§. Record of Hallock d- Small's well near Quogiie Beach. 

Recent: Feet. 

1 . Black marsh deposit 0- 10 

Pleistocene: 

2. Medium white sand bearing salt water 10-150 

Cretaceous?: Feet. 

3. Green greasy clay 150-180 

4. Medium white sand, containing a great deal of lignite 180-225 

The sand gradually grew coai-ser until at 225 feet it was quite coai-se. The top of the well is at tide 
level, and at the time it was drilled tlie water would rise in a pipe 12 feet above the surface. 

Analysis of water from HallocJc cO Small's well, Quogue Beach. 

[By F. E. Chandler, New York, .\pril 2.5, 1899.] 

Parts per million. 

Appearance Clear. 

Color - None. 

Odor (heated to 100° F.) None. 

Taste None. 

Chlorine in chlorides 10. 00 

Equivalent to sodium chloride 16. 48 

Phosphates (as P.^Oj ) None. 

Nitrogen in nitrites None. 

Nitrogen in nitrates 1 . 20 

Free anunonia -04 

-\lbuminoid ammonia .02 

Total nitrogen , 1. 27 

Total hardness 6. 00 

Permanent hardness 6. 00 

Oi"ganic and volatile (lass on ignition ) 14. 00 

Mineral matter (nonvolatile 'j CO.j 52. 00 

Total solids (by evaporation), dried at 110° C 66. 00 

Residue on evaporation White. 

"This is a i-emarkably pure water, and is entirely free from contamination of every kind." 
959. Mr. Asha B. Hallock has furnished the following samples from this well: 

Record of A. B. Hallock's well mar Quogue. 

Sankaty: Feet. 

1 . Fragments of shells 135 

Cretaceous : 

2. Green sand marl 156-192 

3. Coaree white quartz sand with pieces of gray clay and mica 192 

4. Very fine dark-gray sand 200-224 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 327 

Cretaceous — Continued. Feet. 

.5. Gray clay 224-230 

6. White micaceous sand with fragments of lignitized wood 230-235 

7. Veiy coarse quartz sand with mica and lignitized wood 23.5-247 

The fragmentary material from 135 feet was referred to Dr. W. H'. Dall, who reports as follows: "Con- 
tains fragments of Mulina, Astarte, an unidentifiable bivalve, a specimen of Nassa iriviitata Say and frag- 
ments of an echinoderm. This is probably Pleistocene." 

860. The well is on high ground and will flow from 1 to 2 gallons a minute. 

Record of J. Wendell's well near Quogue. 

Pleistocene: Feet. 

1. Soil 0- 5 

2. Sand with little streaks of clay 5- 90 

Pleistocene and Cretaceous: 

3 . Clay 90-200 

Cretaceous: 

4. Clay with lignite 200-265 

5. Coarse white sand, water bearing 265-277 

S61. The driller, Mr. F. K. Walsh, gives the following record: 

Record of Quantuck Water Cornfany's well near Quogue. 

Recent: Feet. 

1 . Bog material 0-1 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: 

2. Loose sand 1-3 

3. Sand, clay, and stones as large as one's head : 3- 5 

4. Very coarse sand with a little gravel .5-20 

5. Very coarse sand and fine gravel with coarse stones 20-40 

Analysis of water from Quantuck Water Company's well, Quogue. 

[By C. F. Chandler, New York, December 17, 1902.] 

Parts per million. 

Appearance Clear, with very slight sediment on bottom. 

Color None. 

Odor (heated to 100° F.) None. 

Taste None. 

Chlorine in chlorides 11. GO 

Equivalent to sodium chloride 18. 15 

Phosphates (as P2O5 ) None. 

Nitrogen in nitrites None. 

Nitrogen in nitrates .07 

Free ammonia .01 

Albuminoid ammonia ' .03 

Total nitrogen .10 

Total hardness 7. 99 

Permanent hardness 5. 33 

Organic and volatile (loss on ignition ) 4. 00 

Mineral matter (nonvolatile) COj restored with ammonium carbonate 28.50 

Total solids (by evaporation) dried at 110° C 32. .50 

"This water is veiy pure indeed. It shows no signs whatever of contamination of any kind. The water 
does not contain any appreciable quantity of iron." 

§63. The pumping station of the Riverhead waterworks is in the Tower rolling mill and the pumps are 
1 Knowles vertical triplex water-power pump, capacity 135 gallons per minute; and 1 single-stroke water- 
power pump in reserve. The water is delivered into a tank having a capacity of 40,000 gallons, which is 
situated in the tower of the mill. 



328 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Mr. John K. Pei-kins, the former president of the company, reports the following data: "At the depth 
of 83 feet the first well flowed at the rate of 3 barrels a minute, but the water contained so much iron 
that the well was sunk deeper, to an approximate depth of 300 feet. The second well was sunk to a depth 
of 320 feet. Both contained a great deal of iron. The minimum amount pumped is 4,000 gallons an hour; 
the maxiiBum amount is 8,000." 

The driller, Mr. N. W. Davis, gives the following information: 'iTwo wells, one 8 inches (225 feet deep), 
one 6 inches (305 feet deep). Lignitized wood at 180-200 feet. jVo clay beds found, but there were occa- 
sional beds of clay mixed with sand. Water first flowed over the pipe at 60 feet. The first well for this 
company was 85 feet deep and flowed a large amount of very chalybeate water. The well was made deeper 
to obtain a purer water. The flow becomes less at greater depths." 

In a letter dated April 25, 1903, he states, regarding the first well: "Sunk an 8-inch well for the River- 
head waterworks 82 feet deep. Formation was sand, dark gravel, thick bed of clay, then sand mixed with 
jittle gravel. This yielded about 120 to 130 gallons per minute.'' 

§64. 1L-. Young reports that the points in all the wells in the vicinity of Eiverhead corrode verj' quickly. 
Smiace wells in the vicinity of Riverhead average a depth of 18 feet. 

Record of Tetter cfc Moore 's well near Riverhead. 
Wisconsin ? : Feet. 

1. Dark-brown sand and gravel containing dark-colored stones: the whole discolored 

by iron - - - - . 0-16 

§69. Record of Capt. Jas. Downs' s well near James-port.- 

Feet. 

1. Gean fine sand, very shghtly gray in color 0-18 

2. Hard layer . _ 18-19 

3. Coarse hght-colored sand containing less mica than usual 19-45 

870. Record of J. J. McLaughlin's well near Jamesport. 

Feet. 

1. Brackish water 10-12 

2. Fresh water 60-70 

§72. The Long Island Railroad Company has furnished the following partial analysis, dated February, 
1899, of the water from their 20-foot driven well: 

Anal-ysis of water of railroad well at Mattituck. 

Parts per million. 

Total soUds ___ ". -. 123.63 

Chlorine _ 9. 58 

§74. Record of the Thane well near Shinnecoclc HiUs. 

Feet. 

1. White beach sand 0-25 

2. Coarse sand to gravel — 25-35 

Several attempts were made to drive a well on the hilltop near the above well, but too mam- cobbles were 
encountered and the holes were abandoned. 

■ §75. Record ofC. W. Payne's weU near North Sea. 

Feet 

1 . Surface loam and yellow sand with some gravel 0- 8 

2. Hardpan 8-10 

3. Sand and gravel 10-18 

4. Coarse sand and gravel 18-25 

§77. Record of Reid well near New Suffolk. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1 . Surface loam 0-3 

2. Sand : 3- 4 

Sankaty ? : 

3. Clay.. : -^88 

The clay is said to be distinctly stratified, the strata dipping 30° W.: it is also stained with iron. 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 329 

§f 9. Mr. George EUiston, engineer, gives the following record for 1902: 

"Maximum daily yield (August 29), 733,000 gallons; minimum daily yield (January 10), 114,000 
gallons; average daily yield for year, 340,500 gallons; greatest amount pumped from the three wells, 41,000 
gallons per hour; this was accomplished without difficulty, indicating a capacity of about a million gallons 
per day. ' ' 

The original water level, according to Mr. Darling, constructing engineer, was 27 feet from the surface, 
while the present level reported by Mr. Elliston is 35 feet. 

Analysis of water from well of Sovthampton Water Company, Southampton. 

[By Frazer & Co.. New York, June 30, 19a3.] 

Parts per million. 

Color '. - Colorless. 

Turbidity. Clear. 

Sediment. Very slight. 

Odor (cold ) None. 

Odor (hot). None. 

Total solids 60. 000 

Loss on ignition (no charring ) 25. 000 

Chlorine 13. 580 

Nitrogen as free ammonia 0. 008 

Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia ^ . .^ 0. 018 

Nitrogen as nitrite. None. 

Nitrogen as nitrate 0. 800 

Temporary hardness 5. 000 

Permanent hardness 20. 000 

Total hardness , . 25. 000 

Iron. Minute trace. 

" The bacteriological examination shows the absence of any bacteria that indicate contamination by 
human or animal waste. The analysis of this water shows that it is pure and suitable for drinking purposes 
and general domestic use. The water is soft and does not show evidence of sewage contamination." 

When this system was first projected Fresh Pond was very seriously considered as a source of supply. 
Gagings showed sufficient water and analyses showed no contamination. 

880. Mr. Arthur states that the water in this vicinity is found in pockets of clay, which, through surface 
wash, have become filled with gravel. 

Record of Mrs. S. F. McDonald's well near Hampton Park. 
Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Coarse white sand. 0-34 , 

Sankaty I : 

2. Clay 34-80 

881. Record of E. G. Whittaker's well near Hampton Park. 

Feet. 

1 . Surface loam ■ 0- 2 

Sankaty t : 

2. Very hard clay .' 2-82 

Jameco ? : 

3. Sand 82-111 

At 18 feet clay was taken out which contained the imprint of shells, which, from the description given, 
were probably pectens. 

881 A. Mr. Frederick H. Rose reports the following: "Our main spring-water supply seems to come 
from near sea level, and as we go in and up from the sea the wells deepen from a few feet to perhaps 60, 
with a few hilltop clay or upper springs. My well here at Water Mill is about 18 feet deep, springs bubbKng 
up through sand and gravelstones. " 

17116— No. 44—06 22 



330 UNDEEGEOUND WATER EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 

§§2. Record of J. F. Becker's well on Shelter Island, New Yorh. 

Feet. 

1. Tioamy clay •- 0-9 

2. ' 'Silver' ' sand '. 9-52 

§§3. Record of the TJlmer well on Shelter Island, New Yorh. 

Wisconsin: // ■ Feet. 

1 . Loam and clay mixed 0-10 

2. Gravel mixed with loam • 10-14 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: 

3. Hardpan 14-20 

Tisbury : 

4. Sand : 20-43 

§§4. Record of John Weber's well on Shelter Island, Nevj Yorlc. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Stony, dark-colored, almost red clay 0-12 

. Tisbury: 

2. Gravel, light in color , 12-30 

3. Fine beach sand 30-^S3 

At 53 feet a big bowlder was encountered and the well was sunk no farther. 

885. Record of J. N. Stearns's well on Shelter Island, New Yorlc. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Red sandy loam 0-15 

2. Hard mixture of clay, sand, and gravel 15-27 

Sankaty: 

3. Red and blue clay in strata 5 or 6 inches thick, alternating with strata of line white 

and red sands ' 27-35 

888. Record of A. 0. Ryder's well on Shelter Island, New Yorlc. 

Tisbury and Sankaty: Feet. 

1. Ordinary sand in alternate layers of fine and coarse, containing a variety of shells at a 

depth of 60 feet 0-62 

889. The main source of supply at this pumping station consists of a dug well about 70 yards south of 
the Shelter Island Heights landing. In the bottom of the dug well there is a 6-inch pipe 12 feet long. 

Record of well of Shelter Island Heights Association, Shelter Island, New York. 

Feet. 

1 . Sand ' 0-18 

2. Gravel 18-21 

During the summer of 1903 the maximum amount pumped was 5,000 gallons per hour and the average 
about 4,000 gallons. If the well is pumped at the rate of 10,000 gallons per hour the water becomes brackish 
from the influx of the sea water. 

Five hundred feet from this well a test boring was made in which the following material was encountered : 

Record of test boring oj Shelter Island Heights Association on Shelter Island, New York. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1 . Sand and gravel 0-20 

2. Quicksand 20-60 

Sankaty : 

3. Red clay 60- 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 331 

Seven hundred feet west of the first well at the same elevation above the mean high tide and at the 
same distance from tlie shore the following section was obtained: 

Record of test boring of Shelter Island Heights Association on Shelter Island, New York. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 

1 . Sand and gravel 0-26 

2. Quicksand: this was described as a very coarse and fine sand very much like mold- 

ing sand - - - 26-36 

Sankaty: 

3. Tough, red clay, containing no stones as far as penetrated 36- 

890. Mr. Havens reports that a group of 18 wells supplies the Manhanset House and the cottages adjacent 
to it. The amount pumped varies so greatly from day to day, according to the needs of the people in the 
cottages, and from summer to winter, according to the needs of the hotel, that no average could be given by 
Mr. Havens, nor could he estimate the maximum or minimum amount pumped. 

Record of wells of Manhanset Rouse, Shelter Island, New Yorlc. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

. 1. Stony and sandy loam 0- 8 

2. Hardpan 8-12 

3. White beach sand (coarse and fine mixed, running in places into "sandy gravel"). 12-17 

4. Hardpan 17-20 

5. Quicksand, described by Mr. Havens as a good beach sand containing both black 

and white mica 20-65 

S91. Record of J. M. Wells's well near Greenport. 

Feet. 

1. Dry, yellow clay, containing a few small stones (the auger was twice broken and the 

fourth hole was begun before the attempt to complete the well was successful ) 0-35 

2. Medium red sand 35-45 

§92. Mr. Camerdon, of the Sumpwams Water Company, who was formerly engineer at this place, 
reports the following section for the first four wells: 

Record of Greenport waterworlcs well, Greenport. 

Feet. 

1. Hard, yellow sand and some yellow clay 0-20 

2. Fine, white sand, gradually growing coarser 20-48 

3. Coarse gravel with pebbles 2 to 3 inches in diameter 48- 

In April, 1903, 5 additional wells were sunk, ranging in depth from 28 to 38 feet. As the water from 
these shallow wells showed a considerable percentage of chlorine a deep test well was sunk. Mr. N. W. 
Davis, jvho began this well, reports the following section for the upper 225 feet: 

Record of test well of Greenport waterworlcs, Greenport. 
Wisconsin : Feet. 

1 . Yellow gravelly material 0- 20 

Tisbury: 

2. Alternate series of sands and gravel 20-100 

Sankaty: 

3. Brown clay similar to that in Sanford's brickyard 100-1.50 

Jameco: 

4. Fine sands 150-225 , 



332 UNDEEGROUND "WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

The well was then completed by Mr. E. K. Hutchinson, the only record kept being a few samples in a 
test tube preserved by Mr. FredKHp. These show the following materials: 

Record of test well of Greenport waterworks', Greenport. 

Feet. 

1. Coarse, yellow sand and gravel (probably glacial) 225- 

2. Coarse quartz sand .>..- _• 

3. Coarse quartz pebbles (one granite pebble ) 

4. Ferruginous quartz conglomerate • -555 

Cretaceous: 

5. White, highly micaceous sand 555-605 

6. Fine, white sand 605-612 

7. Bright red sand and clay 612-619 

8. Brick red clay 619-635 

9. Yellow sand and clay 63.5-640 

10. Yellowish-white clay 640-645 

11. Salmon colored clay 64.5- 

12. Fine, rather dark quartz sand 

13. Fine, dark-colored sand -650 

14. Coarse quartz sand containing fresh water (Lloyd sand?) 650-670 

Pre-Cretaceous: 

15. Schist : 670-690 

One of the drillers reports that at 665 feet fresh water flowed over the top of the casing in a stream 
about the size of a pencil; the supply, however, was not deemed sufficient for pumping. Salt water was 
encountered between 225 and 555 feet. 

The Long Island Railroad Company furnished the following analysis of water taken from the mains 
of the Greenport waterworks, November, 1901: 

Analysis of water from Greenport waterworlcs, Greenport. 

Parts per mil- 
lion. 

SiOj, etc : 15. 73 

CaCOa 11 . 29 

MgCOa - 33.17 

CaSO, - 64. 98 

MgSOl : ----- 27.53 

MgCl^ - 73.02 

NaCl , - 672. 03 

Total .897. 75 

§93. The Long Island Railroad Company report the following analysis from a 12-foot driven well about 
600 or 700 feet from tide water: 

Analysis of water from Long Island Railroad well, Greenport. 

Parts per mil- 
[April, 1898.] Hon. 

SiOj, etc - 6. 33 

CaCO;, 121.07 

MgCO:; : 33. 86 

CaSO, ' 4. 79 

MgSO, 9.06 

MgCl, 13.34 

NaTl ; 9.06 

Total '. 197.51 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 333 

They also report the f oho wing analysis from a 15 to 20 foot dug well 200 to 300 feet from tide water: 

Analysis of water from Long Island Railroad well, Greenpori. 

Parts per mil- 

[October, 1901.] ■ lion. 

SiOj, etc ; 8.04 

CaCOg Traces. 

MgCO;,. -----, 11.11 

CaSO, - - 43.60 

MgCl,. 19. 15 

NaCl - 65.15 

Total 147.05 

§94. Record of well at East Marion lAfe-Saving Station. 

Wisconsin : Feet. 

1. Stones embedded in loamy clay and sand ^ 0-38 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: 

2. Coarse white sand 38-47 

Tisbury : 

3. Coarse white gravel 47-50 

Some of the stones taken out of this well weighed at least 1,000 poimds. Many of them had to be 
blasted in order to be removed. The sand and gravel is reported as dipping about 45° N. 

§95. Record of W. F. Furst's well, East Marion. 

Wisconsin: Feet. 

1. Surface loam and yellow sand 0-18 

2. Hardpan (sand and gravel packed hard ) 18-22 

Tisbury?: 

3. Gravel and j^ellow sand 22-35 

,4. Fine sand 35- 

897. Mr. Sanford has furnished the following samples from this well: 

Record of Sanford & Son's well at Bridgehampton. 

Tisbury?: Feet. 

1 . Gray micaceous clay, with a few small quartz pebbles 70 

Sankaty : 

2. Medium grayish white sand and gravel, with pieces of greenish clay containing 

fragments of shells 100 

Jameco: 

3. Fine to medium orange-yellow sand 105 

4. Orange-yellow gravel, apparently identical with that of the old glacial bed on 

Gardiners Island 110 

5. Very fine yellow silt, with orange gravel 112 

Cretaceous: 

6. Fine gray sand, with muscovite and lignite 115 

7. Medium yellow sand, with fragments of shells 140 

8. Gray clayey sand, with fragments of shells 140 

9. Greenish gray sandy clay, with fragments of shells 155 

10. Very fine dark-gray sand, with some coarse white quartz sand 165 

1 1 . Fine light gray sand 190 

12. Fine to coarse light gray sand with partially lignitized wood. 210 

13. Medium white micaceous sand 215 

14. Fine light gray sand with lignite 222 

15. Lignite and large flakes of muscovite 231 

16. Medium white micaceous sand 235 

17. White sand, muscovite and lignitized wood 27-5-287 

18. Fragments of iron pyrite : 287-288 

19. Fine to medium grayish-yellow sand 288-300 



334 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Mr. Sanford reports that no record was kept, but that the samples were taken whenever he noticed a 
change in the material. In the above record the beds, therefore, probably extend from one sample to the 
next. 

900. Mr. J. Wilkes Hedges reports: "From within one-eighth of a mile of the Atlantic Ocean to one 
and one-half miles north, the depth to water varies from 15 feet to 40 feet. As regards the strata, the first 
15 inches is vegetable mold; the next 3 feet subsoil; then a layer^f blue clay from 18 inches to 30 inches; 
then sand to water." 

901. Mr. S. Shipperley, foreman for I. H. Ford, has furnished the following samples from this well: 

Record of J. K. Morris's well near Sag Harbor. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Light-yellow sand and gravel, with a noticeable percentage of erratics, the material 

coarser in the lower portions ^ : 11- 90 

2. Orange-yellow quartz sand and gravel _ 95 

Sankaty?: 

3. Grayish yellow, micaceous, silty clay, with a few pebbles 110-113 

4. Light-gray, micaceous, silty clay 132 

Jamecol: 

5. Fine to verj' coarse, sharp, white sand, with a few scales of biotite 143—1 45 

• 903. Mr. Henry F.Cook, president of the Sag Harbor Waterworks Company, reports the following: "In 
1888 four wells were sunk to a depth of 40 feet near the pumping plant. These were pumped for a little less 
than a year, when the water became so red that it did not seem suitable for waterworks use; the weUs were 
then driven to about 100 feet, and after being pumped for a time the water again became red. A large well, 
15 by 15, was then sunk about 900 feet south of the pumping station in the edge of a pond, and four 49-foot 
wells were sunk, with the same result. The driven well system was then abandoned, and the water piped 
from Ligonee Brook into the large well. Ligonee Brook drains Long Pond, which may be regarded as the 
real source of- the water." 

Mr. E. Camerdon, of Sumpwams Water Company, at one time engineer at this point, states that 3 wells 
were put down in 1894 or 1895, to a depth- of 60 feet. No gravel was encountered, the section being entirely 
white sand. The wells were sunk to 60 feet, not in search of a different water-bearing horizon but to reach 
sand so coarse that it would not pass thfe screens. 

904. Record of FaKy Watch Case Company's well, Sag Harbor. 

Tisbury : Feet. 

1 . Sand and gravel, varying a trifle from fine to coarse 0-182 

2. Quicksand - . . 182- 

The moment quicksand was encountered in this well driving was discontinued. The water from this 
well was obtained from four strata at the following depths : 

Depths of water-bearing strata in Fahy Watch Case Company's well, Sag Harbor. 

Feet. 

1 - - 40 

2 90 

3 130 

4 - 155-160 

The well was tested to its full capacity and yielded 500 gallons per minute. The elevation above high tide 
is approximately 20 feet, and the water in the well rose to within 14 feet of the surface. The homogeneity 
of material is indicated by the fact that the same number of feet of pipe was driven daily. 

905. Brackish water was found from a few feet below the surface down to 15 and 20; no water was 
-encountered between 20 and 80, when an abundant supply was obtained. 

907. Record of Doctor Benjamin's ivell at Shelter Island, New York. 

Tisbury and Sankaty: Feet. 

1. Verv soft, white, medium, coarse sand _ 0-60 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 335 

Shells were encountered at 45 feet and continued to tbe bottom of the well. A fragment of Venus, 
apparently Venus mercenaria, has been forwarded by Doctor Benjamin, this being the only specimen saved 
from this shell-bearing layer. 

90§. Record of J. E. Parker's well at Shelter Island. New Yorlc. 

Wisconsin: Teet. 

1 . A hard mixture of clay and sand and a few small stones 0-30 • 

Tisbury : 

2. Sand and gravel in alternate laye/s, each layer about 8 or 10 feet thick 30-76 

909. Mrs. Hattie Conover, daughter of Mr. Uriah White, artesian-well driller, reports: "My father 
drilled the well at Orient in 1891 for the Orient Manufacturing Company. I am unable to give you any 
information regarding the well, except that I find one letter referring to it, giving its depth at that time as 
406 feet, but the work was continued about three months longer. The water obtained was very salt, and they 
encountered a hard rock, and had to abandon the well, at a heavy loss." 

910. According to Mr. Van, Scoy, president of the Easthampton Home Water Companj-, the supply is 
derived from three 4-inch wells 70 to 75 feet deep, driven in the bottom of a pit 20 feet in diameter and 25 
feet deep. On testing the wells a single well yielded 10,000 gallons per hour and two wells 15,000 and 
16,000 gallons. Mi-. Joe Seaman, foreman for Mr. W. C. Jaegle, gives the following section: 

Record of Easthampton Home Water Company's well near Easthampton. 

Wisconsin to Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Sand '. 0- 3 

2. Clay - 3-10 

3. Sand-.._ 10-86 

The sample, from a depth of 86 feet, which Mr. Seaman has furnished is a light-colored glacial gravel. 

Analysis of water from Home Water Company's ivells, Easthampton. 

[By Fraser & Co., AprU 15, 1899.] 

Parts per million. 

Color Very slight. 

Turbidity SKght. 

Sediment Slight. 

Taste - Palatable. 

OdorlC° C None. 

Nitrogen of free and saline ammonia 0. 018 

Nitrogen of albuminoid ammonia .010 

Nitrogen as nitrites , None. 

Nitrogen as nitrates None. 

Chlorine _ 12. 35 

Total solids 43. 00 

Loss on ignition 11.1 

Appearance on ignition . _ . _ , _ White. 

Total hardness 10. 

Temporary hardness _ 6.0 

Iron - Trace. 

Bacteriological examination : 

Fermentation test . . Negative. 

Putrefaction test Negative. 

"The examination indicates that these specimens of water are soft and free from pollution and any 
excess of organic matter. The water is, therefore, recommended for drinking and general domestic purposes." 



336 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

911. Record of United States Army well on Plum Island, New York. 

Wisconsin: . Feet. 

1. Loam 0-2.5 

2. Sand and large bowlders ■. 2. 5-20 

Tisburj'?: 

3. Fine sand 20 -31 

4. Fine sand and gravel , 31 -49 

5. Coarse sand and line gravel 49 -89 

"We erected a pumping plant here, which has been in operation since 1899." 

913. Record of Long Island Railroad well at Amagansett. 

Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 

1. Coarse reddish brown sand, turning to white gravel 0-107 

914. Record of United States Army well at Gvll Island, New YorJc. 

Feet. 

1. Loam and sand 0-30 

2. Coarse sand 30- 40 

3. Very coarse sand 40- 46 

4. Very coarse sand and gravel 46- 52 

. 5. Sand : 52- 57 

6. Fine quicksand 57- 82 

7. Sand and clay 82- 87 

8. Gravel and sand ^ 87- 91 

9. Coarse gravel and sand 91- 98 

10. Fine sand .'. 98-108 

11. Light-colored clay 108-112 

12. Dark-blue clay, rather oily; when exposed to the air became very hard 112-291 

Water was struck at 15 feet, but was very salty; -the well flowed at 91 feet, also very salty; no 
water below 110. 

915. Record of United States Army well at Montauk. 

Feet. 

1. Hardpan (very compact mixture of clay, gravel, and sand) 0-12 

2. Bowlders very closely packed together 12-16 

3. Coarse reddish brovra sand 16-30 

Surface water encountered at 9 feet. 

Mr. Lockwood put down 3 wells at this place during the Spanish-American war. The second well was 

similar to the above, but a third well driven some distance from the two former ones had the following 

section : 

Record of United States Army well at Montauk. 

Feet. 

1 . Sand and gravel _ 0-15 

2. Beach sand 15-27 

3. Quicksand 27-37 

Mr. Lockwood reports that this well would be exhausted in a minute, and that it took an hour to fill up, 
so the pipe was pulled up 10 feet, when the well yielded 100,000 to 103,000 gallons a day. 

916. The Long Island Railroad Company have furnished the following partial analysis of water from 
their driven well: 

Analysis of railroad weU at Montauk. 

[July, 1898.] 

Parts per million. 

Mineral solids 186. 56 . 

Organic 51. 3 

Chlorine 93. 02 



DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 337 

91 7. The following analysis of Fort Pond water was made by the Long Island -Railroad Company, 
September, 1897: 

Analysis of Fort Pond water, Montauk. 

Parts per million. 

Si02, etc '. - 5. 98 

CaCOg _ 16. 24 

MgCOs 14.71 

CaSO, 102. 26 

MgSO^ 47.37 

MgCl^ -- -.--, 186.72 

NaCl 1, 216. 84 

Total 1,590.13 

Not used for boilers. 

91§. The following analysis of Great Pond water was made by the Long Island Railroad Company, 
September, 1897: 

Analysis of water of Great Pond Lake, Montauk. 

Parts per million. 

SiO^ 14. 71 

CaCOj .... 25. 14 

MgCOg 33. 17 

CaSO^ 249. 15 

MgSOi 353. 29 

MgCl, 614. 74 

NaCl ,. 4, 855. 54 

Total 6,145.74 

Not used for boilers. 

919. Record of Ferguson well on Fishers Island, New York. 

Pleistocene in part: Feet. 

1. Gravel, bowlders, and sand 0-260 

. Cretaceous ? : 

2. Blue clay 260-281 

Pre-cretaceous: 

3. Rock, Ught-gray granite '. 281-485 

Salt water was encountered at 201 feet, fresh water at 328, and salt water at 485 feet. 



CHAPTER V. 

RESULTS OF SIZIISTG AIS^B FILTEATIOIS^ TESTS. 

By W. O. Crosby. 
SIZING TESTS. 

In the detailed study of the underground water resources of any area it. is 
important to know the extent to which the soil or underlying rock will absorb 
and transmit water. As both absorption and transmission depend more or less 
directly on the porosity of the strata, which in turn depends upon' the relative 
size and arrangement of the particles composing them, one method of approaching 
the problem is to mechanicalty separate representative samples by means of sieves 
of known sizes and to construct from the data thus obtained a curve showing at 
a glance the relative proportions of coarse and fine materials and the degree of 
vmiformity in the composition. From this curve may readily be deduced the 
effective size and the uniformity coefficient. 

The effective size is the size of grain that would allow a sand to have its actual 
transmission capacity if all the grains were of the same diameter. It may be 
determined from the dimensions of the mesh of a sieve that will permit 10 per 
cent of the sample to pass through it, but will retain the other 90 per cent. Thus 
in any soil 10 per cent of the grains are smaller than effective size and 90 per cent 
are larger. 

The uniformity coefficient is the ratio of the effective size to the size of 
grain which is larger than 60 per cent of the particles and smaller than 40 per cent. 

The actual degree of uniformity of the grains in any sample varies inversely 
as the coefficient; and hence porosity and transmission must, in general, vary 
indirectly as the uniformity coefficient and directly as the effective size. Other 
things being equal, they are low when the coefficient is high, that is, when the 
grains are diversified in size and the constitution of the sand highly composite, 
and also when the effective size is small. Otherwise stated, uniformity of grain 
tends to the maximum values for both porosity and transmission and a high 
effective size favors transmission, especially by minimizing friction. It will thus 
be seen that these elements afford a check upon the porosity and transmission 
values as determined by actual trial in the filtration tests, and that they also 
afford a means of rating or grading, at least approximately, materials for which 
filtration tests have not been made. 

338 



SIZING TESTS. 



339 



The determinations of the effective size and uniformity coefficient are, natu- 
rally, more accurate for relatively coarse than for fine materials because of the 
difficulty of separating and measuring minute particles; and hence it is especialh" 
desirable to supplement these determinations by filtration tests for fine-grained 
samples, or for those containing large proportions of quartz ffour and clay. Theo- 
retically, it should be possible to deduce a factor or formula for the conversion 
of sizing results into filtration results, and vice A^^ersa; but under the existing 
limitations of the sizing tests this is manifestly impossible, at least for relatively 
impalpable materials. 

Table XII. — Results of sizing tests. 



Well 
number. 


Commis- 
sion well 
number. 


Sample 
number. 


Depth. 


Effective 
size. 


Uniformity 
coefficient. 


fiO per cent 
finer than — 


159 

166 
167 


662 

827 
828 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

15 

16 

17 

18 

I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

4 


Feet. 

(") 

('') 
5. 0- 5. 5 

6 
10. 0-10. 5 
15.0-15.5 
19.0-19.5 
24. .5-25. 
30 -31 
35 -36 
36. 5-37 
40. 5-41. 5 
49 -50 
54. 5-55. 5 
59. 5-60. 5 
64 -65 

(n 
3-4 
5^6 
10 -11 
15 -16 
17 -18 
20 -21 
25 -26 
29. 5-30. 5 

(") 
"3 
5-6 
10 -11 


Millimeters. 




Millimeters. 
0.70 
.138 
1.30 










0.181 
.22 
.235 
.760 
.35 
.241 
.455 
.245 
.165 
.178 
.26 
.31 
.204 


23.2 
5.0 
6.21 
3.05 
4.57 
7.97 
5.05 
2.82 
3.58 
4.78 
3.92 
3.61 
2.84 


























.203 
.153 
.165 
.145 
.20 


















.131 
.195 
.170 
.202 


7.25 
3.25 
5: 15 

2.27 








.125 

0.112 

.595 


'1 


1 


0.182 


3.85 





a Surface loam. 



b Subsoil. 



340 UNDERGROUND WATER RESODRCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 



Well 
number. 


Commis- 
sion well 
number. 


Sample 
nimiber. 


Depth. 


Effective 
size. 


XJniformity 
coefficient- 


60 per cent 
finer than— 


167 

173 

180 

207 
208 


828 

859 
762 

628 
638 


5 
6 

7 
8 

10 
11 
1 
2 
'3 
4 
5 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 


Feet. 
15 -16 
20 -21 
23. 5-24. 5 
26 -27 
" 29.5-30.5 
35 -36 
39 -40 
.5-1.0 
2.0-2.5 
5. 0- 5. 5 
10 -11 
12. 0-12. 5 
(^) 

(0 

5. 0- 5. 5 
10 -11 
12. 5-13. 5 
15 -16 
17 -18 

19 -20 
22 -23 
25 -26 
30 -31 

.5 

1.5 

5-6 

10 -11 

15 -16 

17 -18 

20 -21 
25 -26 
29 -29.5 

.5 

1.0 

5. 0- 5. 5 

10 -11 

11 -12 


Millimeters. 
.198 
1.28 
2.50 
.185 
.238 
.475 
.166 


3.28 
2.27 
1.32 
2.49 
6.72 
4.00 
2.29 


Millimeters. 












.128 
.17 






.18 
.225 


3.44 
6.22 




(") 
.458 
.205 
.700 
.329 
.379 






















.131 

.84 
.167 
, . 825 
.235 
.102 


5.88 
3.18 
3.89 
2.16 
4.57 
4. 16 












.32 


.117 

.20 

.225 

.22 

.260 

.266 

.228 

.28 

.16 

.182 

.213 

.21 

.211 


5.7 

4.0 

4.0 

9.71 

2.56 

2.11 

2.76 

3.00 

3.25 

3.13 

2.72 

2.33 

1.34 






1 




I 

















a Surface loam. 



b Subsoil. 



c 63.9 per cent finer than 200 (0.10) . 



SIZING TESTS. 
Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 



341 



Well 
number. 


Commis- 
sion well 
number. 







Sample 
number. 



208 638 



215 627 



216 639 



217 ' 717 



218 ' 688 



6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
1 
2 
3 
4 



9 
10 



Depth. 



Feet. 
13 
16 
21 
26 
31 
.5 
1.0 
5. 0- 5. 5 
10 -11 
15 -16 
20. 0-20. 5 
23 -24 
25. 0-25. 5 
.5 
1.0 
3. O- 3. 5 
5. 0- 5. 5 
9. 5-10. 5 
15. 0-15. 5 

20 -21 
24. 0-24. 5 

.^0.5 
1 - 3 
5. 0- 5. 5 
10 -11 
15 -16 
19. 5-20. 

21 -22 
25 -26 
31 -32 

.5-0.5 
1.5- 1.5 
5. 0- 5. 5 
10 -11 
16 
21 
31 
41 
46 
56 



Effective 



15 
20 
26 
39 
45 
55 



Millimeters. 
0.190 
.240 
.218 
.243 
.335 



Uniformity 
coefficient. 



.107 

.245 

.229 

.265 

.29 

.40 

.27 

.132 

.212 

.23 

.245 

.229 

.247 

.26 

.24 

.119 



.238 

.22 

.231 

.220 

.244 

.225 

.245 



.12 

.233 

.238 

.190 

.212 

.262 

.247 

.25 



2.27 
2.13 
3.56 
1.83 
8.06 



5.79 
8.16 
2.25 
3.32 
4.2'± 
7.13 
2.78 
2.71 
4.13 
2.39 
5.22 
2.16 
3.54 
1.81 
2.07 
3.53 



2.15 

2.5 

7.27 

2.66 

3.8 

2.71 

6.53 



4.58 
3.86 
3.82 
3.36 
3.82 
3.36 
2.15 
2.48 



60 per cent 
finer than — 



Millimeters. 



0.56 



.58 



.37 

.34 



342 UNDEKGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 
Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 



Well 
number. 


Commis- 
sion well 
number. 


Sample 
number. 


Depth. 


Effective 
size. 


Uniformity 
coefBcient. 


60 per cent 
finer than— 


218 
221 

229 

235 
294 
296 


688 
687 

695 

1090 
659 
660 


11 

1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
1 
2 

3 


Feet. 
59 -60 

.4 
1.5 
5.0 
10 -11 
15 -16 
20 -21 
25 -26 
28 -29 
. 3- 0. 4 
1.5- 1.6 
5. 0- 5. 5 
10 -11 
15 -16 
20 -21 

25 -26 
.30 -31 
34 -35 
37 -38 

.5- 1.0 

2. 0- 2. 5 

5-6 

• 10 -11 

15 -16 

20 -21 

22 -23 

26 -27 
28. 0-28. 5 


Millimeters. 
0.283 


2.86 


Millimeters. 


0.22 
.26 
.435 










.172 
.310 

.518 
.282 
.295 


4.65 
2.99 
5.79 
3.72 

1.88 










.255 

.28 






.221 

.208 

.205 

.240 

.22 

.229 


4.12 
3.66 
2.24 
2.63 
2.14 
1.49 












.112 
.188 
.11 
.10 














.134 
. .195 
.209 
.245 
.22 
.206 


4.04 

2.8 

3.21 

7.00 

7.05 

3.4 










.223 
.38 


.5 
1.0 
5. 0- 5. 5 
10 -11 
15. 0-15. 5 
20 -21 
23. 0-23. 5 
25 -26 
30.0-30.5 
.4 
1.0 
5. 0- 5. 5 






.215 

.192 

.224 

.233 

.212 

.245 

.243 

.250 

.128 

.20 

.22 


1.47 

2.24 

1.83 

2.11 

1.25 

1.9 

1.87 

1.79 

2.91 

2.2 

2.77 

























SIZING TESTS. 
Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 



343 



Well 
ntunber. 



296 



Commis- 
sion well 
number. 



303 



308 



310 



660 



607 



907 



829 



Sample 
number. 



4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 



10 
1 
2 

3 
4 
5 



10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 



Depth. 



Feet. 
10 -11 



15 
20 
28 
25 
29 



-16 
-21 
-24 
-26 
-30 
35. 0-35. 5 
.5-0.5 
1 - 1 
5. 0- 5. 5 
10. 0-10. 5 
15. 0-15. 5 
20. 0-20. 5 
25 -26 
30. 0-30. 5 
35 -36 
40 -41 
. 3- 0. 4 
.8- 1.0 
2.5-3.0 
6-7 
10 -11 
15. 0-15. 5 
20. 0-20. 5 
25 -26 
30. 5-31. 5 
32 -33 
-36 
-41 
-45 
-51 
55. 5-56. 5 
.3- .5 
1.0- 1.5 
4. 0- 4. 5 
10 -11 
15. 0-15. 5 
20 -21 
25 -26 
30 -30 



35 
40 
44 
50 



Effective 



Millimeters. 
0.22 
.2.58 
.207 
.212 
.226 
.215 
.216 



Uniformity 
coefficient. 



.215 
.229 
.221 
.23 

.206 

.22 

.25 

.218 

.23 



.275 

.231 

.347 

.274 

.264 

.268 

.36 

.228 

.257 

.26 

.22 

.216 

.226 



.23 

.358 

.225 

.23 

.2) 

.239 



60 per cent 
finer than — 



2.09 

2.33 

1.75 

1.8 

2.57 

2.09 

2.64 



2.68 
5.07 
2.35 
4.87 
3.16 
2.05 
8.00 
3.03 
7.43 



8.73 
2.56 
5.48 
4.05 
3.51 
6.34 
9.78 
11.4 
11.28 
8.12 
2.50 
4.31 
5.66 



3.83 
4.47 
3.78 
3.00 
3.85 
6 86 



Millimeters. 



0.442 



.28 
.282 



.23 
.38 



344 UNDEKGEOUND WATER BESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 
Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 



WeU 
number. 


SEI'Ss. 


Depth. 


Eflfective 
size. 


Uniformity 
coefficient. 


60 per cent 
finer than— 


310 

• 

312 


829 


9 
10 
11 


Feet. 
35 - 36 
40 - 41 ■ 
45 - 46 


Millimeters. . 
0.220" 

.220 

.245 

.22 

.30 

.50 

.241 

.60 

. 57 


2.48 
2.45 
4.00 
1.82 
2.83 
4.00 
3.53 
4.00 
5.26 


Millimeters. 






12 i 50 - 53 
13. 55 - 56 

14 ' 60 - 61 

15 65-66 

16 70 - 71 

17 75 - 77 

18 80. 5- 81. 5 

19 ! 84.0- 85.5 

20 90 - 91 

21 95 - 96 

22 99. 0-100. 5 

23 105 -106 

24 109 -111 

25 113 -115 

26 lift -117 












0.37 


.247 

.241 

.227 

.23 

.213 


2.27 
2.5; 
1.78 
L65 

1.7 


" " " " 








26 


1.48 


1.96 




(") 

m 

19 


97 


120 -121 
130 -134 
148 -149 
.3- .3 
1 - 1 
5. 0. 5 
9. .5- 10.0 






28 

29" 

619 1 

2 

: 3 

4 






.158 


1.64 


. 168 




22 


.262 
.26 
.24 
1.5 
.182 
.16 
.22 
.23 
.15 
.35 
.19 
.225 
.207 
.22 
.242 
.211 


17.18 
2.27 
6.75 
2.67 
3.00 
1.56 

10.1 
7.61 
5.27 
3.71 
4.00 
6.49 
2.00 
2.91 
3.06 
2.6 






5 15 - 16 
1 fi 20 - 21 












7 25-27 

8 30-31 

9 .S5 - ."^fi 










10 


40 - 41 






11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
1 


43. 0- 43. 5 
45. 0- 45. 5 
50-51 
55-56 
60-61 
65 - 66 
70 - 71 
72 - 73 
. 0.5 












318 Sfi4. 












.22 

1 













« 82.6 per cent finer than 200 (0.10). 



b 77 per cent finer than 200 ^O.IO). 



SIZING TESTS. 
Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 



345 



Well 
number. 


Commis- 
sion well 
number. 


Sample 
number. 


Depth. 


Effective 
size. 


Uniformity 
coefficient. 


60 per cent 
finer than — 


318 
323 

381 
382 


864 
956 

697 
658 


2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 


Feet. 
3.0 
8-9 
14 -15 
19 -20 
24 -25 
29 -30 
34 -35 

(«) 
1.0-1.5 
4-5 
9 -10 

14 -15 

19 -20 
24 -25 
29 -30 
34 -35 

39 -40 

45 -47 
11. 5-13. 
16. 5-17. 
19. 0-19. 5 

24 -25 
25. 5-26. 
27. 0-27. 8 
29 -30 
34 -34.5 
34. 5-35 
37 -38 

9. 5-10. 5 
10 -11 

15 -16 

20 -21 

25 -26 
29 -30 
31. 5-32. 8 

34. 5-35. 

35. 5-36. 

40 -41 

41 -42 

46 -47 
50 -51 


Millimeters. 




Millimeters. 
0.359 


0.137 
.13 
.136 
.141 
.11 
.15 


3.0 
2.7 
2.71 
2.73 

2.82 
2.53 












.11 
.345 






.130 

.15 

.225 

.22 

.209 

.181 

.290 

.198 

.172 

.18 

.224 

.29 

.233 

.27 

.240 

.187 

.148 

.169 

.169 

.212 

.237 

.228 

.216 

.28 

.238 

.168 

.189 

.124 

.196 

.138 

.198 

.282 


3.35 
3 00 
3.82 
4.05 
2.11 
3.15 
2.24 
1.77 
3.26 
2.02 
1.72 
3.17 
2.15 
11.4 
2.125 
4.81 
1.34 
1.65 
1.95 
3.30 
3.54 
2.06 
2.69 
2.18 
1.97 
1.4 
1.42 
2.00 
2.32 
1.42 
2.65 
1.88 






























































i 


1 



17116— No. 44— 06- 



-23 



a Surface. 



346 UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 
Table XII. — Results of sizing te.sis— Continued. 



Well, 
number. 


Commis- 
sion well 
number. 


Sample 
number. 


Depth. 


Effective 
size. 


Uniformity 
coefficient. 


60 per cent 
finer than— 


382 

390 
391 

400 

1 


658 

617 
618 

845 


16 

17 
18 
19 
20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11. 

12 

1 

2 

3 

4 


Feet. 
54 -55 
56 -57 
58 -59 
63 -64 
68 -69 
73 -74 
78 -79 
81 -82 
86 -87 
91 -92 
93 -94 
95 -96.5 
96. 5-97. 
.5 
1.8-2.0 
2. 8- 2. 5 
5-6 
8. 5- 9. 
10 -11 

15 -16 

16 -17 
20 -21 
25 -26 
29. 0-29. 8 

0.4 
1.5 
2.5 
5-6 
8 - 9 
10.5-11.5 
14 -15 
16 -17 
18. 5-19. 
23 -24 
26. 5-27. 5 
31.0-32.3 
- 0. 8 
1.3- 1.5 
2.0-2.2 
6 - 7 


MilUmetertf. 
0.245 
.187 
.2:3 
.213 
.170 
.378 
.280 
.239 
.209 
.177 
.1 

.169 
.172 


1.51 
1.26 
1.46 
1.62 
2.03 
2.07 
1.48 
1.76 
1.45 
2.06 
2.04 
1.38 
1. 6 


Millimeters. 
























0.305 
.25 






.35 

.346 

.26 

.22 

.22 

.24 

.236 

.22 

.141 


3.57 

4.05 

2.77 

2.41 

1.9 

4.00 

3.18 

1.73 

1.38 






' 












.42 
.35 






.345 

.24 

.■4 

.247 

.251 

.211 

.31 

.39 

.159 

.17 


6.67 

10.83 

2.35 

2.00 

2. ir 

l.£6 
3.32 

7.12 
2.52 
1.4 






• 














.225 


.41 

.415 

.289 


15.24 
6.14 
2.01 









SIZING TESTS. 
Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 



347 



WeU 
number. 


Commis- 
sion well 
number. 


Sample 
number. 


Depth. 


Effective 
size. 


Uniformity 
coefficient. 


60 per cent 
finer than— 


400 
401 

403 

409 
410 


845 
846 

847 

422 
862 


5 
6 

7 
8 
9 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
9 
10 
11 
12 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
1 
2 
3 
4 


Feel. 
11.0-11.8 
16 -17 
21 -22 
26 -27 
31 -32 , 
- 0.7 
1.2- 1.6 

2. 5- 2. 7 
5. 5- 6. 5 
9. 5-10. 5 

14. 5-15. 5 
19 -20 
21.5-22.5 
23 -24 
28 -29 
31 -32 

0. 2- 0. 4 
1.5- 1.9 

3. 0- 3. 4 
8-9 

10 -11 
12 -13 
15 -16 
18 -19 
23 -24 
28 -29 
33. 0-33. 5 

i") 
" 1. 5 
5 
10 
15 
22 
28 
35 
37 
.2- .6 

1. 2- 1. 6 

2. 3- 2.' 5 
7-8 


Millimeters. 
0. 225 
.313 
.240 
.29 
.211 


3.02 
3.04 
2.06 
2.76 
1.96 


Millimeters. 


• 








0.63 
.3 





.38 • 

.22 

.256 

.205 

.300 

.12 

.18 

.23 

.30 


3.74 

4.' 9. 

3.28 

2.63 

7.83 

3.5 

3.00 

2.39 

6.83 


















1.38 


.29 

.45 

.223 

.228 

.41 

.315 

..[4 

.216 

.23 

.24 


12.76 
11.1 
2.24 
2.63 
12.7 
3.1 
8.15 
2.5 
2.7 
2.04 




















3.30 


.51 

.23 

.30 

.252 

.207 

.10 

.20 

.231 

.161 

.753 

.318 

.23 


12.16 
6.52 
4.4 
4.48 
2.32 
6.8 
2.05 
2.1 
1.32 
8.13 
1.8 
2.39 



























a Surface. 



b Subsoil. 



348 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 



Well • 
number. 



410 



416 



418 



Commis- 
sion well 
number. 



862 



863 



901 



421 



906 



Sample 
number. 



5 
6 

7 
8 
9' 
10 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 



10 

11 

12 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

18 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 



Depth. 



12 
17 
22 
27 
32 
36 



1.2 



Feet. 
-13 
-18 
-23 
-28 
-33 
-36.8 
- 0.6 
1.4 



Effective 
size. 



3 2- 3. 4 



6 
11 
16 
21 
26 



- 7 

- 12 

- 17 

- 22 

- 27 
30. 9-31. 
31 -32 
36 -37 • 
41. 5-42. 5 

.3- .5 
2. 0- 2. 4 

6. 5- 8. 
11 -12 

-17 

-22 

-27 

-32 
36. 4-36. 9 
41 -42 
45 -51 
51. 0-53. 8 
53. 8-55. 7 
0-0.8 
2. 7- 2. 9 

7. 5- 8. 5 
12. 2-13. 2 
17. 5-18. 5 
22. 5-23. 5 
25. 0-25. 5 
30 -31 
35 -36 



16 
21 
26 
31 



Millimeters^. 
0.27 
.41 
.459 
.215 
.241 
.232 



Uniformity 
coefficient. 



.28 

.28 

.38 

.445 

.41 

.38 



.365 

.33 

.365 



.48 

.368 

.35 

.362 

.362 

.325 

.33 

.198 

.350 



.221 
.35 



.206 

.269 

.22 

.243 

.23 

.22 

.215 

.228 



4.26 
11.00 
7.01 
2.8 
5.18 
3.44 



60 per cent 
finer than — 



Millimeters. 



16.07 
4.43 
6.58 
6.14 
8.78 
6.32 



9.32 
9.09 

8.22 



13.33 
6.71 

11.14 
9.67 
8.01 
7.88 
9.09 
3.8 
6.91 



L81 
2.29 



5.34 
14.5 
6.27 
5.1 
3.91 
7.73 
3.02 
2.76 



0.236 
2.08 



.229 



.44 



.242 



.34 



SIZING TESTS. 
Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 



349 



Well 
number. 


Commis- 
sion well 
number. 


Sample 
number. 


Depth. 


Effective 
size. 


Uniformity 
ooeflicient. 


60 per cent 
finer than— 


421 

422 

t 

501 
502 


906 
959 

909 
955 


10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 


Feet. 

40 -41 

41 -42 
45 -46 
50 -51 

54 -55 

1. 7- 2. 3 
3.0-3.5 
8. 0- 9. 5 

10. 5-11. 5 
15 -16 
20 -21 
23 -24 
27 -28 
31 -32 
36 -37 
0-0.5 

2. 5- 3. 5 
5-7 

10 -12 
15 -16 
20 -21 
25 -27 
30 -31 
35 -36 

40 -41 
45 -46 
50 -51 

55 -56 
.5-1.0 

1.5-2.0 
2. 5- 3. 
4. 5- 5. 5 
6-7 
10 -11 
15. 0-17. 5 
20 -22 
25. 0-26. 5 
30 -32 
35 -36 

41 -42 


Millimeters. 

0.29 

1.30 

.229 

.220 

1.10 


3.62 

2.38 

2.75 

2.7 

2.41 


Millimeters. 










0.136 






.18 - 

.20 

.214 

.239 

.44 

.28 

.23 

.259 


7.5 

4.25 
7.01 
2.76 
10.11 
3.25 
4.43 
3.47 
















.55 


.243 
.235 
.205 
.780 
.193 
.229 
.260 
.310 
.235 
.208 
.210 
.178 


3.00 

4.04 

2.88 

5.0 

2.33 

2.9 

5.19 

2.9 

2.68 

1.61 

3.33 

1.40 
























.25 

.725 






.235 

.64 

.45 

.215 

.219 

.23 

.27 

.234 

.365 

.218 


13.62 
6.64 

11.56 

10.00 
5.02 

10.00 
7.89 

11.54 
8.36 
5.83 























a 61 per cent finer than 0.10. 



350 UNDEKGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LOIS-Q ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 
Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 



WeU- 
number. 



502 



506 



569 



Commis- 
sion well 
number. 



955 



1142 



849 



Sample 
number. 



Depth. 



13 45. 
" 14 50 



15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

1 



85 

90. 

9o. 

100. 

101 

104. 

109 

114. 

120 

124. 

129. 

132. 



1. 

3 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

79. 



Feet. 
0- 46.5 

- 52 

- 57 

- 61 
5- 65.5 
0- 71.5 

- 76 

- 81 
83 

- 86 
0- 90.5 
0- 95.5 
0-105. 5 

-102 
5-105. 

-110 
5-115. 5 

-121 
5-125. 5 
5-131.0 
5-135. 5 

- 1.5 
8-2.2 

- 6 

- 11 

- 16 

- 21 

- 26 

- 32 

- 37 

- 41 

- 46 

- 51 

- 56 

- 61 

- 66 

- 71 

- 76 
5- 80.5 
2- .3 



Effective 
size. 



Millimeters. 
0.54 



2.00 



.42 
.365 
.42 
.225 
2.21 
.63 
.38 
.22 
.37 
.23 
.219 
.20 
.185 
.218 
.218 
.226 
.233 



.275 

.226 

.51 

.29 

.48 

.50 

.23 

.40 

.35 

.335 

.275 

.23 

.22 

.218 

.218 

.20 

.19 



Uniformity 
coefficient". 



4.91 



1.26 



2.26 
2.66 
3.52 
4.00 
1.35 
4.41 
9.37 
5.45 
5.14 
2.26 
1.89 
1.65 
1.52 
1.66 
1.66 
1.61 
4.68 



60 per cent 
finer than — 



Millimeters. 



7.27 

4.56 

7.25 

3.72 

6.04 

4.6 

3.91 

7.75 

5.71 

5.08 

3.42 

9.18 

2.09 

1.51 

1.82 

2.25 

1.21 



0.535 



.23 



.41 



a This sample too small to analyze. 



SIZING TESTS. 
Table X.ll.^Results of sizing tests — Continued. 



351 



Well 
number. 



569 



574 



575 



Commis- 
sion well 
number. 



849 



865 



908 



Sample 
number. 



1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

1 

2 

3 



Depth. 



15 
20 
25 
30 



Feet. 
2. 0- 2. 4 
4. 0- 4. 5 

10 -11 

11 -12 
15 -16 
20. 5-21. 5 
25 -26 
30 -31 

0. 5- 1. 

1. 7- 2. 3 

2. 7- 3. 3 
5-6 

9 -10 

-16 

-21 

-27 

-32 
35. 0-36. 5 
37. 5-38. 
40 -41 
45 -46 
50. 5-53. , 
52. 4-52. 6 
55 -58 
58. 5-59. 5 
60. 5-61. 5 
63 -64 
65. 5-66. 5 
70. 0-72. 5 
74. 5-75. 5 
80 -81 
84 -85 
.5- 1.0 
1.5- 2.0 
3-4 

- 7 

-11 

-16 

-21 

-25 



6 
10 
15 
20 
24 



Effective 



Millimeters. 



0.239 
.27 
.27 
.34 
.26 
.238 
.49 ■ 



.31 

.30 

.54 

.375 

.26 

.65 

.213 

.144 

.242 

.228 

.52 

.11 

.105 

.118 

.220 

.19 

.65 

.20 

.22 

.232 

.332 

.145 

.62 

.33 

.37 

.363 

.529 

.213 

.195 



Uniformity 
coefficient. 



7.66 
3.89 
3.89 
2.91 
4.12 
2.48 
3.67 



60 per cent 
finer than — 



2.97 
10.67 
6.3 
2.47 
3.9 
4.06 
2.07 
2.19 
2.4 
4.17 
4.33 
7.82 
8.39 
3.31 
1.85 
2.8 
1.77 
2.9 
1.66 
2.41 
1.78 
7.93 
6.05 
6.06 
7.03 
7.71 
7.37 
2.63 
1.13 



Millimeters. 
0.605 



.216 
.205 
.23 



352 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 
Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 



Well 
number. 



575 



635 



637 



639 



Commis- 
sion well 
number. 



908 <■ 



743 



729 



826 



Sample 
number. 



9 

10 

11 

12 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 



Depth. 



Feet. 
27. 0-28. 5 
31 -32 
35 -37 
40.5-41.5 

- 0. 5 
.5- 1.0 

1 - 3 
5-6 

10 -11 
15 -16 
19 -20 
24 -25 

CO 

.5-1.0 
1 - 3 
5-6 
-11 
-16 
-21 
-26 



10 
15 
20 
24 
29 



(") 

.5-2.0 
5-6 
12 
16 
21 
26 
31 



35 -36 

40 -41 

45 -46 

50 -51 

55 -56 

60 -61 

65 -66 

70 -71 



75 
80 
85 



-76 

-81 
-86 



Effective 



Millimeters. 

0.215 

.218 

.218 

.228 



.53 

.38 

.341 

.398 

.28 

.38 



.308 

.358 

.435 

.25 

.23 

.345 

.338 



.156 
.259 
.434 
.219 
.365 
.42 
.22 
.209 
.314 
.265 
.34 
266 
.22 
.37 
.382 
.281 
.231 
.46 



Uniformity 
coefficient. 



1.08 
1.09 
1.3 
1.5 



6.51 
7.37 
7.68 
4.22 
4.57 
2.6 



8.08 

8.1 

7.13 

4.8 

2.7 

2.43 

5.47 



6.73 

4.02 

4.61 

4.93 

2.8 

6.21 

1.59 

1.55 

3.12 

3.21 

1.76 

2.03 

1.93 

2.51 

2.49 

3.47 

2.86 

2.72 



60 per cent 
finer than — 



Millimeters. 



0. 605 
2.00 



1.13 
.80 



.74 



a Surface. 



SIZING TESTS. 
Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 



358 



Well 
number. 


Commis- 
sion well 
number. 


Sample 
number. 


Depth. 


Effective 
size. 


Uniformity 
coefficient. 


60 per cent 
finer than— 


639 
694 

695 


826 
861 

843 


20 

21 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 


Feet. 
87. 0- 87. 5 
91 - 92 

0.3 

1.0- 1.5 

5.0- 5.5 

10. 0- 10. 5 

15 - 16 

20 - 21 

30. 0- 30. 5 

35. 5- 35. 5 

40. 0- 40. 5 

45. 0- 45. 5 

50. 0- 50. 5 

55 - 56 

60. 0- 60. 5 

65. 0- 65. 5 

69. 0- 69. 5 

75. 0- 75. 5 

80. 0- 80. 5 

85. 0- 85. 5 

90. 0- 90. 5 

95. 0- 95. 5 

100. 0-100. 5 

101.5-102.0 

.5 


MilUmeiers. 
0. 125 


1.72 


Millimeters. 


0.182 
.5 
.39 






.224 
.22 
.195 
1.10 
.3 
.33 
.23 
.214 
.238 
.222 
.19 
.224 
.229 
.242 
.208 
.209 
.200 
.22 
.18 


2.63 
15.23 
3,33 
3.19 
5.67 
2.73 
3.00 
1.54 
5.25 
3.47 
1.37 
2.28 
2.1 
1.9 
1.25 
1.82 
1.17 
1.59 
1.23 






























' 








.22 

.4 

.6 






1.5- 2.0 
5.0- 5.5 
10.0- 10.5 
15.0- 15.5 
20. 0- 20. 5 
25 - 26 
30. 0- 30. 5 
35 - 36 






.22 
.27 
.22 
.22 
.42 
.23 
.235 


4.64 

1.73 

4.5 

2.73 

7.33 

2.52 

3.83 

















354 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, 

FILTRATION TESTS. 

Filtration tests were made with coluniBs of carefully packed material, 6 inches 
long and one ten-millionth of an acre in section, under a 5-foot head of water. 
Recently boiled water of normal room temperature was used. Before beginning the 
filtration test with a sample the air was expelled by admitting water from a burette 
slowly at the bottom of the column, and the volume of water thus requhed to fill 
the sand was carefully measured. This volume expressed in cubic centimeters and 
also m percentages constitutes the porosity determination. 

The upper end of the tube was then connected with the 5-foot head of water 
for the filtration test. Water was allowed to flow unmeasured for several minutes 
until the finer sand particles should have time to adjust themselves and until 
anj' residuum of air left in the sand should have been dissolved out; the flow was 
then carefully measured for five minutes and multiplied by 12 to get the rate per 
hour. 

Under the conditions of the tests it is, obviously, impossible to reproduce the 
structure of the material as it existed in the ground; and yet this structure^^— the 
mode of association and arrangement of the grains of varying sizes — must 
profoundly influence the filtration rate. This is, probably, the most serious limita- 
tion of the filtration tests ; for while we may fairly assume that the material in the 
ground is closely packed (hard-packed), we have, in general, or with ordinarj^ 
boring samples, no means of knowing whether it is a homogeneous mixture or, 
as must commonly be the case, distinctly laminated, coarse, pervious layers alter- 
nating with fine, impervious layers, in a way to insure the maximum flow in a 
horizontal direction. If a general assumption must be made, it were, doubtless, 
most conservative to assume the horizontal flow as greater and the vertical flow 
as less than the filtration rate, which may be, in many cases, an approximate mean. 





Table XElI. — Results of filtration 


tests. 




WeU 
number. 


Si^^si' 


[ 

Porosity. 


Filtration: 

Cm. 3 per 

hour. 


Deptn (leet). 

Cin.3. 


Per cent. 


148 


1204 


9 


30-31 17 


32 


960 






10 


35-36 17 


32 


672 






11 


36-37 14. 5 


27.3 


2,880 






12 


44-45 17 


32 


5,520 






13 


50-51 16. 5 


31.1 


540 






14 


55-56 18 


33.9 


960 






15 


62-63 1 16 


30.1 


4,320 






16 


67-68 ' 14.5 


27.3 


3,144 






17 


74-75 ! 17. 5 


33 


3,780 






18 


82-83 ! 19 

1 


3.5.8 


5, 100 






19 


88-89 1 14. 5 


27.3 


2,204 






20 


95-96 t 17 


32 


828 


803 


607 


5 


15 -15. 5 : 18 


33.9 


6,180 






6 


20 -20. 5 18 


33.9 


2,040 



FILTRATION TESTS. 
Table XIII. — Results of filtration tests — Continued. 



355 



Well 
number. 


Commis- 
sion well 
number. 


Sample 
number. 


Depth (feet). 


Porosity. 


Filtration: 

Cm.« per 

hour. 


Cm.3. 


Per cent. 


303 


607 


7 


25 -26 


19 


35.8 


4,200 






■ 8 


30 -30.5 


17 


32 


7, 380 






9 


35 -36 


18 


33.9 


2,616 






10 


40 -41 


15.5 


29.2 


3,660 


308 


907 


11 


35-36 


15 


28.3 


4,800 






12 


40-41 


16.5 


31.1 


6,240 






13 


44 -45 


20 


37.7 


7,440 






14 


50 -51 


i5.5 


29.2 


3,360 






15 


55. 5-56. 5 


17 


32 


7,560 


310 


829 


8 


30 -30 


16.5 


31.1 


5,640 


• 




9 


35 -36 


16 


30.1 


3,540 






10 


40 -41 


18 


33.9 


4,620 






11 


45 -46 


17 


32 


8, 760 






12 


50 -53 


24 


45.2 


4,920 






13 


55 -56 


19.5 


36.7 


14,400 






14 


60 -61 


19.5 


36.7 


17, 940 






15 


65 -66 


18.5 


34.9 


10,200 






16 


70 -71 


21 


39.6 


20, 880 






17 


75 -77 


15 


28.3 


21,840 






18 


80. 5-81. 5 


26 


49 


84 


323 


956 


6 


19 -20 


16 


30.1 


4,080 






7 


24 -25 


16.5 


31.1 


2,136 






8 


29 -30 


15 


28.3 


936 






9 


34 -35 


21 


39.6 


14, 880 






10 


39 -40 


12.5 


23.5 


2,640 






11 


45 -47 


14 


26.4 


636 


382 


« 658 


3 


9. 5-10. 5 


24 


47 


624 






4 


10 -11 


15 


29.4 


3,960 






5 


15 -16 


22 


43.1 


9,840 






6 


20 -21 


11.5 


22.5 


4,740 






7 


25 -26 


21 


41.1 


9,120 






8 


29 -30 


12 


23.5 


2, 940 






9 


31.5-32.3 


22 


43.1 


852 






10 


34. 5-35. 


17.5 


34.3 


80,000 


400 


845 


3 


2 - 2.2 


18 


33.9 


7,200 






4 


6-7 


35 


66 


11,880 






5 


11 -11.8 


18.5 


34.9 


4,680 






6 


16 -17 


18 


33.9 


8,280 






7 


21 -22 


17.5 


33 


4,320 



a Wells 658 and 846 have porosity percentages reckoned on basis of 51 cm.3 capacity for filtration tube; all others 53 cm.3 
capacity. 



356 



UNDEBGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 
Table XIII. — Results ofjUtration tests — Continued. 



Well 
number. 


Commls- 


Sample 


Depth (feet). 


Porosity— 


FOtration: 

Cm.!* per 

hour. 


nZ^e'r.' -"^^er. 


Cm.3. 


Per cent. 


400 


845 , 8 


26 -27 


17.5 


33 


8,340 




9 


31 -32 


19.5 


36.7 


3,540 


401 


"846 3 


2. 5- 2. 7 


12.5 


24.5 


1,200 




1 4 


5. o- 6. 5 


13.5 


26.4 


3,300 






■ 5 


9. 5-10. 5 


17 


33.3 


4,740 






6 


14. 5-15. 5 


17 


33.3 


1,740 






7 


19 -20 


16 


31.3 


9,420 






9 


21. 5-22. 5 


14.5 


28.4 


444 






10 


23 -24 


13.5 


26.4 


288 






11 


28 -29 


19 


37.2 


2,880 






12 


31 -32 


17 


33.3 


8,280 


403 


847 


5 


10 -11 


16 


30.1 


4,680 






6 


12 -13 


16 


30.1 


16,680 






7 


15 -16 


17.75. 


33.4 


9,420 






8 


18 -19 


14 


26.4 


12, 960 






9 


23 -24 


18.5 


34.9 


4,380 






10 


28 -29 


16.5 


31.1 


5,340 


410 


862 


3 


2. 3-22. 5 


20 


37.7 


3,060 






4 


7-6 


16 


30.1 


2,700 






5 


12 -13 


12.5 


23.5 


, 6, 060 






6 


17 -18 


13.5 


25.4 


8,760 






7 


22 -23 


13 


24.5 


7,740 






8 


27 -28 


15 


28.3 


2,880 




9 


32 -33 


23 


43.3 


3,180 




. 10 


36. 0-36. 8 


16.5 


31.1 


6,000 


418 


901 


8 


31 -32 


16.5 


31.1 


13, 260 






9 


36. 4-36. 9 


14.5 


27.3 


1,944 






10 


41 -42 


17.5 


33 


13,704 






11 


45 -51 


23 


43.3 


2,880 






12 


51. 0-53. 8 


20 


37.7 


7,860 






13 


53. 8-55. 7 


36 


67.9 


21,840 


421 


906 


9 


35 -36 


18.5 


34.9 


9,480 






10 


40 -41 


18 


33.9 


15,-i20 






11 


41 -42 


24 


45.2 


60,000 






12 


45 -46 


21 


39.6 


12, 504 






13 


50 -51 


20.5 


38.6 


11,340 






14 


54 -55 


19 


35.8 


52,800 


422 959 


8 


27 -28 


16.5 


31.1 


11,340 




9 


31 -32 


16 


30.1 


8,400 



o Wells 658 and 846 have porosity percentages reckoned on basis of 31 cm.^ capacity for filtration tube; all others 53 cm.' 
capacity. 



FILTRATION TESTS. 
Table XIII. — Results of filtration tests — Continued. 



357 



Well 
number. 


Commis- 
sion well 
number. 


Sample 
number. 


Depth (feet). 


Porosity— 


Filtration: 

Cm.3 per 

hour. 


Cm.3. 


Per cent. 


422 


959 


10 


36 -37 


17 


32 


12,060 


454 


960 


1 


5-6 


16.5 


31.1 


6,000 






2 


8 -10 


19.5 


36.7 


3,480 






3 


21. 1-25. 


18 


33.9 


3,480 






4 


37 -40 


18 


33.9 


18,240 






5 


41 -52 


17 


32 


1,980 


495 


1272 


1 


0.5- 1.0 


16.5 


31.1 


3,360 






2 


1.5-2.0 


15 


28.3 


9, 720 






3 


5-6 


16 


30.1 


17,400 






4 


10 -11 


11 


20.7 


2,940 






5 


15 -16 


17.5 


33 


7,260 






6 


20 -21 


17 


32 


8,940 






7 


24 -25 


18 


33.9 


7,260 






8 


29 -30 


19.5 


36.7 


8,760 






9 


30 -31 


20 


37.7 


1,080 






10 


32 -33 


16 


30.1 


2, 160 






11 


34 -35 


24 


45.2 


1,500 






12 


40 -41 


20.5 


38.6 


852 






13 


45 -46 


20 


37.7 


1,560 






14 
15 


48 -49 
60 -61 






408 


26 


49 






16 


63 -65 


20.5 


38.6 


756 






17 


65. &-67. 5 


23 


43.3 


372 






18 


70 -71 


21.5 


40.5 


251 


697 


1087 


3 


5. 0- 5. 5 


22 


41.5 


7,320 






4 


10 -12 


17 


32 


7,860 






5 


15 -16 


16.5 


31.1 


7,560 






6 


20 -21 


21.5 


40.5 


6,000 






7 


25 -26 


16.5 


31.1 


8,940 






8 


29 -30 


17 


32 


5,580 


698 


1088 


4 


10. 0-10. 5 


16 


30.1 


60, 600 






5 


15. 0-15. 5 


15.5 


29.2 


10,200 






6 


20. 0-20. 5 


16 


30.1 


10, 620 






7 


25. 0-25. 5 


17 


32 


6,600 






8 


30. 0-30. 5 


16 


30.1 


9,360 


707 


1141 


3 


3 - 5 


13.5 


26.4 


4,140 






4 


5 -21 


16 


30.1 


1,320 






5 


21 -25 


16 


30.1 


8,760 






6 


25 -30 


15.5. 


29.2 


15, 360 



a Does not filter. 



358 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 
Table XIII. — Results of filtration tests — Continued. 



' Well 
number. 


Commis- 
sion well 
number. 


Sample 
number. 


Depth (feet). 


Porosity— 


Filtration: 

Cm.3 per 

hour. 


Cm.3. 


Per cent. 


707 


1141 


7 


30- 35 


16 


30.1 


42, 960 






8 


35- 40 


16 


30.1 


10, 560 






9 


40- 45 


18 


33:9 


58, 200 






10 


■ 45- 50 


18.5 


34.9 


12, 660 






11 


50- 55 


15.5 


29.2 


12, 960 






12 


55- 60 


18 


33.9 


9,840 






13 


60- 65 


14 


26.4 


15, 180 






14 


65- 70 


15.5 


29.2 


8,700 






15 


70- 78 


16 


30.1 


9,360 






16 


78- 81 


19 


35.8 


6,960 






17 


81- 85 


17 


32 


8,280 






18 


85-88 


18 


33.9 


5, 760 






19 


88- 92 


20.5 


38.6 


10,800 






20 


92- 97 


17 


32 


21,420 






21 


97-100 


17 


32 


9,240 






22 


100-103 


20 


37.7 


5,640 


708 


1195 


4 


5- 10 


14.5 


27.3 


2,820 






5 


10- 15 


13.5 


26.4 


6,828 






6 


15- 20. 


17 


32 


8,040 






~7 


25- 28 


16.5 


31.1 


. 7,940 






8 


29- 30 


16 


30.1 


3,744 






9 


30- 35 


14.5 


27.3 


8,280 






10 


35- 40" 


17 


32 


11,040 






11 


40- 44 


14.5 


27.3 


5,796 


729 


1198 


4 


9- 10 


15.5 


29.2 


6,420 






5 


14- 15 


14.5 


27.3 


4,020 






6 


19- 20 


13 


24.5 


3,984 






7 


24- 25 


15 


28.3 


8,520 






8 


29- 30 


16.5 


31.1 


9,360 






9 


34- 35 


20 


37.7 


9,960 






10 


39- 40 


17 


32 


10, 920 






11 


44- 45 


18 


33.9 


8,760 


731 


1200 


3 


4r- 5 


13.5 


25.4 


9,240 






4 


9- 10 


16 


30.1 


9,780 






5 


14- 15 


14.5 


27.3 


7,260 






7 


24- 25 


16.5 


31.1 


10, 620 






8 


2&- 30 


17 


32 


7,560 






9 


34- 35 


16.5 


31.1 


7,260 






. 10 


39- 40 


17 


32 


3,060 






11 


44- 45 


17 


32 


10,740 



FILTEATION TESTS. 
Table XIII. — Results of filtration tests — Continued. 



359 



WeU 
number. 


Commis- 
sion well 
number. 


Sample 
number. 


Depth (leet). 


Porosity— 


Filtration: 

Cm.^ per 

hour. 


Cm.3. 


Per cent. 


731 


1200 


12 


49- 50 


16.5 


31.1 


10, 980 






13 


54- 55 


15.5 


29.2 


6,480 


732 


1202 


4 


9- 10 


14.5 


27.3 


3,840 






5 


14- 15 


17.5 


33 


1,800 






6 


19- 20 


17.5 


33 


27, 000 






7 


24- 25 


17 


32 


8,820 






8 


29- 30 


17.5 


33 


1,860 






9 


34- 35 


17 


32 


19, 800 


755 


1206 


4 


9- 10 


16.5 


31.1 


840 






6 


19- 20 


14 


26.4 


14, 520 






8 


29- 30 


17 


32 


3,000 






10 


39- 40 


17 


32 


3,240 






12 


49- 50 


15.5 


29.2 


4,140 






14 


59- 60 


16 


30.1 


7,980 






16 


69- 70 


18 


33.9 


5,580 ^ 






18 


79- 80 


19.5 


36.7 


2,700 






20 


89- 90 


21 


39.6 


4,860 


778 


1145 


3 


4- 5 


19 


35.8 


9,360 






6 


19- 20 


19.5 


36.7 


7,200 






9 


3^ 35 


18.5 


34.9 


7,320 






12 


49- 50 


20.5 


38.6 


5,340 






15 


64- 65 


19.5 


36.7 


6,540 






18 


79- 80 


19 


35.8 


3,480 






21 


94- 95 


19.5 


36.7 


3,960 






24 


109-110 


19.5 


36.7 


6,360 






27 


124-125 


21 


39.6 


2,700 






30 


13^135 


22 


41.5 


54 






33 


■ 149-150 


20.5 


38.6 


4,344 


781 


1169 


4 


9- 10 


18 


33.9 


7,620 






5 


14- 15 


21 


39.6 


8,580 






6 


19- 20 


16 


30.1 


9,540 






'7 


24r- 25 


19 


35.8 


8,940 






8 


29- 30 


18.5 


34.9 


10, 080 






9 


34- 35 


20.5 


38.6 


14, 640 






10 


39- 40 


22 


41.5 


5,280 






11 


44^ 45 


22 


41.5 


14,700 






12 


49- 51 


20.5 


38.6 


13,380 


796 


1214 


4 


5- 10 


20 


37.7 


3,300 






6 


15- 20 


19.5 


36.7 


6,360 



360 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 
Table XIII. — Results of filtration tests — Continued. 



Well 
number. 


Commis- 
sion well 
number. 


Sample 
number. 


Depth (feet). 


Porosity— 


Filtration: 

Cm.:' per 

hour. 


Cm.3. 


Per cent. 


796 


1214 


8 


25-30 


20 


37.7 


5,640 






10 


35-40 


19.5 


36.7 


3, 060 






12 


45-50 


20.5 


38.6 


3,480 






14 


55-57 


19 


35.8 


3,600 


798 


1215 


4 


5-10 


17 


32 


9,180 






6 


15-20 


17 


32 


7,200 






8 


25-30 


16.5 


31.1 


6,780 






10 


35-40 


17.5 


33 


5,940 






12 


45-50 


18.5 


34.9 


5,280 






14 


55-60 


17.5 


33 


10, 320 






16 


65-70 


15 


28.3 


4,440 






18 


75-80 


17 


32 


3,240 






20 


85-90 


16 


30.1 


2,736 



CHAPTER VI. 

THE SURFACE STREAMS OF LONG ISLAND. 

By Robert E. Hoeton. 
CHARACTER OF LONG ISLAND STREAMS. 

In a region of moderate rainfall a sloping valley which is contiauously 
depressed below the ground-water horizon will contain a perennial stream. If 
the bed of the valley is in some degree impervious ^ the stream may continue over 
regions where the ground-water horizon lies at greater depth, or a perennial stream 
may be fed from natural or artificial surface storage in lakes in impervious basins 
lying above the general ground-water bed. 

In general, however, a stream whose channel lies above the ground- water 
horizon will be intermittent, and such an intermittent stream may flow under 
the following conditions: (a) Whenever the ground-water plane, in its periodic 
fluctuation, rises above the topographical elevation of the stream bed; (b) whenever 
the surface supply from rainfall or melting snow is in excess of the amount 
absorbed by the soU, so that surface run-off takes place. 

The great sand and gravel deposits of Long Island afford streams differing 
in character from those generally found elsewhere ia New York and in the New 
England States, where rock is generally found near the surface. 

Many of the Long Island catchment areas may be described as narrow strips 
extending inland from the south shore of the island, having in many cases a nearly 
uniform slope of about 20 feet per mile. The soil is coarse grained and permeable, 
and the ground- water table slopes toward the south shore at a rate of 10 or 12 
feet per mile. In other words, the ground-water table approaches the surface at 
a rate of 8 to 10 feet per mUe, and in the first few miles back from the coast the 
ground water lies very near the general ground surface. The general ground 
surface and ground-water planes intersect at tide water. The stream valleys are 
flat bottomed and generally marshy, and are depressed a few feet below the general 
surface. 

The bed of the stream valley, running parallel to the general slope of the 
surface, intersects the ground-water horizon a short distance inland, commonly 
1 to 5 miles, and it is at this point of intersection that the surface streams usually 
have their visible sources. 

The level of the ground water is subject to periodic fluctuations of a few feet; 
hence the point of its intersection of the stream valley is not invariable, but may 
recede and advance with the season or with the rise and fall of ground water, as 
was observed by the writer in 1903. These conditions are illustrated for an ideal 
stream in figs. 68 and 69. From tide water to the point A of intersection of the 
stream vaUey with the minimum ground-water level the stream is perermial. 
17116— No. 44—06 24 361 



362 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

From A to B, covering the range of fluctuation of ground water, the stream is 
intermittent, having its source at A in times of low ground water and at B in times 
of high ground water. The distance A-B is usually sHght. Above the point B 




Fig. 68. — Long Island marsh stream valley. 

the stream flows only in times of freshets, when supplied by surface run-off. There 
are also flats and glacial depressions, as at C, from which no surface run-off ever 
takes place. 

If for any reason, as, for example, the existence of an outcrop of impervious 
material in the gravel slope, a permanent stream supply is brought to the surface 
at- some point in the catchment basin above the point B, a disappearing stream 
may result, similar in character to streams from the Rocky Mountains which are 
lost in the porous soils of the Great Plains, but of course very much smaller. A 
number of such streams arising in springs have been observed. 




Deep porous soil 



Fig. 69. — Ideal Long Island stream profile. 
UTILIZATION OF LONG ISLAND SURFACE STREAMS. 

The streams are too small in volume and declivity to afford extensive water 
powers. 

In constructing the South Shore highway it was necessary to build earth dikes 
across the flat stream valleys, and these dikes have been utilized in many instances 
as mill dams, the absence of severe freshets on these streams making large overflow 
or wasteway channels unnecessary. 

The second important use of the surface streams has been in the formation 
of numerous private ponds for landscape effect in private parks and for water 
supply for estates and summer residences. 

Certain streams are utilized in cranberry culture and to a limited extent for 
irrigation of -truck lands. 

The streams and ground waters are utilized as sources of water supply for 
Brooklyn and for the extensive summer-resort population at towns along the south 
shore of the island. 



WATEE SUPPLY OF BEOOKLYN. 



363, 



THE WATER SUPPLY OF BROOKLYN, N. Y. « 



Brooklyn was incorporated as a city in 1834; it then contained a population 
of 23,000. The question of constructing a system of public water supply was 
almost continually agitated from this date until 1856, when the construction of a 
waterworks system was undertaken, including supply ponds on a number of 
streams near Brooklyn, on the south shore of Long Island. 

The original works were completed in 1862, and comprised six supply ponds 
receiving the drainage from an aggregate catchment area of 65.6 square miles, 
including additions made to the waterworks previous to their later extension 
eastward. The cost of the original works was $4,200,000. 

Previous to the construction of the municipal waterworks, franchises had 
been secured and small supplies had been developed by a number of private 
water companies. 

In 1889 the extension of the waterworks eastward from Rockville Center 
to Massapequa was undertaken. The extension of the system added a drainage 
ai'ea of 88.5 square miles, making the total area tributary to the complete system 
154.1 square miles. 

The names and capacities of the supply ponds in the old and new systems 
are given in the following tables, together with the population and annual con- 
sumption of water from the municipal system of Brooklyn:* 

Area, elevation, and capacity of supply ponds for Brooklyn waterworks. 



Name. 



Baisley's 

Springfield. . . 

Simonson's 

Clear Stream. . 

Watt's 

Valley Stream. 

Pine's 

Hempstead 

Smith's 

Millburn 

East Meadow. . 

Newbridge 

Wantagh 

Seaman's 

Massapequa . . . 



Elevation 
ol waste weir 
above tide. 


Area at 
waste-weir 
elevation. 


Feel. 


A crea. 


9.569 


40.0 


5.078 


7.34 


16. 995 


8.75 


13. 194 


1.07 


6.53 


3.43 


14. 583 


17.78 


13. 682 


8.0 


12. 216 


23.52 


5.086 


27.25 


6.6 


13.63 


7.7 


16.15 


8.5 


8.90 


9.7 


10.14 


14.9 


14.78 


11.12 


14.55 



Available storage 
capacity. 



U. S. Gallons. 
41,940,000 

7, 199, 000 

9, 879, 000 
977, 500 

3, 750, 000 
20, 850, 000 

9, 046, 000 
26, 900, 000 
41,580,000 
11,100,000 
18, 830, 000 
11,428,000 
15,0.30,000 
28, 990, 000 
16, 990, 000 



■J See The Brooklyn Water Works and Sewers, memoir by James P. Kirkwood, 1857; also History and Description of 
the Water Supply of the City of Brooklyn, by I. M. De Varona, 1896. 
b From report ol I. M. De Varona, 1896. 



364 UNDEKGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OP LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

fopvlation of Broaiklyn and daily vxiter consumption per capita. 



Year. 



1860. 
1861. 
1862. 
1863. 
1864. 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 



Population. 



266 
272 
278: 
283 
289 
296 
313 
332 
352 
373 
396 
412 
429 
447 
465 
484 
500 
515 
532 
549 
566 
584 
601 
617 
634 
673 
750 
765 
782 
852 
853 
880 
957 
1,003 

1, 
1, 105 



,714 
,350 
,106 
,983 
,985 
,112 
,852 
,656 
,585 
,710 
,099 
,403 
,380 
,054 
,455 
,616 
,014 
,903 
,296 
,211 
,663 
,659 
,103 
,517 
,887 
,050 
,000 
,000 
,221 
,467 
,945 
,780 
,958 
,781 
,000 
,000 



Population de- 
pendent on 
Brooklyn water 
supply. 



266 
272 
278 
283 
289 
296 
313 
332 
352 
373 
396 
412 
429 
447 
465 
484 
500 
515 
532 
549 
566 
584 
601 
617; 
634 
673 
728; 
741 
756; 
823 
853 
846 
919 
961 
996 
1,013 



,714 
,350 
,106 
,983 
,985 
,112 
,852 
,656 
,585 
,710 
,099 
,403 
,380 
,054 
,455 
,616 
,014 
,903 
,296 
,211 
,663 
,659 
,103 
,517 
,887 
,050 
,929 
,104 
,195 
,367 
,587 
,330 
,417 
,039 
,500 
,500 



Average daily consumption, 
Brooklyn water supply. 



/. 5 


gallons. 


3, 


293, 000 


4, 


064, 000 


5, 


026, 000 


6 


494,000 


8, 


105, 000 


9 


232,000 


10 


908, 000 


12 


351,000 


15 


709, 000 


17 


629,000 


18 


654,000 


19 


351,000 


22 


714, 000 


24 


875, 000 


24 


755, 000 


27 


150, 000 


28 


109, 000 


30 


345, 000 


30 


507, 000 


32 


912,000 


30 


745, 000 


32 


722,000 


34 


623, 000 


36 


149, 000 


38 


880,000 


43, 


379, 000 


45 


304,000 


46, 


278, 000 


49, 


794,000 


52 


197,000 


55, 


201,000 


58, 


083,000 


67 


566,000 


75, 


823,000 


71, 


360,000 


75, 


735,000 



Second-feet. 

' 5.004 

6.299 

7.790 

10. 065 

12. 562 

14. 310 

16. 907 

19. 144 

24. 349 

27. 325 

28. 914 

29. 994 
35. 207 
38. 556 
38. 370 
42.082 
43. 569 
47. 035 
47. 286 
51.014 
47. 655 
50. 719 
53. 665 
56. 031 
60. 264 
67. 237 

70. 221 

71. 731 
77. 181 
80.905 
85. 562 
90. 029 

104. 727 
117. 526 
110. 608 
117. 389 



Consump- 
tion per 
capita per 
day, Brook- 
IjTi water 
supply. 



U. S. gallons. 
12.3 
14.9 
18.1 
22.9 
27.9 
31.2 
34.8 
37.1 
44.6; 
47.2 
47.1 
46.9 
52.9 
55.6 
53. 2 
56.0 
56.2 
58.8 
57.3 
59.9 
54.3 
56.0 
57.6 
58.5 
61.2 
64.5 
62.2 
62.4 
65.8 
63.4 
67.0 
68.6 
73.5 
78.9 
71.6 
74.7 



GAGINGS OF SURFACE STREAMS. 



365 



GAGINGS OF LONG ISLAND STREAMS. 

The principal results of gagings made prior to the year 1903 are shown in 
the accompanying tables." 

The following gagings, by William McAlpine, were made by inserting in the 
streams wooden sluiceways, thi-ough which all the surface flow was passed. The 
drainage basin of Parsonage Creek is given as 21.74 square miles, and the com- 
bined areas tributary to all the streams which extended along the south shore 
from Jamaica Creek to East Meadow Brook is stated to be somewhat in excess of 
100 square miles. 

The precipitation at Erasmus Hall during the period of gaging was as follows: 

Predjyitation at Erasmus Hall, Long Island. 



Month. 



July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

Period 



Precipitation. 



1851. 


Inches. 


3.85 


3.23 


1.06 


4.47 


3.99 


2.01 


18.61 



Normal, 



Inches. 
3.21 
4.44 
3.09 
3.39 
3.24 
3.74 



2L11 



Gagings of Long Island streams hy Wm. J. McAlpine and L. S. Nash in 1851. 



Body of water. 



Dura- 
tion of 
gaging. 



McAlpine and Stod- 
dard, Oct. 11,1851. 



Dura- 
tion of 
gaging. 



Mean of L. S. 
Nash's gagings 
Nov. 6, 7, 8, 1851. 



Dura- 
tion of 
gaging. 



Mean of L. S. 
Nash's gagings, 
Nov. 17,18,19,1851. 



Baisley's Pond (Jamaica Creek) 

Springfield Stream (Nostrand's 
Pond), West Branch 

Springfield Stream, East Branch 

Hook Creek, West Branch (or Brook- 
fleld Stream) 

Hook Creek, Middle Branch (or Clear 
Stream) 

Hook Creek, East Branch (Valley 
Stream) 

Pine Creek (Pine's Brook) 

Parsonage Creek 

Millburn, West Branch 

Millbum, Middle Branch 

Millburn, East Branch 

East Meadow Stream 



Hours. 
6 



Gallons 
per day. 

5, 280, 000 

1,600,000 
264,000 

4,095,000 

540,000 

2,430,000 
2, 400, 000 
8,330,000 



504,000 



5,340,000 



Second- 



8.18 



6.34 



3.77 
3.72 
12.91 



Hours. 
12 



.78 



12 



Gallons 
per day. 

6, 233, 172 

1,689,160 
300, 072 

4,339,720 

771,816 

2,510,643 
2, 832, 240 
10, 543, 464 
473, 328 
299,616 
2,836,152 
5,601,756 



Second- 
feet. 

9.67 
2.62 



6.73 

1.20 

3.88 

4.39 

16.28 

.73 

.46 

4.40 



Hours. 

8 
24 



63 
12 
24 
24 
24 
12 



Gallons 
per day. 

8,440,312 

1,890,864 
354, 384 

4,989,782 

969,600 

3, 374, 742 
3, 249, 423 
12, 594, 348 
518, 400 
375, 840 
4, 276, 800 
6, 280, 800 



Second- 
feet. 

13.08 

2.93 
.55 

7.73 

1.50 

5.22 

5.04 

19.53 

.80 

.58 

6.63 

9.73 



aChiefly from "Brooklyn Water Supply," De Varona, 1896, Table No. XVI. 



366 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Mean monthly discharge of Long Island streams from gagings made by Artemus Whitlock in 1852. 



Body of water. 


August. 


September. 


October. 


November. 


December. 


Baisley's Pond (Ja- 
maica Creek) 

On West Braneli 
Hook Creek, or 
Brookfield Stream: 


Gallons 
per day. 

6, 387, 000 


Second- 
feet. 

9.90 


Gallons 
per day. 

6,863,000 


Second- 
feet. 

10.65 


Gallons 
per day. 

6, 154,000 


Second- 
feet. 

9.53 


Gallons 
per day. 

7,804,000 

2,701,000 
3,121,000 

4,616,000 

3,601,000 
3,121,000 


Second- 
feet. 

12.09 

4.18 
4.84 

7.16 

5.58 
4.84 


Gallons 
per day. 

8,137,000 


Second- 
feet. 

12.62 


Conselyea's Pond. 

Valley Stream (P. 
Cornell's) 


2,847,000 


4.42 


4,793,000 


7.42 


2,493,000 


3.85 


4,769,000 


7.39 


On East Branch 
Hook Creek 


3, 078, 000 
2, 714, 000 


4.74 
4.20 


5,445,000 
3, 447, 000 

016,682,000 
10,228,000 


8.43 
5.35 

26.20 
15.81 


3,319,000 
2,464,000 


5.15 
3.81 


5,257,000 


8.15 


On Parsonage Creek: 






Hempstead stor- 






8,993,000 


13.93 


12,003,000 


18.60 














■_' . 



a The increase of flow was caused by heavy rains just before taking the observations. 
Miscellaneous gagings of Long Island streams. 



Body of water. 


Gagings made by 
Leigh, Stod- 
dard, and Bre- 
V r t , com- 
pleted Sept. 9, 
1854. 


Gagings made un- 
der direction of 
Jas. P. Kirk- 
wood, 1856-57. 


Gagings made 
Sept. 19 to Oct. 
12, 1885. 


Estimate of the 
minimum flow 
based on gag- 
ings made Aug. 
30 to Oct. 5, 1894. 


Baiseley's Pond (Jamaica Creek) 


Gallons 
per day. 

6,732,000 

3,487,000 


Second- 
feet. 

10.43 

5.41 


Gallons 
per day. 

2,924,000 

607,000 


Second- 
feet. 

4.53 

.94 


Gallons 
per day. 


Second- 
feet. 


Gallons 
per day. 


Second- 
: feet. 


Springfield Stream, West Branch 










Springfield Stream, East Branch 










Hook Creek, West Branch (Simonson's 
Pond) or Brookfield Stream . . . 


2,501,000 


3.88 


1,798,000 

708,000 

2,287,000 


2.79 

. 1.10 

3.55 


1,266,000 


1.97 


2,000,000 

200,000 

1,300,000 


3.10 


Hook Creek, Middle Branch, or Clear 


.31 


Hook Creek, East Branch, or Valley 


4,212,000 


6.53 


1,879,000 


2.91 


2.01 


Watt's Pond, on East Branch Hook Creek, 
below Valley Stream Pond . . ... 




l^ine's Brook 






2,460,000 


3.81 


1,050,000 
695,000 


1.63 
1.08 


600,000 
1,000,000 


.93 


Schodack Brook . . 






1.55 




11,266,000 


17.51 


7,326,000 


11.36 






7,149,000 


11.08 


8,000,000 


12.40 















In thirty days preceding the gagings of October 11, 1851, 1.62 inches of rain 
fell, an additional precipitation of 3.85 inches preceded the second series of gagings, 
and a further increase of 0.92 inch of rainfall occurred before the third series of 
gagings were made.'^ 

Details as to the methods of gaging, precise location, and drainage areas 
above the points of gaging, or daily discharge results, are unavailable. 

It is known, however, that, beginning with McAlpine's gagings in 1851, 
most of the measurements have been made in flumes or sluiceways constructed 
for the purpose, the velocity and area of cross section being determined without 

n Report made to the water committee of the common council, city of Brooklyn, 1852, p. 117. 



GAGITSTGS OF SURFACE 8TEEAMS. 



367 



disturbing the ground-water conditions or affecting the relative ground-water 
level above and below. 

Most of the streams flow in flat swamp valleys underlain by gravel so porous 
that the flow from a large spring that was observed was absorbed or lost in the 
soil within a short distance from its origin. The velocity of flow of ground water 
adjacent to an earthen dam has been observed by Professor Slichter" to be many 
times greater than the normal velocity in places where the ground-water level is 
undisturbed. 





Scale— feet 



ELEVATION 



Earth highway embankment 




^ 



8 smooth sheeting 



■t 



Old log abutment 



Earth highway embankment 
PLAN 



Fig. 70.— Temporary gaging station of the United States Geological Survey, Orowoo Creek, Islip, Long Island, New York, 

June 7, 1903. Plan shows bridge floor removed. 

Care must be exercised in gaging such streams to properly differentiate 
between the surface discharge of the streams and the underflow in the porous 
valleys. The method of gaging in open sluiceways, generally used by the earlier 
engineers, was followed in the investigations of the United States Geological 
Survey in 1903, except on Orowoc Creek, Doxsee Creek, and Massapequa Creek, 
streams on which suitable sites for gaging at moderate expense could be found 
only in conjunction with existing weirs at private ponds. 



a See pp. 106-110. 



368 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 

The gagings of the United States Geological Survey in 1903 included most 
of the remarkable period of light rainfall in' May and June. They wei'e discon- 
tinued early in July, after heavy rains had fallen,, disturbing the ground-water 
conditions. 

In the following pages are also given results obtained at a number of elabo- 
rate small weirs erected by the New York water supply commission, chiefly 
in the swamp stream valleys on the property of the city of New York, in Nassau 
County. 

Most of the current-meter measurements of the Geological Survey were made 
with a specially rated Fteley meter. Vertical velocity curves were taken to 
determine the distribution of currents in the stream channel. The steady regimen 
and smooth currents of many of the streams favor accurate results by this method. 
Some of the stations were not fully completed and none of the rating curves were 
finished at the time of discontinuance. Points were obtained on the curves in 
most cases to cover nearly the full range of observed gage heights and to afford 
a reliable basis of estimating the discharge. The streams gaged were distribvited 
along the south shore of the island, and the individual cost of gagings was a 
sniall fraction of that required to build individual weirs. 

In conjunction with the surface-stream and driven-well supply stations of 
the Brooklyn waterworks, records have been kept of the ground-water level, 
showing its reduction by pumping in a most interesting manner ." Records of 
the pumpage and diversion and of the supplj" pond levels have also been kept. 
The waste over the spillways when observed in 1903 was largely in the nature 
of wave wash and not susceptible of accurate estimation. Unfortunately, these 
records do not furnish a reliable basis for estimating the yield of the streams flowing 
into the water-supply ponds. The regimen of these streams is further subject 
to the influence of pumping from the adjacent ground water. 

Prior to the gagings of 1903 very few .definite data were obtained concerning 
the regimen of the surface streams of Long Island. The results for 1903 do not 
of themselves form a sufficient basis for estimating either the average or the 
minimum yield of the Long Island catchment areas. 

EAST MEADOW BROOK, NEAR FREEPORT, LONG ISLAND. 

East Meadow Brook has its visible source 5 miles from the south shore of 
Long Island. Well-defined stream channels, somewhat branching, extend nearly 
to the northern hmit of the catchment basin, receiving the surface drainage from 
its east and west portions. 

The drainage basin extends inland 14 miles and has a nearly uniform width, 
varying from 2 to 3 miles. The topography is moderately rolling and the surface 
slope quite uniform, the northerly divide being about 300 feet elevation above 
tide. 

Five ponds and dams are on the main stream. Small water powers for grist 
mills and a paper mill were formerly in use. 

The stream is tributary to the Brooklyn water supply through an intercepting 
conduit, which follows the south shore of the island. 

a See De Varona, Brooklyn Water Supply. 



GAGINGS OF SURFACE STREAMS. 



369 



A portion of the drainage basin lies north of the ground-water divide of 
Long Island. The catchment basin contains 28 per cent of forest cover, chiefly 
scrub oaks and conifers, 44 per cent pasture and other grass land, and about 28 
per cent of cultivated land. 

Earlier gagings of East Meadow Brook at Freeport, Long Island. 



Date. 


Observer. 


Gallons per day. 


Second-feet. 


Second-feet 

per square 

mile (31 

square 

miles). 


October 11, 1851 


McAlpine and Stoddard 


6, 410, 000 
6, 724, 000 
7, 539, 000 


9.93 
10.42 
11.69 


0.32 


November 6, 7, 8, 1851 

November 17, 18, 19, 1851 . 
August, 1852 ._. 

September, 1852 

October, 1852 

November, 1852 

December, 1852 


L.S.Nash 

do 

Artemus Whitlock 


.33 
.38 


do 

do 

do 

do 


1 a 16, 270, 000 

I 9, 583, 000 

7, 324, 000 

7, 324, 000 


25.26 
14.85 
11.35 
11.35 


.81 
.48 
.37 
.37 


June 1 to October 15,1883 ''. 

September 19 to October 
2, 1885. 




5, 200, 000 
4, 217, 000 


■ 8.06 
6.54 


.26 
.21 



<i This increase in flow caused by heavy rains just before observations were taken. 
b For conduit east of RockviUe Center. 



Mean daily discharge, in second feet, of East Meadow Brook near Freeport, Long Island, for 1903.(1 



Day. 


Apr. 


May. 


Jime. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Day. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


1 




628.42 


18.04 
18.13 
17.89 
17.48 
17.48 
18.15 
24.95 
31.59 
26.92 
19.35 
19.87 
41.89 
40.37 
22.59 
38.42 
32.24 
24.82 


24.38 
21.82 
24.30 
23.14 
22.00 
21.41 
20.80 
19.16 
17.50 
19.20 
18.86 
19.97 
24.20 
21.20 
18.31 
17.95 
19.32 


14.41 
13.38 
15.43 
14.94 
63.95 
23.87 
29.32 
18.50 
18.79 
16.09 
18.70 
19.73 
17.19 
16.72 
15.58 
15.55 
16.79 


15.49 
16.07 
16.02 
15.20 
16.88 
17.27 
15.56 
13.32 
14.02 
13.72 
13.49 
13.32 
13.45 
14.38 
15.06 
19.85 
15.12 


13.56 
12.71 
13.72 
16.30 
14.30 
13.07 
12.77 
13.68 
35.93 
29.70 
14.91 
19.93 
15.30 
14.49 
13.88 
12.90 
21.30 


18 






20.22 
22.97 
23.84 
25.98 
24.28 
24.31 
28.37 
25.21 
21.96 
21.37 
20.56 
28.85 
36.92 


24.05 
29.07 
20.36 
20.29 
18.79 
23.68 
17.26 
17.66 
16.08 
16.20 
15. 58 
15.62 
16.38 
16.08 


15.36 
14.12 
15.28 
16.09 
15.41 
14.89 
18.36 
14.18 
15.65 
17.21 
22.69 
32. 55 
25.99 
17.65 


16.81 
16.07 
14.72 
13.35 
13.44 
13.02 
13.21 
13.09 
13.25 
13.76 
16.17 
13.41 
13.84 


32.22 


2 




19 






22.45 


3 






20 






16.00 


4 






21 






16.49 


5. 






22 

23 


HO. 73 




16.23 


6. 






16.12 


7... 






24 






15.80 


8 






25 






15.90 


9 






26 






16.09 


10 






27 






15.71 


11 






28 






15.59 


12 






29 






15.80 


13 






30 






15.68 


14 






31 






15.88 








Mean.. 










15 






25.17 


20.02 


20.36 


14.78 












16 .... 










17 

















a Weir of New York water supply commission in swamp at head of Brooklyn waterworks supply pond. 
b Current meter measurement by U. S. Geological Survey. 



370 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 
NEWBRIDGE STREAMS NEAR MERRICK, LONG ISLAND. 

These streams drain the first catchment area lying east of East Meadow 
Brook. The surface drainage is 3.3 square miles. The larger tributary has its 
visible source 2 mUes from tide water. 

The stream valley extends inland nearly to the head of the catchment basin. 
This catchment basin has a maximum width of 1 mile near the foot, decreasing 
in width toward the northern end. The topography is flat and the surface slope 
is quite uniform, the head of the basin being at altitude 100 feet above, tide. 
About 58 per cent of the catchment area of these streams has forest cover, 19 
per cent is sodded, and about 22 per cent is under cultivation. The Newbridge 
streams are tributary to the Brooklyn waterworks. 

Mean daily discharge, in second feet, of Newbridge streams near Freeport, Long Island, for 1903/' 



Day. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Day. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Day. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


1 


4.07 
4.02 
3.92 
4.66 
12.40 
6.34 
5.65 
4.94 
4.81 
4.73 
5.29 


3.76 
3.59 
3.54 
3.47 
3.69 
3.18 
3.26 
3.27 
3.27 
3.28 
3.23 


2.65 
2.55 
2.79 
2.47 
2.57 
2.66 
2.55 
2.55 
5.25 
3.66 
3.33 


12 


4.91 
4.37 
4.22 
4.30 
4.23 
4.11 
3.78 
3.61 
3.71 
3.42 
3.38 


3.10 
3.16 
3.03 
3.00 
4.42 
3.45 
3.39 
3.01 
2.94 
2.93 
2.87 


3.00 
3.00 
2.99 
2.94 
2.90 
4.01 
4.63 
3.75 
3.61 
3.51 
3.47 


23 

24. 


3.33 
3.44 
3.34 
3.57 
3.26 
4.41 
4.05 
4.63 
4.02 


2.83^ 

2.78 

2.73 

2.74 

2.69 

2.99 

2.72 

2.84 


■ 3 42 


2 


13 


3 36 


3 ■ 


14 


25..... - 


3.37 


4 


15 


26 . . 


3.43 


5 


16 


27 


3.36 


6 


17 


28 

29 


3.43 




18 

19 


3.43 


8 


30 


3.38 


9 


20 


31 


3.37 




21 


Mean . . . 




10 ... 


4.47 


3.15 




11 


22 


3.27 







a At weirs of New York water supply commission. 



WANTAGH STREAMS AT WANTAGH, LONG ISLAND. 

A group of short branching streams,' having their visible sources 3 miles 
inland, drain a relatively flat area, the topographic boundary of which is difficult 
of precise determination, but has been estimated at 17.6 square miles. This area 
lies entirely south of the ground-water divide of Long Island. The drainage 
area is lenticular, the northern end lying at elevation 250 feet. A drj^ stream 
valley, not very clearly demarcated,' extends nearly to the northern limit of the 
basin. 

The drainage basin contains about 40 per cent cultivated land and an equal 
percentage of pasture and grass areas, the remainder being chiefly wooded. There 
are several private ponds near the mouth of the stream. Water has also been 
diverted to the conduit of the Brooklyn waterworks since 1891." 

The stream above Seamans Pond is divided between three channels. Two 
low weirs were erected just above Seamans Pond, and gaging records were main- 
tained there from July 21 to November 8, 1903, by the New York water supply 
commission. 

The discharge determined from gagings June 1 to October 15, 1883, is stated 
at 3,400,000 gallons (5.25 second-feet). The year 1883 was preceded by several 
years of somewhat deficient rainfall. Details of these gagings are not available. 



MASSAPEQUA CREEK. ' 371 

Mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of Wantagh streams at Wantagh, Long Island, for 1903." 



Day. 


July. 


Aug, 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Day. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Day. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


1 


11.63 

12.21 
12.07 
13.10 


14.05 
11.84 
12.92 
14.91 
14.67 
14.11 
12.61 
10.85 
13.21 
12.79 
10.78 


11.20 
10.52 
11.51 

9.85 
13.07 

9.81 
10.31 
10.23 
29.81 
14.99 
13.59 


12 




16.73 
13.18 
14.89 
13.62 
13.66 
14.19 
10.88 
13.35 
13.72 
12.26 
12.36 


12.52 
11. 33 

9.93 
11.90 
14.22 
13.76 
13.09 
10.71 
12.75 

9.68 
11.10 


14.02 
12.51 
10.11 
12.60 
11.30 
19.28 
19.90 
14.06 
12.86 
11.17 
13.12 


23 

24. 


16.62 
13. 12 
12. 75 
8.53 
9.82 
11.36 
12.52 
12.19 
12.30 


12.24 
11.93 
10.73 
13.86 
12.56 
18.70 
25. 65 
19.92 
10.07 


12.19 
10.18 
11.03 
10.52 
11.27 
12.68 
10.06 
13.75 


12 SO 


2 




13 




12 12 


3 




14 




25 


12 13 


4 




15. 




26 


11 40 


5 




48.30 


16. 




27 


12 30 


6 




21.19 
17.31 
16.00 
1.5. 67 
16.23 
18.46 


17 




28 

29 


12 67 


7 1 


18 




12 67 


8 


19 




30 


12 .56 


9 


20 




1 31 


12 06 






21 

22. 


13. 55 
14. .35 


1 

Mean . 

i 




10 




15.68 


12.17 




11.. 




13. 13 











a At weirs of New York water supply commission. 
MASSAPEQUA CREEK AT FARMINGDALE AND FREEPORT, LONG ISLAND. 

Massapequa Creek drains an area extending inland a distance of 14 miles 
from the mouth of the stream. In shape, the drainage basin is irregular, but 
gradually increases from a width of 1 mile at the mouth to a maximum width of 
5 miles near the northern divide. The topography is diversified, including a flat 
valley on the east; a table-land on the north, comprising about 5 square miles, 
the drainage from which is chiefly into depressions; a group of hills rising to alti- 
tude 300 feet near the center of the basin; and a generally southerly slope, some- 
what rolling, in the southwest portion of the surface catchment area. 

The stream comprises three short branches which unite 2 miles above the 
outlet of the stream, into tide water. The longest branch has its visible source 
at a distance of 5 miles inland. A gaging station was established on this branch 
of the stream May 6, 1903, at a small weir forming the outlet of a private pond. 
The area of the pond is so small as to exert but little regulating influence, and 
the stream entering the pond is entirely unregulated. 

In order to procure a record at as early a date as possible readings were taken 
on the weir without modification, until such changes could be made as were 
desirable to secure the best results during low water. The weir was located just 
above the head of the property of the Brooklyn water department. 

The stream below the weir flows through a marsh valley, bordered by sandy 
slopes. The bed of the marsh is porous gravel overlain by 2 or 3 feet of muck 
and vegetation, through which the surface waters percolate. 

Springs enter the margin of the small pond at the Farmingdale weir, and 
the stream has its visible sources a short distance above this pond. The precise 
point at which the stream rises apparently varies with the season and stage of 
ground water, which also determine the position of the seepage or wet sand areas 
observed on the slopes in certain places in this catchment basin. Throughout 
the lower portion of the drainage basin the ground-water horizon lies within a 
few feet of the surface. The entire drainage basin lies south of the summit of the 
ground-water table of Long Island. 

a See The Water Supply of the City of Brooklyn, by I. M. De Varona, 1896, page 74. 



372 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOORCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Massapequa Creek is utilized in conjunction with the water-supply system 
of Brooklyn. The drainage basin and the position of the conduit line are shown 
on the Northport and Babylon sheets of the United States Geological Survey's 
topographic map. The drainage areas are as follows: 

Drainage areas, Massapequa Creek. 

Square miles. 

Farmingdale gaging station 1 13. 7 

Above gaging station, Brooklyn waterworks 40. 

Above outlet Brooklyn waterworks supply pond ... 40-. 9 

Above mouth of stream, at tide water " 4L 5 

The catchment area comprises about 60 per cent woodland, 20 per cent sodded 
areas, and 20 per cent of land under cultivation. 

A series of gagings of this stream, June 1 to October 15, 1883, at a point near 
the mouth showed a mean discharge of 3,097,000 gallons, or 4.8 second-feet. 
Details are not available. 

Mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of Massapequa Greek at Farmingdale, Long Island, fw 1903. 



Day. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Day. 


May. 


June. July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


1 




0.94 
.94 
.86 
.79 


0.49 
.49 
.49 
49 
49 
.49 
.49 
.49 
.49 
.49 
.87 
.72' 
.72 
.61 
.49 
.49 


0.43 
.43 
.43 
28 

1.68 
.89 
.81 
- .63 
.62 
.53 
.62 
.52 
.47 
.46 
.43 
.43 
.42 


0.43 

.35 
.32 i 

.32 ; 

.30 

.25 ' 

.21 i 

.18 i 

.20 

.22 

.22 

.17 

.14 

.18 

.16 

.32 

.31 


18. . 


1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.28 
1.11 
.94 
.94 


0.72 
.72 
99 
.99 
.72 
.72 
.59 
.49 
.38 
.30 
.30 

1.89 
.84 






.46 


0.39 
.35 
.43 
.35 
.31 
.35 
.31 
.43 
.42 
.33 
.88 

1.06 
.62 
.50 


0.25 


2 . . . 


19 


.17 


3 . .1 


20 


.18 


4 . . 





21 


.17 


5 


22... 


. 17 


6 


2.06 
2.06 
2.06 
2.06 
2.06 
2.06 
2.06 
2.06 
2.06 
1.66 
1.28 
1.28 


.72 
1.56 
1.11 

.72 

.72 

.72 

1.89 

1.11 

1.26 

.99 

.72 

.72 


23 

24 


. 11 




.12 


8 .... 


25 


.11 


9 


26 


.21 


10 


27 


.15 


11 


28 

29: 

30 


.19 


12 


.07 


13 


.10 


14 


31 - 


('■) 




Mean 




15 








.49 








16 , 

17 


■ 











a The Brooklyn waterworks supply from this stream is described in The Water Supply of Brooklyn, by I. M. De Varona, 
1896, pp. 75-76. 

i Gage readings by New York water-supply commission beginning July 31, 1903. 
c stream reported to go dry at times. 



CAELLS RIVEE, 373 

Mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of Massapequa Creek at Massapequa, Long Island, for 1903.c 



Day. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Day. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


1. . 




20.51 
18.07 
17.55 
16.88 
16.16 
16.37 
16.06 
15.16 
14.83 
14.28 
15.39 
14.86 
16.01 
15.29 
13.98 
13.62 
13.11 


10.77 
10.27 
9.61 
10.47 
29.50 
24.54 
20.76 
15.69 
14.39 
13.70 
14.63 
14.91 
11.59 
12.21 
11.70 
11.29 
11.10 


13.59 
12.08 
11.25 
11.10 
11.65 
11.47 
10.69 
10.37 
10.34 
10.33 
10.13 
9.81 
9.60 
9.51 
9.42 
10.70 
11.26 


8.92 
8.75 
9.21 
8.90 
^ 8.71 
8.70 
8.64 
8.50 
19.72 
18.98 
13.86 
12.23 
10.99 
10.24 
9.71 
9.53 
12.72 


18.. 




12.18 
15.53 
14.57 
16.07 
14.40 
13.99 
13.03 
12.97 
12.42 
11.23 
11.05 
10.81 
10.99 
10.99 


10.62 
10.32 
10.85 
10.42 
9.87 
9.82 
9.91 
10.69 
12.02 
10.82 
16.28 
26.54 
21.62 
15.74 


12.31 
10.32 
9.71 
9.24 
9.18 
9.14 
9.06 
8.86 
8.65 
9.12 
11.30 
9.36 
8.89 


16 1'' 


2 




19.. . 




13 50 


3 




20 


17.33 
20.13 
15.65 
18.70 
23.51 
18.54 
17.16 
16.39 
15. 75 
21.18 
28.58 


11 47 


4 




21 


11 09 


5 




22 


10 62 


6 




23 


10 50 






24 


10 35 


8. 




25 


10 25 


9 




26 


10.17 


10 




27 


9 68 


11 




28 


9.98 


12 




29 


9.82 


13 




30 '. 


9.76 


14 




31 


9.76 






Mean 






15 




14.47 


13.96 


10.29 










16 








17 













a At weir of New York water-supply commission. 
CARLLS RIVER AT BABYLON, LONG ISLAND. 

The drainage basin of this group of streams extends northward to within 2 
miles of tide water, where it drains a small flat area at elevation 200 feet. A 
surface drainage valley can be traced from the head of the area following closely 
the right-hand watershed line to the head of the surface stream near Wyandanch. 

The central portion of the drainage basin is 5 miles wide and includes the 
Half Hollow and Dix group of hills. The Colonial Springs issue from the south 
slope of Half Hollow Hills. The outflowing streams are absorbed by the soil, 
after running for a short distance. 

The surface stream is branching and its vaUey is flat and marshy. Its longest 
branch is visible about 5 miles above the mouth. Five large private ponds have 
been constructed on the main branches, and the regimen of flow is largely arbitrary. 

The drainage basin is shown on the Northport and Babylon sheets of the 
United States Geological Survey's topographic map, and covers 365 square miles 
above the gaging stations. 

Highway embankments across the swamp valley serve to concentrate the flow 
of surface waters into narrow bridge openings, but some water may be lost by 
diversion into the surrounding gravels, due to the ponding. Temporary gages 
were erected at bridges crossing the two main branches of the stream above 
Kennel Club Pond, May 6, 1903. The gaging stations were completed early in 
June by planking the side walls of the bridges, affording smooth rectangular 
channels in which current-meter measurements were made. The combined dis- 
charge at the two gaging stations represents the total surface flow of the stream, 
and is shown in the following table. 



374 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 



List of discharge measurements of CarUs River {East and West branches ) at Babylon, Long Island, for 1903. 

WEST BRANCH. 



Date. 


Hydrographer. 


Gago height. 


Discharge. 


May 6 

June 13 

July 6 


E. P. Roundy 


Feet. 
1.50 
1.735 
1.66 


Second-feet. 
9.60 
15.96 
12.73 


E. P. Roundy and A. P. Porter 

A. P. Porter. _. 



EAST BRANCH. 



May 6... 
June 13. 
July 6- - . 



E. P. Roundy 

E. P. Roundy and A. P. Porter. 
A. P. Porter 



1.10 
1.395 
1. 185 



26.58 
37.13 
28.37 



BOTH BRANCHES. 



May 6... 
June 13. 
July 6. . . 



36.18 
53.09 
41.10 



Combined mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of East and West branches ofCarlls River, at Babylon, Long Island, 

for 1903. 



Day. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Day. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Day. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


1 




34.9 
34.4 
34.4 
33.7 
34.0 
34.5 
44.8 
60.5 
46.3 
46.9 
42.5 


42.5 

C) 

59.6 

36.6 

37.2 

40.5 

43.2 

40.9 

37.6 

39.1 

56.9 


12 .. 


(a) 

(") 

C) 

32.1 

32.1 

32.1 

32.1 

32.1 

34.5 

53.2 


60.2 
54.4 
' 43.3 
37.8 
33.7 
40.5 
48.2 
58.2 
55.6 
40.8 


35.5 
42.2 
47.9 
45.8 
42.5 
42.4 


22 . . . 


41.4 
37.1 
35.6 
35.6 
36.6 
37.7 
42.4 
39.4 
37.7 
35.6 


36.5 
41.4 
47.5 
46.0 
43.2 
38.0 
35.9 
44.9 




2 




13.. 


23 




3 . . . 




14. 


24 




4 




15 


25 




5 




16. 


26 




6 


35.6 
■ 35.6 
35.6 
35.6 
35.6 
32.1 


17 


27 




7 


18 


28 




8 


19 


■ 29 




9 


20 


30 

31 




10 


21 






11 















a Record not available. 

The current-meter rating curves were never completed, but the measure- 
ments were made with great care and covered nearly the full range of fluctuation 
of the streams during the period of gaging. They are sufficient to afford a reliable 
estimate of the flow during the remarkable drought of May- June, 1903. 

A small portion of the surface area of this stream lies north of the groimd- 
water divide. 



SURFACE STREAMS OF LONG ISLAND. 



375 



SAMPAWAMS CREEK. 

The surface drainage area of this stream extends inland 14 miles. The basin 
is narrow and elongated, the average width for 9 miles from the coast being 1 
mile. The northern end of the basin broadens out, and includes the Commack 
plateau, wliich lies at elevation 180 to 200 feet above tide. The visible stream 
rises within 5 miles of the coast, but a well-defined stream valley extends much 
farther inland and may be traced on the topography quite to the northern divide. 

The stream flows through a broad, flat valley, having a firm gravel soil 
overlain with muck, bog, and swamp vegetation. The Long Island Railroad 
embankment at Babylon forms an effectual cut-off for the flow of surface water 
through the swamp, and at the same time does not materially change the surface 
level or modify the ground-water conditions. The gaging station was selected 
at the point where the surface waters of the swamp valley are concentrated at 
the opening under this embankment. 

In order to secure results as early in the season as possible, a gage was 
erected and measurements were begun early in May, 1903. In June a temporary 
measuring flume was constructed just above the railroad embankment. Meter 
measurements were made with a specially rated Fteley meter in every square 
foot of the cross section or oftener where necessary, in order to determine local 
current irregularities, and vertical velocity curves were determined at 0.1-foot 
intervals from surface to bottom. The data of two of these velocity curves, 
showing the current in a shallow stream flowing over a smooth hard gravel bed, 
are given below: 

Data from, vertical velocity curves, Sampawams CreeJc, Babylon, Long Island. 
[Measurements by A. P. Porter. Meter, Fteley No. 107.] 



Data. 



Station 

Gage feet. . 

Depth do 

Mean velocity ' 

Surface velocity 

Per cent of mean 

Bottom velocity 

Per cent of mean 

Maximum velocity 

Per cent of mean 

Depth of maximum feet. . 

Per cent of depth 

Depth of point of mean velocity. ..feet. - 

Per cent of total depth 



June 26, 1903. June 30, 1903. Mean of two. 



15 

0.58 
.92 
.923 
.89 
.964 
.80 
.866 
.965 
L045 
.30 
.326 
.62 
.674 



0.74 

1.02 

1.125 

1.189 

1.048 

.88 

.782 

1.191 

1.058 

.15 

.147 

.61 

.60 



0.61 

.97 

1.024 

1.04 

1.006 

.84 

.824 

1.078 

1.051 

.225 

.236 

.615 

.637 



376 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sampawams Oreelc at Babylon, Long Island, for 1903. 



Day. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Day. 


May. 


June. ■ 


July. 


Day. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


1 




12.3 

12.0 

12.2 

12.2 

12.3 

12.4 

(a) 

20.9 

18.8 

13.8 

13.8 


23.5 
15.4 
13.4 
12.6 
12.4 
12.4 
12.4 
12.5 
13.1 
13.2 
13.4 


12 


13.4 
15.4 
15.4 
15.4 
15.4 
13.2 
13.2 
12.6 
14.4 
13.2 


W 

15.0 
17.1 
15.0 
13.6 
13.2 
13.2 
14.4 
17.8 
13,1 


15.0 
15.4 
14.6 
13.8 



22 


12.9 
13.2 
13.4 
12.9 
12.3 
12.6 
13.4 
13.4 
12.2 
15.0 


13.4 
15.0 
14.4 
13.2 
13.6 
13.6 
13.0' 
20.1 
(a) 




2 




13 


23 




3 




14 


24. 




4 




15 

16 


25 




5 




26 




6 


21.4 
16.8 
1.5.4 
15.4 
14.2 
12.8 


17 


27 

28 

29 




7 


18 




8 


19 




9 


20 


30 




10 


21 


31 




XI 











a Above rating table. 

The drainage basin of Sampawams Creek is shown on the Northport and 
Babylon sheets of the United States Geological Survey's topographic map. - The 
surface drainage area above the gaging station is 23 square miles, and above the 
mouth of the stream 24 square miles. 

The ground-water divide crosses the basin near the foot of the upper broad 
area. The surface drainage area below the ground-water divide is about 10 square 
miles. Water power is developed at tide water; an earth dam affords 6 feet head 
to a whip factory and sawmill. There are also several small private ponds on the 
stream. At one of these, at the Unkeway Nurseries, a small turbine is in use 
under 5 feet head. 

OROWOC AND DOXSEE CREEKS, ISLIP. 

These streams drain a long, narrow area extending 6 miles inland and 
comprising topographic areas as follows : 

Square miles. 

Orowoc Creek 7. 24 

Doxsee Creek 1. 25 

Total 8. 49 

The ground-water divide at the north of the drainage areas of these streams 
probably lies some distance north of the surface divide. Both streams flow 
through swampy valleys crossed by fairly impermeable dikes constructed for 
highways. A temporary gaging station was maintained on Orowoc Creek, Mslj 
9 to July 16, 1903, inclusive. The gage, a finely divided scale, was erected at the 
first highway bridge above the Long Island Railroad in Islip. 

The stream passes through a single rectangular span 4 feet in width, having 
timber sides and smooth gravel bottom. The section was rendered suitable for 
accurate gaging by moderate repair, and the following measurements were made 
with a specially rated current meter, velocities being taken in every square foot 
of cross-sectional area or less : 



OROWOC AND DOXSEE CREEKS. 
Discharge measurements of Orowoc Creek for 1903. 



377 



Date. Hydrographer. 

i 


Gage height. 


Discharge. 


May 9" 

June 13 

July 7 


E. P. Rounder 


Feet. 
1.45 
1.47 
1.38 


Second-feet. 
8.86 
9.00 
5.93 


A. P. Porter 


do -_.- 







a Gaging station not completed. 

Orowoc Creek is utilized as a supply for a small private pond at the South 
Shore Highway. A second small pond lies above the gaging station. The stream 
above the point of gaging is practicalh" uncontrolled. 

Doxsee Creek was gaged at a weir forming the outlet of a private pond. 
The regimen of the stream was arbitrarily controlled at times as required for 
flooding of cranberry flats. 

In order to secure a record as early as possible in the season, a gage was 
erected at the existing weir May 6, 1903. A metal crest weir conforming 
essentially to fixed standards was installed June 6, 1903, and the record continued 
until July 15, 1903. 

Combined mean daily discharge, in second-feet, of Orowoc and Doxsee creelcs at Islip, Long Island, for 190-3. 





Day. 


May. 

i 


June. 


July. 


1 




11.82 


2 i 




11.80 


3 




11 15 


i 1 




11.15 


5 ! \ 


11.06 



a 29. 70 
30.99 
27.19 



13.91 
14.36 
10.11 
3.31 
3.13 



Day. 



May. 



12 ! 27.06 

13 ' 26.67 

14 1 26.67 

15 ' 26.67 

16 1 26.60 

17 i 25.35 

18 j 24.61 

19 1 21.87 



18.17 
12.83 



June. 



17.30 
10.52 
14.74 
10.84 
10.11 



July. 



7.14 
8.67 
7.57 
6.99 
7.14 



Day. 



May. 



22 ; &6.77 

23 ! 



June. 



11.42 
10.72 
10.20 
10.05 
12.96 
12.42 



July. 



n May 7 to 21, inclusive, drawing water from pond above gage on Doxsee Creek. 
b May 22 to June 6, Inclusive, refilling pond above gage on Doxsee Creek. 

The drainage areas of these streams are shown on the Setauket and Fire Island 
sheets of the United States Geological Survey's map. 

Champlin Creek, lying immediately east of Islip, drains a surface area of 6.9 
square miles above the South Shore highway. The drainage basin is long and 
narrow and the surface stream extends well inland, the lower course being turned 
into private ponds. 

17116— No. 44—06 25 



378 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



CONNETQUOT BROOK, NEAR GREAT RIVER, LONG ISLAND. 

The catchment area of several small streams entering Connetquot Bay com- 
prises an UTegular rectangle 2 miles wide at tide water, extending inland 7 miles, 
and 6 miles wide at the northern divide. The topographic area is 19.6 square 
miles above tide limit at the South Shore highway. Of this area, 5.6 square mdes 
is tributary to Cutting Creek, on which a separate gaging station was temporarily 
maintained in 1903. The remainder is tributary to the Connetquot streams. 

Ponds have been constructed for pleasure parks above the South Shore high- 
way, and these ponds control the outflow of the several branches. The central 
branch heads near the northern watershed divide. The discharge of this branch 
was determined as follows, at the South Shore highway crossing: 

Gage-feet and hundredths 




Highway embankment 




////////////////////7//////////////////(/7~;p^ 

Brick roadway culvert "-* 



CROSS-SECTION 



2 feet 



Fig. 71. — Weir on private pond, Cutting Creek, near Great River, Long Island. 
Discharge measurements of central branch of Coniietquot Brook, for 1903. 



Date. 



Hydrographer. 



hSgS. Discharge. 



Feet. Second-feet. 

Apr.22.... R.E.Horton 69.5 

June 20... E. P. Roundey 2.57 58.3 

July 1 A.P.Porter 2.72 82.3 



LAKE BONKONKOMA AND ADJACENT STREAMS. 



379 



The results of gagings of Cutting Creek are given in the following table. The 
regimen is rendered artifical by pondage. 

The discharge was obtained at an existing pond weir having a level crest, free 
discharge, four complete contractions, and no velocity of approach. The discharge 
usually varied but little during a single day, and the mean of two readings on a 
finely divided scale has been used in conjunction with the Francis formula in 
calculating the discharge. 

Mean daily discharge in second-feet of Cutting Creek at East Islip, Long Island, for 1903. 



Day 


1 May. 


June. 


July. 


Day. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Day. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


1 




(a) 
C) 

m 

(a) 

m 

(a) 

(a) 

5.58 

7.20 

8.04 

9.83 


6.19 
6.19 
6.01 
6.22 
6.01 




12 


4.12 
4.12 
3.41 
2.17 
2.17 
..32 
.32 


13. 60 

6.78 

13.60 

14.17 

12.64 

9.52 

. 5. 19 

5.33 

5.58 

5.54 

6.01 





23 


0.64 
..32 
.64 
.32 
.64 
.64 
.46 
.64 


6 22 
6.40 
6.19 
6.40 
6.01 
6.01 
6.19 
6.22 








13 


24.... 




3 


. . 


14 


25 

26 

27 




! 


15 








16 




fi 


5. 58 

5. 58 


17 


28 




7 


18 


29 




s 


19 


30 




9 


20 




31 




1(] 


21 


.37 










11 


j '22 













a Water reserved as pondage, June 1 to 7, inclusive. 
LAKE RONKONKOMA AND ADJACENT STREAMS. 

The inland basin of Lake Ronkonkoma lies immediately north of the topo- 
graphical catchment area of the Connetquot streams. It appears probable that 
the ground-water divide lies considerably north of the surface divide between the 
catchment basins, so that the effective catchment tributary to the Connetquot 
streams is thereby increased. 

Lake Ronkonkoma has a surface area of about 0.5 square mile, and receives 
the surface run-off from a total area of 8 square miles. This remarkable depression 
extends somewhat below sea level and represents virtually a natural well. The 
range of surface fluctuations of this lake has not been reliably determined. 

Lake Ronkonkoma lies in a catchment basin topographically tributary to 
Nissequogue River, a northward-flowing stream having a surface drainage basin 
of 44 square miles. This is the largest basin on the north slope of Long Island.. 
The surface stream extends inland nearly to the watershed line. 

A brief reconnaissance of streams east of the Connetquot area was made 
April 23, 1903. Edwards and Tuttle creeks have surface drainage basins of 6.7 
and 9 square miles, respectively, and are utilized at private ponds. Patchogue 
Creek, in addition to supplying private ponds, is utilized to furnish water power 
at the lace factory of the Patchogue Manufacturing Company, vmder a head of 14 
feet. This stream drains a surface area of 14 square miles. 

Swan River at East Patchogue affords a fall of about 12 feet at tide water, 
with good pondage. This stream drains a surface area of 7.8 square miles. The 
visible stream extends inland 4.5 miles. Its catchment area is narrow and elongated^ 
extending 7 miles inland. 



380 UNDEEGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

The South Shore highwaj^ dike is utilized as a dam on Mud Creek, affording 
a pond of perhaps 10 acres area, and about 6 feet fall, where a drag sawmill, with 
a breast water wheel, was formerly operated. 

The estimated discharge of Mud Creek, April 23, 1903, was 6.7 second-feet, 
from a surface drainage area of 5 square miles. 



CARMANS RIVER, OR CONNECTICUT RIVER OF LONG ISLAND. 

The drainage area of this stream is an irregular triangle, having its apex at 
the mouth of the stream, and its base, which is about 10 miles in length, extending 
parallel to the north shore of Long Island, at an average distance of 1.5. miles there- 
from, and at elevation 150 to 200 feet. The surface of the drainage basin slopes 
from elevation 150 near the northern divide to tide-water elevation at the mouth, 
in a distance of 12 to 13 miles. The surface stream extends inland only 10 miles. 
There are no perennial streams in the upper catchment area, although the topo- 
graphic stream valley is defined nearly to the northern divide of the basin. The 
northwestern portion of the drainage basin lies in the Saint James plateau, north 
of the group of sand hills which lie near the center of the island at Selden, and 
reaches westward nearly to Lake Ronkonkoma. 

The general topograph}^ is moderately rolling. A few undrained depressions 
of one-fourth square mile area or less are found near the northern divide, and the 
upper 2.5 miles of the course of a dry tributary vaUey on the left of the main stream 
have been cut off and form a depression. 

The catchment area is overlain by sand and gravel, and is largely covered 
with scrub oaks and conifers. 

From South Haven to the mouth of the stream, a distance of 3 miles, the chan- 
nel is bordered by marsh and the current is sluggish. Tidal influence extends to 
South Haven. 

A temporary gaging station was established at South Haven May 8, 1903, 
but was discontinued July 16, 1903, before an opportunitj^ had been found to 
■determine the range and cycle of daily tides at this point. The gage readings are 
not at present available. Discharge measurements were made as foUows: 

Discharge of Garmans River, Long Island, for 1903. 



Date. 



April 23". 

May 8 

Julys 



Hydrographer. 



Gage height. Discharge. 



Feet. 



E. P. Roundey. 
A. P. Porter... 



L86 
2.26 



Second-feet. 
74 
6 108 
87.5 



oMea-sured byfloats. Gristmill not running. 



i Ebbing tide. 



An earthen dike at South Haven affords a fall of 6 feet and a storage pond 
that is utihzed by a gristmill and a sawmill. 

An earthen dam at Yaphank affords extensive pondage. A custom saw 
and grist mill operate under a head of 10 feet. 



PECONIC RIVER. 



381 



One mile above Yaphank is a third dam, about 6 feet high, which has been 
abandoned. 

The course of the stream intermediate to the dams is thi'ough a swamp 
channel. The major portion of the fall is utilized at existing dams. 

The drainage basin is shown on the Moriches and Setauket sheets of the 
United States Geological Survey's topographic map. 

Drainage areas of Carmans River, Long Island. 



Location. 



Above upper bridge, Yaphank 
Yaphank to South Haven . — 
South Haven to mouth " 



Place to 
place. 



Sq. miles. 
69 
10 
3.6 



Total. 



Sq. miles. 
69 
79 
83 



a Tidal section. 



PECONIC RIVER. 



This stream has the most extended surface-drainage basin on Long Island. 
Its drainage comprises an irregular rectangular area, of which the northern divide 
is within one-half mile to 1^ miles of Long Island Sound and at an altitude of 
150 to 200 feet above tide. The general slope of the basin is toward the south- 
east. The surface divide on the west is not sharply defined, but is at an average 
elevation of 120 feet above tide. 

The southern watershed is about 5 miles from the seacoast. 

The drainage area above Calverton is in general flat and contains about 25 
undrained depressions, chiefly of but a few acres area. Deep Pond, at an eleva- 
tion of 23 feet, lies in the largest depression and receives the drainage from an 
area of 0.35 square mile. 

Below Calverton the drainage on the north is comparatively flat and is 
besprinkled with undrained hollows. 

Farther south the topography of the drainage basin is intricate and precipi- 
tous, the river valley being at an average elevation of 20 feet, and the southern 
divide, 2.5 miles distant, at elevations of 200 to 300 feet. Small undrained 
depressions are very numerous on this slope and receive a large proportion of 
the precipitation. 

The drainage basin is shown on the Moriches and Riverhead sheets of the 
United States Geological Survey's topographic map, from which the following 
areas have been deduced: 

Drainage areas of Peconic River, Long Island. 



Location. 


Place to 
place. 


Total. 


Above Long Island R. R. bridge, near Calverton 


Sq. miles. 
59 
25 


Sq. miles. 
.59 

84 


Above Riverhead dam 





382 UNDEKGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 

Peconic River is tributar}' to Peconic Ba}', which bifurcates the eastei'ii 
end of Long Island. The surface stream is formed by the junction of two short 
branches 9 miles from Riverhead. At this point the stream is 40 feet above tide. 
Almost the entire fall from its source is taken up at flood dams for cranberry 
marshes and at water-power dams. 

Water power on Peconic River. 

Riverhead: Earth dike of usual Long Island type. Five to 7 feet head, varying with tide. Good 
pondage. Water privilege divided between the Tower mill and the Peconic gristmill. 

Electric-light plant: One and one-half miles above Riverhead. Earth dike. Extensive pondage. 
Formerly a woolen mill, stated to have 95 horsepower, 6.5 feet head. 

Dam No. 3: Forge and gristmill. LTnused for many years. Earth dike: 5.5 feet fall. 

Calverton: E. L. Brown gristmill. Five feet fall. Also unused drag sawmill. Antiquated "tub 
and flutter " water wheels. 

A brief reconnaissance of this stream was made April 24, 1903. Slack water 
exists tlii-oughout almost the entire course of the stream, affording no opportunity 
for the erection of a weir. Sufficient fall exists at the Long Island Railroad 
bridge near Calverton to afford an opportunity for gaging. The discharge at tliis 
point was roughly estimated at 45 second-feet April 24, 1903, and as measured 
by E. P. Roundey May 11,1903, was 48 second-feet; gage height, 1.3 feet. April 
24, 1903, the discharge at Manorville Mghway bridge, estimated from surface 
floats, was 33 second-feet. April 24, 1903, the discharge estimated from float 
measurements at the junction of the north and south branches 1.5 miles above 
Manorville was 22.5 second-feet. 

The stream flows in a flat valley of the usual Long Island type. The channel 
is bordered by marshes, forming a flat having an average width of perhaps 1 ,000 
feet. This marshy flat is subdivided transversely by low dikes having gates 
utilized in flooding the inclosed cranberry marshes. The soil is gravel, with sand at 
the surface and forming the hiUs. Much of the area is covered with scrub oak. 

The drainage basin extends 4 miles westward from the visible heads of the 
two main branches, including an area of 25 square miles in which there are no 
visible streams. A well-marked dry stream valley reaches, however, from the 
junction of the branches to the westerly watershed line. 

The drainage south of Peconic River basin comprises numerous small water 
courses in marshy valleys, the surface streams heading at but little distance 
above the limit of tide water. 

The two eastern prongs of Long Island are comprised cliiefly of absorbent 
sandy soils, affording very little surface run-off, and consequently having scarcely 
any surface streams. 



HYDEOLOGIC CONDITIONS IN 1903. 

Mean daily gage height, in feet, of Peconic River, at Galverton, Long Island, for 1903. 



383 



Day. j May. 


June. 


July. 


Day. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Day. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


1 .1 . 


1.10 
1.10 
1.10 
1.20 
1.20 


1.20 
1.15 
1.15 
1.15 
1.15 
1.15 
1.15 
1.10 
1.10 
1.10 
1.10 


12 

13 


1.22 
1.25 
1.30 
1.27 
1.25 
1.20 
1.20 
1.20 
1.20 
1.20 


1.42 

1.50 

1.40 

1.35 

1.30 

1.30 

1.30 

1.225 

1.20 

1.30 


1.15 
1.15 
1.15 
1.15 
1.12 


22 


1.20 
1.20 
1.20 
1. 20 
1.20 
1.20 
1.20 
1.15 
1.15 
1.15 


1,.S0 

1..30 

1.28 

1. 225 

].20 

1.15 

1.15 

1.15 

1.22 




2 1 .. 


23 




,S . ' . ... 


14 


24 




4 


15 


25 




5 


16 

17.... 


'26 




6 .... 


1.15 


27 

28 






1.15 
1.37 
1.40 
1.40 
1.32 


18 

19 

20 




8 


29 









30 




10 




21 


31 




11 






1 











HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS ON LONG ISLAND DURING 1903. 

At the time the stream gaging was undertaken by the United States Geological 
Survey in April, 1903, the ground-water level was very high, as a result of hea-s-j' 
precipitation during the first sixteen days of April. 

Beginning on April 17 a period of fifty-one days ensued with no precipitation 
of consequence. During this period the ground-water level in wells, on Long 
Island fell steadily. The average lowering of ground water in a number of wells 
was as follows : 



Minimum depth to ground water. 


1 

Depletion of ground 

water during 

drought of April 

to June, 1903. 


to 5 feet j .--_..... 


Feet. 
2.17 
1.62 
1.42 
1.35 

.92 

. 2 to . 3 


5 to 10 feet 


10 to 15 feet _ 


15 to 20 feet 


20 to 25 feet 


Over 25 feet 





Data concerning the ground-water stages during this drought, in conjunction 
with the contemporary gagings, afford an opportunity to study the regimen of the 
streams in relation to ground water. The rainfall was so slight that little or no 
accretion to the ground- water supply occurred from this source. The condition of 
the soil above the ground-M^ater table appears to have been that of continually 
decreasing saturation. 

June 7 to 15, 1903, abnormally heavy rainfall occurred and was followed by 
considerable amounts of precipitation at frequent but irregular intervals to the 
end of the season, a condition tending to produce strata of differing saturation ia 
the soil above the ground-water table, a disturbing factor m any attempted solution 
of the relations of rainfall, ground water, and run-off. 



384 



UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 



In order to facilitate comparison of the earlier gagings with the later data, 
the mean annual precipitation on Long Island and its departure from the normal 
has been presented in the following table, as given in the records compiled by the 
New York Water Supply Commission in 1903: 

Precipitation on Long Island, 1903, at United States Weather Bureau stations. 



Bate. 



Cutchogue. 



March precipitation. . 
April 1-16, inclusive. 

April 24 

May 3 

May 4 . 

May 5 _ 

May 6 

May 7 

May 8 

May 20. 

May 21 

May 22 

May 23 

May 24 

May 28. 

May 30 

May 31 



Inches. 
1.26 
4.26 

Tr. 



Tr. 
Tr. 
Tr. 



Setauket. ^'"'^^^^"'P" 



Inches. Inches. 

1.05 I 1.20 
3. 61 I 4.19 



Tr. 
Tr. 
.08 
.07 



.02 



.05 



.25 
.15 



14 



Total, April 17 to June 6, inclusive" 

June 7-25, inclusive 

June 29 

July ■- 

August 

September ^ 

October 



.01 



Tr. 
.19 



,48 



.94 
5.17 

.91 
1.89 
7.77 
1.25 
4.53 



.50 
6.49 
1.35 
2.26 
6.28 
2.61 
3.66 



.14 
.01 
.09 
.06 



Tr. 
.15 
.03 

Tr. 



.78 
Tr. 



1.26 
4.47 
.20 
1.66 
7.37 
1.24 
3.42 



HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS IN 1903. 



385 



Mean annual precipitation on Long Island/' 



Year. 



1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 
1833 
1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1838 
1839 
1840 
1841 
1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 
1846 
1847 
-1848 
1849 
1850 
1851 



Precipi- 
tation. 


De- 
par- 
ture 
from 
nor- 
mal. 


Aggre- 
gate 
de- 
par- 
ture. 

Inches. 


Inches. 


Inches. 


54.31 


-1-11.75 


4-11.75 


50.79 


-1- 8.23 


-fl9.48 


43. 95 


+ 1.39 


-1-21.37 


45.07 


-1- 2. .51 


-H23.88 


45.41 


+ 2.85 


-1-26.73 


39.16 


- 3.40 


-H23.33 


40. ,37 


- 2.19 


+21. 14 


38.45 


- 4.11 


-1-17.03 


39.24 


- 3.32 


-1-13.71 


30.37 


-12.19 


-1- 1.52 


37.23 


- 5.33 


- 3.81 


35.29 


- 7.27 


-11.08 


34.19 


- 8.37 


-19.45 


38.90 


- 3.66 


-23.11 


37. 34 


- 5.22 


-28.33 


44.94 


+ 2.38 


-25.95 


39.47 


- 3.09 


-29.04 


36.69 


- 5.87 


-34.91 


39.02 


-3.54 


-38.45 


33.68 


- -8.88 


-47.33 


38.50 


- 4.06 


-51.39 


46.77 


+ 4.21 


-47.18 


33.14 


- 9.42 


-56.60 


30.40 


-12.16 


-68.76 


45.39 


-2.83 


-65.93 


39.05 


- 3.51 


-69.44 



Year. 



1852 
1853 
1854 
1855 
1856 
1857 
1858 
1859 
1860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 



Precipi- 
tation. 



Inches. 
36.91 
47.88 
47.23 
43.03 
38. 26 
41.39 
39.37 
58.29 
30.43 
39.27 
43.35 
41.18 
38.10 
43.49 
45.79 
45.80 
45.01 
45.67 
35.02 
43.72 
42. 31 
39.27 
41.47 
44.43 
45.67 
41.12 



De- 
par- 
ture 
from 
nor- 
mal. 



Inches. 

- 5.65 
-I- 5.32 
+ 4.67 
-4- .47 

- 4.30 

- 1.17 

- 3.19 
-f-15.,73 
-f 12. 13 

- 3.29 
-1- .79 

- 1.38 

- 4.46 
+ .93 
-1-3.23 
-f- 3.24 
-I- 2.45 
-I- 3.11 

- 7.54 
-I- 1.16 

- .25 
-3.29 

- 1.09 
-4- 1.87 
+ 3.11 

- 1.44 



Aggre- 
gate 
de- 
par- 
ture. 



Inches. 
-75.09 
-69.77 
-65.10 
-64.63 
-68.93 
-70.10 
-73.29 
-67.56 
-69. 69 
-72.98 
-72.19 
-73.57 
-78.03 
-77.10 
-73.87 
-70.63 
-68. 18 
-65.07 
-72.61 
-71.45 
-71.70 
-74.99 
-76.08 
-74.21 
-71.10 
-72.54 



Year. 



1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 



De- 
par- 
Precipi-^ ture 
tation. j from 
I nor- 
mal. 



Inches. 
46.91 
40.07 
39.19 
35.53 
39.40 
36.95 
46.81 
39.09 
48.64 
47.07 
50.48 
55.66 
52.19 
45.61 
40.32 
46.81 
44.30 
38.33 
39.79 
50.95 
57.89 
43.10 
45.19 
50. 62 
50.49 
73.23 



Inches. 
+ 3.35 

- 2.49 

- 3.37 

- 7.03 

- 3.16 

- 5.61 
+ 4.25 

- 3.47 
-I- 6.08 
-I- 4.51 
-I- 7.92 
-1-13.10 
+ 9.63 
+ 3.05 
-2.24 
+ 4.25 
-1- 1.74 
-4.23 

- 2.77 
-I- 7.39 
-t-15.33 
+ .54 
-t- 2.63 
-f- 8.06 
-I- 7.93 



Aggre- 
gate 
de- 
par- 
ture. 



Inches. 
-69.19 
-71.68 
-75.04 
-82.08 
-85.24 
-90.85 
-86.60 
-SO. 07 
-83.99 
-79.48 
-71.56 
-.58.46 
-48.83 
-45.78 
-48.02 
-43.77 
-42.03 
-46.26 
-49.03 
-41.64 
-26.31 
-25.77 
-23.14 
- 15. 08 
- 7.15 



" From records of U. S. Signal Service, U. S. Weather Bureau, 
New York Water Supply Commission. 



U. S. Army posts, New York State, etc., as compiled by 



GENERAL INDEX. 



[An index of wells by names of owners is given on pp. 391-394.] 



Page. 
Agawam pumping station, underflow at, diagrams 

illustrating 99-100 

Amity ville Waterworks Co., system of, data concern- 
ing 82-83, 150-151, 287 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Ammeter. See Meter, recording. 

Analyses of well waters 68-69, 169-170, 

183, 185, 190-193, 199, 202-203, 206-207, 211, 213- 
214, 226, 228, 231-233, 244, 247-248, 267, 271, 282- 
284, 288-291, 293, 298, 301, 303, 305, 333, 335, 337 

Assistance, acknowledgmen ts to those rendering 116-117 

Babylon Sumpwams Water Co., water system of, data 

concerning 82-83, 154-155, 303-304 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Bajada, definition of 30 

diagram showing 29 

Barometic changes, effect of, on ground water 72, 74 

effect of, on ground water, diagram showing . : 72 

Basement rocks, occurrence and character of 16-17 

surface of 17 

Bayshore, water system of, map showing. PI. xix, in pocket. 

Bayside, water system of, data concerning 80-81 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Bayside pumping station, borings at, location of, map 

showing 217 

Bed rock, character and occurrence of 16-17 

position of, map showing ■ ■...., 16 

sections showing 17,36 

Belleview road stations,' underflow at, figures show- 
ing 106, 107, 108 

Berry, E. W., on Matawan formation 24, 25 

Bibliography of Long Island 16 

Blythboume Water Co., water system of, data con- 

cemmg 80-81,118-119,168 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Bowery Bay Building and Improvement Co., system 

of, data concerning 82-83, 130-131, 197 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Bowman, Isaiah, Veatch, A. C, and, well records by. 126-337 

Broken Grounds, view of 38 

Brooklyn, sewer tunnel in south, plan and sections of. . 168 

Brooklyn Borough, water supply of 71-81 363-364 

water supply of, map showing systems of 

PI. xix, in pocket. 
Brooklyn Department of Water Supply, data con- 
cerning 74-79 

pumping stations of 74^79 

map showing systems of PI. xix, in pocket. 

storage reservoirs of 74-79 

map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

water level in watershed of 73 

effect of pumping on 73 

diagram showing 72 

wells of , in lex to 391 

Browns Point, section at, diagram showing 49 

Burgess well. Oyster Bay, view of 64 

Carlls River, data concerning 373-374 

Carmans River, data concerning 380-381 

Cedar Brook station, underflow at, figure showing 103 

Center Island, section at, diagram showing 38 

Cherry Hill Point, section near, diagram showing 37 



Page. 
Citizens Water Supply Co., water system of, data con- 
cerning .. 80-81,82-83,128-129,132-133,194,195,214 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

well of, effect of tides on, figure showing 71 

Clark, W. B., on New Jersey geology 21,23 

Coastal plain, drainage of, development of, diagram 

showing 32 

Cold Spring Harbor, well at, view of 64 

College Point, water system of, data concerning 78-79 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Commutator clock, views of 92, 98 

Connecticut, well water from, analyses of 68-69 

Connecticut River of Long Island. See Carmans River. 

Connetquot Brook, data concerning 378-379 

Cook, G. H., on New Jersey geology 21 

Creedmoor, moraine near, view of 44 

Cretaceous rocks of Long Island, artesian area of, map 

showing 68 

character of 18 

comparison of New .Jersey Cretaceous and 21-25 

distribution of 19-20 

maps showing i8, 20, 68 

position of, diagrams showing 34-39 

relations of 21-25 

map showing 18 

structure of ; 18-19 

maps sho-^ving 18, 19, 68 

summary of 26 

view of, at Melville 22 

water supply in 55-56, 65-67 

weUs to 65-67 

Cretaceous rocks of New Jersey, comparison of Long 

Island Cretaceous and 21-23 

map showing 18 

section of 22 

Cretaceous sand, view of 22 

Crosby, W. 0., sizing and filtration tests by 338-360 

Cuesta, definition of 30 

diagram showing 29 

Cutting Creek, weir on, view of 378 

Dams, effect of, on ground water 62, 73-74 

seepage from 106-110 

Darton, N. H., on deflection of rivers in Hightstown 

Vale 31,32 

Davis, W. M., on escarpment and cuesta 29-30 

Douglaston. well at, effect of tide on 7^ 

well at, effect of tide on, diagram showing 71 

view of 66 

Doxsee Creek, data concerning 376-377 

Drainage of North Atlantic coastal plain, develop- 
ment of 31-32 

diagram showing] 32 

Drillers of wells, list of 116-117 

Dunton, well at, diagram of 213 

East Meadow Brook, data concerning 368-369 

underflow at, figure showing 101 

East Meadow Pond, seepage from 107-108 

Easthampton Water Co., system of , data concerning. . 84-85, 

166-167,335 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Electrolyte, spreading of, figures showing 93, 94 

• 387 



388 



GENEEAL INDEX. 



Page. 

England, wolds and vales in, diagram showing 28 

Eocene erosion, occurrence of 27 

Erasmus Hall, rainfall at 365 

Escarpment, definition of 29 

varied meanings of, diagram showing 29 

Farmingdale, water system of, map showing 

PI. xix, in pocket. 

Filtration tests of different sands, results of 354-360 

Flatbush Waterworks Co., system of, data concern- 
ing 80-81, 118-] 19 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Fleischman Manufacturing Co., wells of, location of, 

map showing '. 180 

Flushing, water system of, data concerning 80-81 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Folding, occurrence and cause of 37-40 

Fordham gneiss, occurrence and character of 16 

Freeport. underflow measurements near 86 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

waterworks of, data concerning 82-83, 142-143 

Garden City Water Supply Co., system of, data con- 
cerning 82-83,142-143,254 

■ Gardiner erosion, occurrence and character of 40 

Gardiners Island, erosion on 40 

sections of, diagrams showing 37,39 

Gay Head, folding at, character and cause of 37-40 

section at, diagram showing 39 

Geologic history of Long Island 48-50 

Geology, outlines of 15-52 

German-American Improvement Co., waterworks of. 

data concerning 80-81 , 126-127, 189 

Glaeiatlon on Long Island, conditions of 33-48, 50-52 

Glen Cove, water systems of, map showing 

PI. xix, in pocket. 
Grand avenue and Newbridge Brook station, under- 
flow at, diagram showing 105 

Great South Bay Water Co., water system of, data 

concerning 82-8,5,154-15.5,160-161,304 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Greenport, water system of, data concerning 84-85, 

166-167,331-332 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Ground-water table. Ser Water table. 

Harbor Hill glacier, moraine and outwash plain of, 

view's of 44 

Harbor Hill stage, position of ice during, map showing. 44 
Hempstead, water system of, data concerning.. 82-83,142-143 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Hempstead Brook, flow of 58-59 

flow of, increase of, map showing ,59 

Hempstead reservoir, discharge of 62 

Hicksville, water system of, map showing. PI. xix, in pocket. 

Hightstown Vale, deflection of rivers in 31-32 

deflection of rivers in, figure showing 32 

map showing 32 

location and character of 30-31 

section showing 30 

HoUick, A., on Long Island geology 16,48 

HolUswood, water system of, data conceming 80-81 

water system of, map showing PI xix, in pocket. 

.Horton, R. E., on surface streams of Long Island... 361-385 

Huntington, outwash plain near, view of 44 

Huntington Water Works Co., water system of, data 

concerning 82-83, 154-155, 299-300 

water system of, map showing PI. xi.x, in pocket. 

Ice sheet, folding due to 39-40 

Islip, gaging station at, view of 367 

gagings near 376-377 



I'age. 

Islip, water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Jamaica Water Supply Co., water system of, data con- 
cerning 80-81, 132-133, 210-211 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Jameeo gravel, artesian area of. map showing 66 

deposition and occurrence of 34-35, 55 

position of. diagrams showing 34-39, 56 

water supply in 55-56, 64-65 

wells to 64-65 

Jones well . Cold Spring Harbor, view of 64 

King's sand pit. view in 40 

Knapp, G. W., on Long Island Miocene 25 

Lafayette submergence , occurrence of 28 

Lakes, effect of, on ground water , 106-110 

occurrence and causes of 61-63 

Landslip phenomena, view of 38 

Lindenhurst, fire department wells of, data concern- 
ing 154-155 

fire department wells of, map showing. PI. xix, in pocket. 

Lloyd sand, depth to, maps showing 18,68 

position and importance of 19,23,26,6.5-67 

diagram showing > .56 

water of. analyses of ^ .'....". B8-69 

water supply in ; 6.5-67 

wells to 65-66 

Long Beach, well at, relation of tide and, figure show- 
ing 70 

Long Beach Association, waterworks of. data concern- 
ing 82-83, 140-141, 248 

Long Island City, water system of, data regarding. . . 78-79 

map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Long Island City pumping station No. 8, borings at, 

diagram showing , . 188 

Mackay, C. H.. waterworks of , data concerning 82-83 

V7ater system of, map showing .'. PI. xix, in pocket. 

McAlpine, W. T. . stream measurements by. 365 

McGee.W. J., on deflection of rivers in Hightstown Vale. 31-32 

Manhasset. well at. figure showing H4 

Manhasset bowlder bed , view of 40 

Manhasset gravel. See Tisbury gravel. 
Manhanset House, water system of, data concerning. 84-85, 

164-165,. 331 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Manhattan Island, sections of. figure showing 17 

Mannetto gravel, deposition and distribution of 33-34 

view of 22 

Map showing Cretaceous artesian well area 86 

showing depth of Lloyd sand 68 

showing distribution of Cretaceous 18,20,68 

showing distribution of Miocene 27 

showing distribution of water-power development. 60 

showing deflection of sti'eams 32 

showing development of drainage on -North 

Atlantic coastal plain 32 

showing increase of flow of Hempstead Brook 59 

showing J ameco artesian- well area , 66 

showing location of borings for Pennsylvania, New 

York and Long Island Railroad 182,184,186 

showing location of imderflow stations 87, 

91,92,99-103,105-114 

showing location of wells 180,217 ,223, 281 

PI. xix, in pocket. 

showing north shoi'e artesian-well area 66 

showing position of bed rock 16 

showing position of ground-water table 

PI. xix, in pocket, 
showing relative position of ice at different stages. . 44 
showing stnicture of Cretaceous beds , 18, 19 



GENERAL INDEX. 



889 



I'-.ige. 

Map showing waterworks systems of Long Island 

PI. xix, in pocket. 
Marl series of New Jersey, occurrence and character of . 22 

Marthas Vineyard, section of, diagram showing 39 

Massapequa , underflow raeAsurements near SR , 95-9fi 

Massapequa Creek, data concerning 371-373 

Matawan formation, occurrence and character of 22 

Mather, W. W., figure cited from 39 

Melville, N. Y., section near 20 

views of Cretaceous and Manetto deposits near. . . 22 
Merrick pumping station, underflow at, figure showing. 102 
Merrick Water Co., water system of, data conceni- 

ing 82-83, 146-147, 273 

water system of, map showing PI. .xix, in pocket. 

Merrill, F. J. II.. on geology of Long Island 16 

Meter, direct-reading, description and use of 90-97 

use of, figure .showing 92 

view of 92 

Meter, self-recording, charts of, view of 100 

clock for, views of ; 92,98 

description and use of 97-99 

view of 98 

Meters, types of for imderflow measurements 90 

Miocene rocks, distribution of 27-28 

distribution of, map showing 27 

Miocene submergence, occurrence of 27-28 

Montaiik Water Co. .water system of. data concerning . 80-81 . 

132-133,213-214 

well of, figure of 213 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Mountain Mist Springs, character of 58 

water table producing, figure showing 57 

Nash, li. S., stream measurements by 365 

Nassau County Water Co., water system of. data con- 
cerning 82-83, 144-145, 148-151,262-276,279-280 

New Jersey, Cretaceous rocks of, position of, map 

showing 18 

sections of 22, 30 

location of , map showing 30 

Newbridge Brook, underflow at, figure illustrating 105 

Newbridge streams, data concerning 370 

Newtown, watersystem of, niapshowing.. PI. xix, in pocket. 
New York City department of water supply, water 

systems of 76-81 

watersystem of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

wells of, index to 393 

New York City commission on additional water sup- 
ply, acknowledgements to 87, 116 

maps and diagrams from 70, PI. xix, in pocket. 

test wells of, inde.x to ,391 

North shore, artesian area of, map of _. 66 

valleys of, origin of 43-44 

wells on, views of 64 

Northport Water Works Co., water system of, data 

concerning 82-83. 154-155, 300-301 

water system of , map showing Pi. xix, in pocket. 

OakPark, water system of, map showing. PI. xix, in pocket. 
Orowoc ( reek, data concerning 376-377 

gaging station on, figure of 367 

Oyster Bay ,water system of, map showing . PI. xix, in pocket. 

well at, view of 64 

wells at, location of, map showing 281 

records of, diagram showing 38 

Patchogue, watersystem of, map showing. PL. xix, in pocket. 
Pennsylvania .New York and Long Island Railroadjbor- 

ings of, maps and diagrams showing. 182, 184, 186 
Perrineville Wold, location and character of , 31 

sections showing 30 



Page. 
Pfalzgraf, PI. C, estate, waterworks of, data concern- 
ing 80-81, 118-119, 169 

Pleistocene time , glaoiation in 33-48 

Pliocene erosion , occurrence of 28 

Ponds, effect of, on ground water 62-63,106-110 

effect of, on gi-oimd water, figure showing 62 

leakage from , figure showing 62 

occurrence and cause of 61-63 

Porosity. See Filtration tests. 

Port Jefferson Water Co.. water system of, data con- 
cerning 84-85, li;0-161, 319-320 

Pratt estate, water system of. data concerning 82-83, 

144-145,264-265 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Pumping, effect of, on ground water 73-74,111-114 

effect of, on gi'ound water, figure showing 72 

Pumping stations , underflow at, diagrams showing. . 98-103, 

105-112 
Quantuck Water Co., water system of, data concern- 
ing 84-85, 164-165,-327 

Quaternarj' time glaciation in 33-48, 49-52 

Queens Borough, waterworks of, data concerning. . . . 78-81 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Queens County Water Co.. watersystem of, data con- 
cerning 82-83, 1.36-137, 224-226 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

wells of, location of, map showing 223 

sections of, figure showing 225 

Quogue, water system of, map showing. . PI. .xix, in pocket. 

Rainfall, effect of, on ground water 69-71, 104-106 

Ranfall in 1903, data of 415-417 

Rapid transit commission, Ijorings of, diagrams show- 
ing 170, 172 

Raritan formation, age of 25-26 

occurrence and character of 22 

Rathbun, F. D., record of well fluctuations furnished 

by 70 

Recent time, submergence in 48 

Reservoirs, data concerning 76-85 

Riverhead waterworks, water system of, data concern- 
ing 84-85, 164-165, 327-328 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Rockaway Ridge, folding at, section showing 36 

Rockville Center, water system of, data concerning. . 82-83, 

140-141,250 

watersystem of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Ronkonkoma, Lake, character of 63,379-380 

character of, figure showing 63 

Ronkonkoma stage, position of ice in, map showing. . . 44 
Sag Harbor Water Co., water system of, data concern- 
ing 84-85, 166-167,3.34 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Sal ammoniac, use of 96-97 

Sahsbury, R. D., on New Jersey geology 16,21 

Sampa warns Creek, data concerning 37.5-376 

San Gabriel River, Cal., underflow measurements on, 

figure illustrating 91 

Sand grains, effective size of, definition of 338 

filtration tests with different sizes of 354-360 

sizing tests of 338-353 

Sand spit, view of 52 

Sankaty formation, deposition, character, and distri- 
bution of 30-37 

position of, diagrams showing 34-39 

Sayville, water system of, map showing. . PI. xix, in pocket. 
Seaolifl Water Co., water system of, data concerning. 82-83, 

144-145, 262 
water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 



390 



GENEKAL INDEX. 



I'age. 
Section, cross, showing underground water conditions . 56 

Section, generalized , of pre-Pleistocene rocks 20-21 

Sections , geologic , of Long Island 20, 33, 35, 

diagrams showing 17,34, 35,36, 37, 38, 39, 56 

Sections, geologic, of Long Island and New Jersey, lo- 
cation of, diagram showing 30 

Setauket, structure near, diagram showing 19 

Shelter Island Heights Association, water system of, 

data concerning 84-85,166-167 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Slichter, C. S., on velocity of underflow on Longlsland. 86-115 

Smith town Harbor, sand spit at, view of 52 

Southampton Water Co., water system of, data con- 
cerning 84-85,164-165,329 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Springs, discharge of 59 

origin of 58-59 

Springs, mineral, occurrence of 59 

Steinway and Son, water system of, data concerning. 82-83, 

128-129 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Stockbridge dolomite, occurrence and character of 16 

cross section showing 17 

Streams, channels of, analogy of wells and 58 

character of 60, 361-362, 368-3S3 

measurements of 58-59, 365-383 

occurrence of 60,361-383 

origin of 60 

profile of, ideal 362 

utihzation of 60-61, 74, 76-78,84, 362 

Success, Lake, character of 61 

character of, figure showing 61 

Temperature, effect of, on ground water 72 

effect of, on ground water, diagram showing 72 

Tertiary rocks, section of 20-21 

Tertiary rocks of New Jersey, comparison of Long Is- 
land Tertiary and 21-25 

section of 21 

Tertiary time, history of, on Long Island 26-32 

Test wells for underflow measurements, description 

of 88-90 

plan of, figure illustrating 88 

Texas bars, theoretical deflection of rivers by 32 

theoretical deflection by, figure sho\ving 32 

Tides, effect of; on ground water 71-72 

effect of, on ground water, diagrams showing 64,70, 71 

Tisbury gravel, deposition and occurrence of . . .' 41-43 

position of, diagrams showing 34,38 

Tobacco Point, section at, diagram showing 37 

Topography, development of 28-32,46-48,50-52 

sketch of 1.5-16 

Underflow, existence of : . . 100-104 

measurements of 86-104 

figure illustrating 89 

velocity of 92-94,80-88, 104-113 

figures illustrating 91-92, 98-103, 105-113 

Underflow apparatus, character of 88-98 

pnnciples involved in 99 

\iews of 90,92, 98, 100 

Underflow stations, location of, maps showing 87,91, 

92,98-103,105-114 
Underground water. See Water, underground. 
Vale, definition of 29 

diagrams of 28-30 

occurrence of 28-32 

Veatch, A. C, on geology of Long Island 15-52 



Page. 
Veatch; A, C, on underground water of Long Island . 53-85 
Veatch, A- C.,and Bowman, Isaiah, well records by. 116-337 

Vineyard interval, character of 43-44 

Wantagh Pond, seepage from 108-110 

underflow near, figure illustrating 109-112 

Wantagh pumping stations, location of, figures show- 
ing 87, 114, PI. xix, in pocket. 

underflow at, diagram illustrating 98 

Wantagh streams, data concerning 370-371 

Ward, L. F., on Island series 22' 

Water, underground, conditions of .53-85 

underground, general principles of 53-55 

geologic conditions of 55-59 

source of 53, 67-69 

transmission of 5.3-54 

Water, well, analyses of. See Analyses of well waters. 

Water powers, development of 60-61,. 362 

distribution of, map showing , . 60 

Water table, definition of 54 

fluctuations of 69-74, 3x3-384 

figures showing 70, 72 

perched type of 57-.5S, 61-62 

figures showing. ;;...- .i6-58, 61 

position of 57-59 

figures showing 54, 56, 57, 58, 61-63, 70 

map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

springs dependent on .58-59 

figure showing 56 

Waterw-orks, data concerning 74-85 

map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Well drillers, list of those assisting 116-117 

Well owners, list of 391-394 

Wells, analogy of deep-cut channels and, diagram 

showing 58 

records of 118-337 

specific capacity of 114 

Wells, artesian and deep, conditions requisite for . . 54-55,67 

artesian and deep, distribution of 63-67 

location of, maps showing. . 70-72, 180, PI. xix, in pocket. 

_ records of 118-337 

" views of » 64,66 

waters of, analyses of. See Analyses. . 

Wells, blowing, occurrence of 74 

. Wells in Connecticut, water of, analyses of 68-69 

West Hills, section in 19-20 

strata in, views showing 22 

water conditions in, diagram showing. 57 

White, Da^id, on Raritan formation 26 

Whitestone, water system of, data regarding 80-81 

water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 

Whitlock, .'Vrtemus. stream measurements by 366 

Whitney, F. L., record of well fluctuations furnished 

by 71 

Wisconsin deposits, deposition and occurrence' of 44-48 

Wolds, definition of 29 

diagrams showing 28,29 

occurrence of 30, 31 

Woodhaven Water Supply Co., water system of, data 

concerning. 80-81, 126-127, 192 

water system of, map showing .... PI. xix, in pocket. 

Woodside Water Co., water system of, data concern- 
ing 80-81 , 128-131 , 194 

water system of, map showing P). xix, in pocket. 

Wood worth, J. B., on Tisbury gravel 37,41 

figure cited from 39 

Woolman, Lewis, on wells and geology of Long Island 

and New Jersey 23-24 



INDEX OF WELL DATA. 



(By names of owners.) 

[For wells by locality, see map (PJ. XXIV,in pocket), from which numbers used in tables and notes, pp. 123-368, can be 
obtained.] 



Page. 

Abrames, Jirdea 136, 226 

diagram showing 36 

Ackerly, Hiram 154-155 

Adams, Maude 154-155 

Albertson, .7. A 142-143,256 

Allard & McGuire 148-149, 278-279 

Amagansett 166-167 

American Cordage and Manufac- 
turing Co 122-123 

American Hard Rubber Co. 130-131, 198 
Amity vLlle Water Co . 82-83, 150, 151, 287 

Anderson, H . B 138-139, 242 

Anderson, W. B 134-135, 224 

Arbuckle Brothers 120-121, 175 

Army, U. S 118-119, 134- 

135, 146-147, 166-169, 220, 275, 336 

Arnold, Wm. H 134-135,222 

Astoria Silk Works 128-129, 196 

Astoria Steel Co 126-127, 187 

Babylon Sumpwams Water Co. . 82-83, 
I.54-155, 303-304 

Baker,' C. A 162-163 

Baker, W. C 134-135, 224 

Baldwin, Gilbert 134-135 

Baldwin, W. H., jr 146-147, 267 

diagram showing 58 

Barrett Manufacturing Co. 118-119, 169 

Bartlett, Judge — 162-163, 321 

Bayside. See New York City de- 
partment of water supply 
(Queens Borough). 

Becker, J. F 164-165, 330 

Bedford, A. C 146-147 

Bell, L. V 152-153, 294 

Benjamin, Dr. — 166-107, 334-335 

Benner, Charles 158-159, 315 

Berger, — 146-147 

Bernheim, Frank 144-145 

Bevin, L. A 21, 154-155, 302-303 

Bickerman, Charles 126-127, 187, 198 

Biddle, J 160-161, 320 

Sleeker, — 152-153 

Blyndenburgh, Charles .... 156-157,308 

Blythbourne Water Co 80-8J , 

118-119, 168 

Booth, H. B 138-139, 242 

Borden Condensed Milk Co. 118-119,173 

Bosch, Fred 72, 152-153, 290 

Bottjer, H 128-129,194 

Bourne, F. G 1.58-159 

Bowen, James 152-153, 293-294 

Bowery Bay Building and Im- 
provement Co 82-83, 130-131, 197 

Brady, J. F 142-143,255 

Bragnaw estate 124-125, 183 

Brentwood 156-1.58, 307 



Breslau fire department 154-155 

Bridgehampton 166-176 

Brightson, G. E 152-153,292 

Brookhaven 162-163 

Brooklyn Borough Gas Co 118-119 

Brooklyn department of water 
supply. See New York City - 
department of water supply 
(Brooklyn Borough). 
Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. 118-119,168 

Brooklyn sewer department 118- 

119, 168 

Brooklyn Union Gas Co 118- 

123, 172, 177, 178 
Brooklyn waterworks. See New 
York City department of water 
supply (Brooklyn Borough). 

Brower, Samuel 134-135,224 

B rower, Warren 134-135 

Brown, H. C 156-157 

Brown, J. W 160-161,320 

Brown, Nicholas 164-165 

Burger Brewing Co 120-121 

Burgess, — 150-151,284 

Burke, S 144-145, 263 

Burr,C. S 156-157,304 

Bush, D. F 146-147, 265 

Butterfield, Justin 156-157 

Byrne, J. F 160-161, 318 

Caffery , James 130-131, 198, 199 

Calvary Cemetery 122-123, 181 

Calverton 162-163 

Carll, George 154-155, 299 

Carmen, R. F 154-155,300 

Carr, William 162-163, 322 

Carroll, B. L 130-131,199 

Casino Lake Ice Co 132-133, 215 

Chapman, T. R 130-131,200 

Childs, Elversley 160-161, 315 

Childs, H. C 134-135,221 

Christ Church, Manhasset Hill. 138-139 

Chrome Steel Works 120-121 

Citizens Water Supply Co 71, 

80-81,128-129, 132-133, 
138-139, 194, 195, 214, 238 

diagrams showing 36, 58 

Clark, J. H 140-141,248-249,267 

Clark, William 160-161, 318 

Clarke, Captain — 156-157, 304 

Clarke, William 158-159, 314, 324 

Clots, Mrs. M. H 152-153, 296 

Cockran, Bourke 140-141, 245 

Cold Spring Creamery 152-153, 290 

Cold Spring Hatchery 152-153 

Cole, Dexter 154-155, 301 

Cole, W. W 134-135, 220 



Page. 
College Point. See New York 

City department of water 

snpply (Queen.s Borough). 

Collier, Richard 152-153, 290 

Colonial Springs 154-1,55, 298 

Columbia farm 152-153,291 

Commack 156-157 

Commission on additional water 

supply. See New York City. 

Congress Brewing Co 120-121 

Conklin, Fred 152-153,295 

Conklin, R. B 152-153,297 

Consolidated Gas Co 126-127 , 187 

Consolidated Ice Co 64, 152-153, 295 

Consumers Hygeia Ice Co. . 124-125, 184 

Cottnet, R. L 142-143,255-256 

Cox, Irving 21,66,150-151,286 

Cox, Robert 140-141, 242, 260 

Cox, W. T 19, 158-159, 314 

Coyson, .V. & S. B 122-123, 182 

Cravath, P. D 146-147, 268 

Crescent Chemical Co 118-119 

'Crystal Springs Ice Co 64, 

144-145,264,285 

Darling, C. T 158-159,313 

Darling, J. L 160-161,319 

Darlington, J. I-1 162-163,324 

Davis, J. Il 160-161 

Da\-is, N. W 160-161,320 

Davis, William 162-163 

Dayton, R. B 162-163,325 

De Forrest, Henry 152-153, 293 

De Forest, R... 152-153,293,295,317,319 

De Groat, Mrs. 162-163,322 

Debevoise, W. M 120-121, 174 

Decker Bros 74,152-153,290 

Dedrick, C. B 160-161 

Denton, Alex 152-153,295 

Dillman, 128-129, 196 

Diver, Judge 134-135,223-224 

Dodge estate 140-141, 244-245 

Dollard, Henry 150-151,284 

Downs, James 164-166, 328 

Dryer, 160-161 

Dryf uss & Nibbe 150-151 , 288 

Dubois, H. J 152-153,295,320 

Ducey , Father 158-159, 312 

Dunton, F. W 132-133 

Duryea, H. B 67, 142-143, 256-257 

diagram showing 58 

Eagle Dock 152-153, 293, 318 

East Marion life-sa'i'ing station. . 166- 
167,333 

East Marion 166-167 

East River Gas Co 124-125 

Eastern Brewing Co 120-121,178 

391 



392 



INDEX OF WELL DATA. 



Page. 

Easthampton Home Water Co. . 81-85. 

166-167, 335 

Edison, Charles :.. 142-143,254,274 

Elliott, J 154-155,299 

Emerson, Dr. 160-161,318 

Emken Chemical Co 124-125 

Emmett, D 19, 158-159, 313 

Empire Oil Refinery 122-123 

Epping, Joseph 120-121 

Erland, George, sr 158-159,314 

E.xcelsior Brewing Co 120-121, 173 

Fahy Watch Case Co 166-167,334 

Farmingdale 150-151, 288 

Fassbender & Stande 148-149 

Ferguson, E. M. & W.. 146-147,337,368 

Flatbush Waterworks Co 80-81 , 

118-119 

Fleishman Manufacturing Co. 122-123, 

180-181 

Flemltag, Mrs. 126-127, 187 

Fletcher, G. M 66,1.50-151,285 

Flower, Mr.s. Julia 136-137,227 

Flower estate 122-123, 181 

Flushing. See New York City 

department of water supply 

(Queens Borough). 

Frank Brewery 128-129 

Franz, Frank 160-161,318 

Freeport waterworks 82-83, 142-143 

Freestone. 138-139 

Friends Academy 144-145. 262-263 

diagram showing 58 

Froellich, Frank 124-125, 185 

Fuch, August 160-161, 317 

Furst, W. F 166-167,333 

Gallienne. F 154-1.55, 299 

Gardner. A. S 154-155 

Gardner City Water Supply Co . . 82-83, 
142-143,254 

Gates, CO 66, 146-147,265-266 

Geissenhainer, F. W 144-145 

General Chemical Co 122-123 

German-American Improvement 

Co ■ 80-81, 126-127, 189 

Gilbert, H. B 134-135,221 

Gildersleeve, H. 154-155, 301 

Gill, P. H., & Sons 118-119 

Gillette, D r. 156-157, 305 

Gillis, Jas., & Sons 122-123, 182 

Gilsey estate 164-165 

Godfrey, Mrs. E 150-151 

Goldsmith, Donald 164-165 

Good Ground 164-165 

Gould, Howard 140-141, 245 

Grace, W. K 138-139, 242 

Graf, Anthony 138-139 

Great Neck school 138-139, 242 

Great South Bay Water Co 82-85, 

154-155,160-161,304-306 

Greenport waterworks 84- 

85, 166-167. 331-332 

GrifRn, C. L 134-135,221-222 

Groty, Mrs. 162-163, 321 

Gutherie,W. D.. 66,146-147,266.267,268 

Hageman, G. E 162-163, 321 

Hallock, A. B 20,164-165,326-327 

Halloek, B. F 158-159 

Hallock, C. A 154-155,300 



Hallock, F. G 158-159 

Hallock, William 162-163, 323 

Hallock & Small 20, 164-165, 326 

Hamilton, 150-151, 284 

Hamilton, J. F 1.38-139, 241 

Hamilton, W.J 138-139, 240 

Harek, Rudolph 124-125,186-187 

Harms estate 150-151, 289 

Harnier, Dr. 126-127,187 

Harriman, J. H 148-149,277 

Harris, George 162-163 

Harris, L 158-159,310 

Hart, A. W 134-135,223 

Hawman Brothers 162-163, 321 

Heckscher, August 152-153, 290 

Hecla Iron Works 122-123 

Hedges, J. W 166-167, 334 

Heinz, H. J., Co 148-149.276 

Hempstead poorhouse. 140-141,247-248 

diagram showing 36 

Hempstead Water Co. . .. 82-83, 142-143 

Herod, Wm 156-157,304 

Hewlett, Walter 152-153 

Hixon, J. B 138-1.39, 327 

Hodges, Axel 160-161, 318 

Hoenighausen, Peter 74,152-153,290 

Holt,G. B 1.34-135 

Hopkins, J. H 160-161,321 

Howard & Fuller Brewing Co.. 120-121 

Howell, Porter 162-163, .323 

Hoyt , Colgate 66, 150-151, 285-286 

diagram showing 38 

Huber, Henry 138-139 

Humbert & Andrews 118-119. 172 

Hummel , Martin 124-125 

Huntington Oas Co 154-155 

Huntington Light and Power Co . 154- 

155, 300 

Huntington Water Works Co. . . 82-83, 

154-155, 299-300 

Hutchinson, A. S : 148-149,281-304 

Hutchinson, E. K 148-149,281 

Hutchinson, A. J & A. S 148-140, 282 

Idlewild Hotel 1.30-131 

Imhauser, W., estate 158-159, 311 

India Rubber Comb Co 1.30-131, 198 

Isenburg, I 128-129, 195 

Islip 156-157 

Jackson, Jacob. ..: 148-149, 278 

Jackson, Oscar 150-151, 289 

Jacobs, N. H 140-141,244 

Jagnow Brothers 138-139.238 

Jamaica Water Supply Co 80-81, 

1:32-1.33, 210-211 

diagram showing 36 

Jennings , Walter 152-153, 294 

John Good Cordage and Machine 

Co 124-125 

Johnson, 120-121, 174 

Jones, Edwin 152-153, 291 

Jones, J. T 152-153,292 

Jones, Mrs. 162-163, 324 

Jones, O. L 65, 

66, 148, 155, 282, 286, 297, 302 

diagram showing 38 

Jones, W. E 152-153, 291 

Jones, W. R 152-153, 291 

Jones Brothers 120-121. 175 



Kasteard, 1 140-141. 244 

Keene, Foxhall 142-143, 256 

Keene, James 134-135 

ICeil, Charles 150-151, 289 

Keller, J., & Sons 150-151,288-289 

Kelsey, W. P 142-143,255 

Kennedy, John 74, 148-149, 279 

Kenyon, W. W 158-159,309 

Kersona, 144-145, 262 

Kiefer, .-V 138-139,239 

Kimmerly, Stephen 140-141 

King, J. B., Co 144-145 

King, Mary E 138-139, 242 

Kirk, T. J 160-161, .316 

Klabfleisch, F.H.,Co..- 120-121 

Klaiber. John 158-159, 310 

Klothe, Herman 138-139 

Knierum, Edward 150-151 

Knowles, A. .\ 144-145, 261-282 

Knox Hat Co 118-119,172 

Kroln, 162-163 

Kruger, 286 

Kurz, Jules... 148-149,278 

Lalance & Grosjean Manufactur- 
ing Co 128-129, 192-193 

Lanier, J. F. D 142-143, 256 

Latting, E 146-147, 268 

Lauraman, Otto 162-163, 323 

Lawrence, John 134-135, 222 

Lawrence Beach Bathing Asso- 
ciation 134-135, 222 

Layton, P.N '. 148-149 

Lee, , 150-151, 283 

Leeman, C. F. 158-159,309 

L'Hommedieu's,J.H.,Sons 138-139,241 

diagram showing 64 

Liebmann, S., Sons Brewing Co. 120- 
121, 173 

Lindenhurst fire wells 154-155 

Long Beach Association 24, 

70, 82-83, 140-141, 246-248 

Long Island Railroad 118-119, 

124-125, 130-131, 134-143, 148- 
149,154-155,160-167, 169,183, 
198-199, 220, 231, 241, 244, 303, 
315, 322, 324, 328, 332-333, 336 

Long Island Sand Co 152-153 

Long Island State Hospital. 158-159, 336 

Lord, D. D 1.34-13.5, 223 

Ludlum, 148-149, 279 

Ludlum, Alfred 148-149, 281 

Lupton, F. M 164-165 

Lustgarten, Henry 138-139, 241 

McCrary, R. S .' . . . 154-155, 300 

McDonald, Mrs. S. F 164-165, 329 

McGee, Walter 162-163, 321 

McGifl, J. F 156-157,304 

MacKay, C. H 82-83, 144-145 

MacKenzie, G. C 66, 150-151, 285 

diagram showing 38 

McKilvery, 126-127, 187 

McLaughlin, J.J 164-165, 328 

McWilUams Coal Co 134-135, 220 

Malcolm Brewing Co 120-121 

Maltine Co 118-119, 169-170 

Man, Edward 134-135, 223 

Manhanset House . . . 84-85, 164-165, 331 
Manhattan Beach Hotel 118-119 



INDEX OF WELL DATA. 



393 



Page. 

Manhattan State Hospital 156-157 

Marsh, Mrs. A. W 152-153,297 

Marsh, Theodore 160-161 

Martin, J. E 134-135, 221 

Mason, C. H 140-141,244 

Massapequa Hotel 15U-151 

Masury, J. W., & Son 120-121,175 

Matherson, W. T 158-1.59, 309 

Matherson, W. T. & Co . 124-125, 185-186 

Mattituck 164-165 

Melville, Frank, jr 160-161 

Merger & ThraU 120-121, 174 

Merrick Water Co ... . 82-83, 146-147, 273 

Metzner, M. A 158-159 

Miller, Mary 162-163 

Milliken Bros 118-119 

Mineola Court-house 142-143 

Minniken, John 144-145, 264 

Mohannes Casino 150-151, 283 

Mo-Mo-Ne Spring 298-299 

Monecke, Dr. 158-1.59, 312 

Monfort, H. A 152-153, 290 

MontaukBrewingCo 128-129,193 

Montauk Water Co 80-81, 

132-133, 213-214 

Morgan, Charles 138-139 

Morgan, E. D 67, 142-143, 257-259 

diagram showing 58 

Morrell, 154-155 

Morris, J. K 166-167, 334 

Morrison, D. G 124-125 

Morrissey, John 158-159 , 312 

Mortimer, Stanley 144-145, 259 

Moss, D. B 154-155,301,327 

Mountain Mist Springs 152-153, 291 

Muncie, E. H 154-155,303 

Nassau County poor larm . 148-149,279 

Nassau County Water Co 82-83, 

144-145, 148-151 , 262, 276, 279-280 
Nassau Electric Light and Power 

Co 144-145, 260 

Nassau Oyster Co 160-161, 316 

Navy, U. S 120-121,176-177 

Neptune Consumers Ice Co 122- 

123, 178-179 

Nevins, Fred 154-155, 301 

New Calvary Cemetery 128-129, 195 

New York and Queens County 

Railroad 128-129, 195 

New York Architectural Terra 

Cotta Co 124-125, 186 

New York Asbestos Co 124-125,186 

New York-Brooklyn Rapid Tran- 
sit Co 118-119, 169 

New York City commission on 

additional water supply 126-151, 

156-161, 187, 193-198, 209, 211-220, 
235-241, 243, 249-255, 261-262, 273- 
277, 279, 287-289, 297-298, 306-308, 
310,312-313, 316-317, 319, 339-360 
New York City department of wa- 
tersupply (Brooklyn Borough): 

Agawam r8-79, 146-147,269-270 

Baisleys 76-77, 130-131,203 

diagram showing 34 

Clear St ream 7&-77, 136-137, 288 

17116— No. 44—06 26 



New York City, department of 
water supply (Brooklyn Bor- 
ough): Forest Stream 76-77, 

136-137,233-234 

diagram showing 34 

Freeport 146^147, 270-271 

Gravesend 76-77,118-119,169 

Jameco 76-77, 130-131, 204-206 

diagram showing 34 

Massapequa 78-79.150-151,287 

Mato wa 78-79 , 146-147, 273 

Merrick 78-79, 146-147, 271-273 

New Lots 76-77, 126-127, 189 

diagram showing 34 

New Utrecht 76-77,118-119 

Oconee 76-77, 130-131 

Shetucket 76-77, 130-131 

Spring Creek . 76-77, 126-127, 190-191 
Springfield . . . 76-77, 130-131, 201-202 

Test wells 126-127 

130-133,136-137,140-141,189-190, 

200, 202-210, 212-213, 228-235, 249 

diagrams showing.. 34,36,58 

Watts Pond.. 76-77,136-137,231-232 

Wantagh 78-79, 146-147, 274 

New York City department of 
watersupply (QueensBorough) , 

Bayside 80-81 , 134-135, 218-219 

College Point. See Fresh 

Meadow. 

Flushing. See Bayside. 

Fresh Meadow 78-79, 

132-133-215-216 

Long Island City No. 1 78-79, 

122-123 

Long Island City No. 2 78-79, 

130-131 

Long Island City No. 3 78-79, 

124-125, 184-185 

Whitestone No. 1 80-81, 

1,34-- 35, 220 

Whitestone No. 2 80-81, 

134-135,220 
New York Quarantine Station ... 118- 
119,168 
New York Quinine and Chemical 

Co 122-123, 179 

New York Sanitary Utilization 

Co 66, 126-127, 188 

Newton, E. H 158-1.59 

Newton, Nelson 158-159, 312 

Newton, R. W 158-159,311 

Newwitter & Migel 126-127 

Nichol, J. W 162-163,324,353 

Nichols Chemical Co 122-123 

Noback, Frederick 156-157, 309 

Nort House 158-159, 314 

North Countr}' Club 144-145, 263 

North Shore Industrial Co. 322,362-363 

Northport Waterworks Co 82-83, 

154-155, 300-301 

Norton, A. T 160-161, 349 

Norton, Jas 148-149, 281 

Nostrand, Frank 144-145 

Obermeyer & Liebmann 120-121 

O'Kiefe, Ed 124-125 



Old Field Point 160-161, 328 

O'Leary, D 138-1.39, 240 

Orient Manufacturing Co.. 166-167,335 

Overton, Irving. 158-1.59, 312, .319 

Overton, J.J 160-161,319 

Oysterman's Dock Co 148-149 

Parker, J. E 166-167. 335 

Parks, W. G 142-143,255 

Parsons, Fred 156-157 

Payne, C. W 164-167, 328, 334 

Payne, J. B 156-157,308 

Pedrick, C. B 156-157, 308 

Pennsylvania, New York and 
Long Island Railroad.... 122-123,182 

Peter Cooper Glue Co 122-123, 178 

Pfalzgraf, H. C, estate 80-81 

118-119,169 

Pfeizer Chemical Co 120-121, 17.3-174 

Pierce, Winslow 150-151, 286 

Place, Howard 140-141 

Plunkett, G. E 1.58-1.59, 311 

Port Jefferson Co 19, 160-161, 320 

Port Jefferson Fire Co 160-161,320 

Port Jefferson Water Co 84-85, 

160-161,319-320 
Port Washington Catholic 

Church 140-141, 244,262 

Post, W. J 144-145,261,282 

Post, Mrs.— 164-165 

Powell, L. F...... 144-145 

Pratt estate . . 64, 82-83, 144-145, 264-265 

Price, William 146-147, 267 

Provost, D. C 134-135 

Quantuek Water Co. . 84-85, 164-166, 327 
Queens Borough. See New York 
City department of water sup- 
ply (Queens Borough). 

Queens County Water Co 24, 66, 

77, 82-83, 130-131, 136-137, 200, 224-228 

diagram showing , 36 

Quinan, — 148-149,279 

Ralston, WiUiam 158-159, 311 

Rassapeaque Club 156-157, 309 

Raynor, Benjamin 162-163, 323 

Raynor, Ellsworth 162-163, 325 

Raynor, Jacob 102-163, 325 

Raynor, M. E 162-163, 324 

Raynor, Preston 162-163, 324 

Raynor, Wallace 162-103, 323 

Reboul, H. W 158-1.59, 310 

Reck-nagle, C. F 138-139 

Reed, J 140-141 

Reid, — 164-165, .328 

Reynolds, — 160-161, 317 

Rice, J. H 138-139 

Richter, Mrs. Max 160-161,318 

Rivercrest sanitarium 128-129, 196 

diagram showing 58 

Riverhead waterworks 84-85, 

104-165, 327-328 

Roberts, C. R 158-159,310 

Robinson, J.J 154-155,300 

Robinson, Mrs.— 162-163 

Robinson Bros 122-123 

Rockville Center 82-83, 140-141, 250 

Rogers, W. C 162-163,325,355 



394 



INDEX OF WELL DATA. 



Page. 

Ronkonkoma 158-159 

Roosevelt, E 66,150-151,285 

Roosevelt, Theodore 152-153, 294 

Rowland, WoodhuU 19, 158-159, 314 

Rowley, Edward 156-157 

Rushinore, Henry 148-149, 279 

Ryan, Mrs. Mary 124-125 

Ryder, A. O 164-165, 330 

Sag Harbor Waterworks Co 84r-85, 

166-167, 334 

Sagaponak '. 166-167 

St. John's Protectory 148-149, 276 

St. Joseph's in the Pines. . . 1.56-157,307 

St. Paul School 142-143 

Sammis, J. M 148-149.280 

diagram showing 38 

Sandford, Howell 164-165, 325 

Sanford, J. A., & Sons 20, 

166-167, 333-334 

Saxe, Jerome 1.58-159 , 313, 340 

Sayville 160-161, 315 

Scharman, H. B., & Sons 120-121 

Schreiber, A 142-143,251 

Schreiber, C 136-137,231 

Schwarting, D 160-161,317 

Scott, Mrs. M. E 134-135, 222, 237 

Sea Cliff Hotel 160-161,315 

Sea Cliff Water Co . . . 82-83, 144-145, 262 

Seaman, L. A., estate 138-139 

Seeman, S 144-145, 263 

Seitz, N., Sons 122-123,178 

Seizor, Robert 140-141, 243 

Sembler, Adolf 160-161,318 

Shaw, J. M 160-161 , 321 

Shaw, S. T 66,150-151,285,309 

Shaw, Sydney 164-165, 326 

Shelter Island Heights Associa- 
tion 84-85,164-165,330-331 

Sherman, C. S 66,150-151,285 

diagram showing 38 

Shipman, William, estate 158-159 

Shultz, J. H., Co 120-121 

Siebrecht, Wm 124-125, 186 

Simpson, T. J., Co 136-137 

Small, Lorenzo 140-141 

Smith, '. 124-125, 183 

Smith, Brewster 156-157 

Smith, 0. D 1.56-157,309 

Smith, D. W 148-149,281 

Smith, E. M 156-157,309 

Smith, F.J 154-155,301,327 

Smith, F. W 166-167 

Smith, J. M 140-141,267 

Smith, J. Otis 156-157 

Smith, R. H 158-159,310 

Smith, Victor F 156-157 

Smith, W 150-151 

Smith, W. Frank 162-163, 323 

Society of St. Johnsland ... 158-159,309 
Soper, A. C, & Co 154-155, 299, 325 



Page. 

Southampton Water Co.. 84-85, 

164-165,329 

Southard, C. H 142-143,251 

Standard Oil Co ... . 122-123, 180, 181, 191 

Stearns, J. N 164-165,330 

Steele, Alfred 162-163,323 

Steinart, Joseph '.. 148-149,276 

Steinhert, Augustus.... 124-125,183,276 

Stein way & Son 82-83, 128-129 

Still, E. S 162-163 

Stimpson, H. L 150-151 , 289-290 

diagram showing 57 

Stonebanks, 130-131 

Sto we, W 144-145, 259-260 

Streeter & Dennison 122-123 

Strong, 153-157, 306 

Sumpwams Water Co 82-83, 

154-155,303-304 

Swan, Edward 150-151,284 

Sweeney Manufacturing Co 120-121 

Talmon, Sarah 152-153 

Tangeman, J. P 144-145,264 

Tartar Chemical Co 118-119, 170-171 

Terry, .V. P 160-161,317 

Tesla, Nikola 162-163, 321-322 

Thane, 164-165,328 

Thatcher, John 160-161,315 

Thomas, M. S 142-143,251 

Thompson, Edward 154-155, 304 

Thompson, W. P 148-149, 277 

Tiffany, L. C 152-153, 292, 294 

Titus, John 150-151, 289 

Totten, H. G 156-157 

Touscher, L 134-135,224 

Townsend, E. M 150-151 

Tawnsend heirs 72, 148-149, 281 

diagram showing 38 

Transit Development Co 118- 

119, 171-172 

Travis, V. P 138-139,242 

Trotter, William...; 150-151,284 

Ulmer, 164-165, 330, 360 

Underbill, Townsend 72, 

148-149,280,283 

Valentine, W. M 144-145, 264 

Valentine, Theodore 140-141, 

144-145,243,260-261 

Van Iderstine, P., Sons 154-155,302 

Van Sise & Co 148-149, 280-281 

Van Wyke heirs 152-153, 291 

Vanderbilt, Charles 140-141,243 

Vanderbilt, W. K 158-159 

Vanderbilt, W. K., jr 21, 

66,67,138-139,238-239 

diagrams showing 58, 61 

Vanoskd, Frank 140-141,244 

Vowman, Mrs. 1 144-145, 260 

Wakeman, E. L 132-133,214 

Wallace, Howard 158-159, 314 

Walsh, F. K 134-135 



Page. 

Walthers, Max 164-165 

Ward, Barclay .. 21,24,152-153,295-296 

Ward's shipyards 126-127 

Warden, J. S 162-163, 351 

Wardenclyfie Brick and Tile Co.. 162- 
163, 322 

Warner, Charles 162-163, 325 

Warner, W. H 158-159,312 

Water MUl 164-165, 329 

Watt, T. C 144-155,282 

Webb, T. E 140-141,244 

Weber, J 158-159, 311 

Weber, John 164-165, 330 

Weeks, Charles 148-149, 280 

Wells, C. H -. 162-163,325 

Wells, J. M 164-165,331 

Wendell, J 164-165, 327 

West Brooklyn Water Co.. 118-119,178 

West Sayville 158rl59 

Westbury Colored Childrens' 

Home 148-149, 276 

Westcott Express Co 124-125, 183 

■VVestinghouse Electric Co. . - 122-123, 182 

Wetmore, C. W 65, 150-151, 286 

Wheeler, S. W 162-163, 322 

Whitaker, E. G 164-165, 329 

White, Mrs. Coles 148-149 

White, Thomas F., Co. . 66, 126-127, 188 

White, Wm 152-153,292 

White Lead Co 126-127, 188 

Whitestone. See New York City 

department of water supply 

(Queens Borough). 

Whitney, W. C 144-145,259 

Wier , L. C 146-147, 268 

WiUets, E. C 138-139, 239 

Willetts , F. E 144-145, 263 

Willetts, Walter 144-145, 261 

WiUey , C. A., & Co 124-125, 183 

Williams , T. S 65, 152-153, 294 

Willis, T 148-149,278 

Wilson, G. B 134-135,222 

Winthrop,H. R 148-149 

Winthrop, Robert 148-149 

Witherspoon & Co 124-125 

Wonder, Mrs. 124-125, 185 

Wood, Mrs. Welton. 152-153, 291 

Wood, W"ilton 152-153, 295 

Woodhaven Water Supply Co . . . 80-81, 
126-127, 192 

Woodruff, A.J 162-163 

Woodside Water Co 80-81, 

128-129, 194, 195, 197 

Wortman, H 142-144,251 

Wright, W. DeF....' 140-141 

Yetter & Moore 164-165, 328 

i'oung, Wesley 162-163, 323 

Young & Metzner. 124-125 

Young Bag Co 124-125 

Zabriskie, Augustus ... 164-165, 326 

Zabriskie. George 140-141, 245 



CLASSIFICATION OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 

[Professional Paper No. 44.] 

The serial publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual Reports, 
(2) Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Mineral Resources, (6) Water-Supply 
and Irrigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of the United States — folios and separate sheets 
thereof, (8) Geologic Atlas of the United States — folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 
are sold at cost of publication; the others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists may 
be had on application. 

Most of the above publications may be obtained or consulted in the following ways: 

1. A limited number are delivered to the Director of the Survey, from whom they may be 
obtained, free of charge (except classes 2, 7, and 8), on application. 

2. A certain number are delivered to Senators and Representatives in Congress, for distribution. 

3. Other copies are deposited with the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, from 
whom they may be had at practically cost. 

4. Copies of all Government publications are furnished to the principal public libraries in the 
large cities throughout the United States, where they may be consulted by those interested. 

The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of subjects, and 
the total number issued is large. They have therefore been classified into the following series: A, 
Economic geology; B,- Descriptive geology; C, Systematic geology and paleontology; D, Petrography 
and mineralogy; E, Chemistry and physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry; I, Irriga- 
tion; J, Water storage; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic investi- 
gations; N, Water power; 0, Underground waters; P, Hydrographic progress reports. This paper 
is the seventy-first in Series B and the thirty-ninth in Series 0, the complete lists of which follow. 
(PP=Professional Paper; B=Bulletin; WS=Water-Supply Paper.) 

SERIES B, DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY. 

B 23. Observations on the junction between the Eastern sandstone and the Keweenaw series on Keweenaw Point, Lake 
Superior, by R. D. Irving and T. C. Chamberlin. 1885. 124 pp., 17 pis. (Out of stock. ) 

B 33. Notes on geology of northern California, by J. S. Diller. 1886. 23 pp. (Out of stock.) 

B 39. The upper beaches and deltas of Glacial Lake Agassiz, by Warren Upham. 1887. 84 pp., 1 pi. (Out of stock.) 

B 40. Changes in river courses in Washington Territory due to glaciation, by Bailey WilliS4 1887. 10 pp., 4 pis. (Out of 
stock.) 

B 45. The present condition of knowledge of the geology of Texas, by R. T. Hill. 1887. 94 pp. (Out of stock.) 

B 53. The geology of Nantucket, by N. S. Shaler. 1889. 55 pp., 10 pis. (Out of stock.) 

B 57. A geological reconnaissance in southwestern Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1890. 49 pp., 2 pis. 

B 58. The glacial boundary in western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, by G. F. Wright, with intro- 
duction by T. C. Chamberlin. 1890. 112 pp., 8 pis. (Out of stock.) 

B 67. The relations of the traps of the Newark system in the New Jersey region, by N. H. Darton. 1890. 82 pp. (Out of 
stock.) 

B 104. Glaciation of the Yellowstone Valley north of the Park, by W. H. Weed. 1893. 41 pp., 4 pis. 

B 108. A geological reconnaissance in central Washington, by I. C. Russell. 1893. 108 pp., 12 pis. (Out of stock.) 

B 119. A geological reconnaissance in northwest Wyoming, by G. H. Eldridge. 1894. 72 pp., 4 pis. 

B 137. The geology of the Fort Riley Military Reservation and vicinity, Kansas, by Robert Hay. 189(5. 35 pp., 8 pis. 

B 144. The moraines of the Missouri Coteau and their attendant deposits, by J. E. Todd. 1896. 71 pp., 21 pis. 

B 158. The moraines of southeastern South Dakota and their attendant deposits, by J. E. Todd. 1899. 171 pp., 27 pis. 

B 159. The geology of eastern Berkshire County, Massachusetts, by B. K. Emerson. 1899. 139 pp., 9 pis. 

B 165. Contributions to the geology of Maine, by H. S. Williams and H. E. Gregory. 1900. 212 pp., 14 pis. 

WS 70. Geology and water resources of the Patrick and Goshen Hole quadrangles in eastern Wyoming and western 
Nebraska, by G. I. .4.dams. 1902. 50 pp., 11 pis. 

B 199. Geology and water resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho, by I. C. Russell. 1902. 192 pp., 25 pis. 

PP 1. Preliminary report on the Ketchikan mining district, Alaska, with an introductory sketch of the geology of south- 
eastern Alaska, by A. H. Brooks. 1902. 120 pp., 2 pis. 

PP 2. Reconnaissance of the northwestern portion of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by A. J. Collier. 1902. 70 pp., 11 pis. 

PP 3. Geology and petrography ofiCrater Lake National Park, by J. S. Diller and H. B. Patto.i. 1902. 167 pp., 19 pis. 



II SERIES LIST. 

PP 10. Reconnaissance from Fort Hamlin to Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, by way of Dall, Kanuti, Allen, and Kowak rivers, 

by W. C. Mendenhall. 1902. 68 pp., 10 pis. 
PP 11. Clays of the United States east of the Mississippi River, by Heinrich Ries. 1903. 298 pp., 9 pis. 
PP 12. Geology of the Globe copper district, Arizona, by F. L. Ransome. 1903. 168 pp., 27 pis. 
PP 13. Drainage modifications in southeastern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Kentucky, by W. G. Tight. 

1903. Ill pp., 17 pis. 
B, 208. Descriptive geology of Nevada south of the fortieth parallel and adjacent portions of California, by J. E. Spurr. 

1903. 229 pp., 8 pis. 

B 209. Geology of Ascutney Mountain, Vermont, by R. A. Daly. 1903. 122 pp., 7 pis. 

WS 78. Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. 51 

pp., 2 pis. 
PP 15. Mineral reso.urees of the Mount Wrangell district, Alaska, by W. C. Mendenhall and F. C. Schrader. 1903. 71 pp., 

10 pis. 
PP 17. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian, 

by N. H. Darton. 1903. 69 pp. ,'43 pis. 
B 217. Notes on the geology of southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. 83 pp., 18 pis. 
B 219. The ore deposits of Tonopah, Nevada (preliminary report), by J. E. Spurr. 1903. 31 pp., 1 pi. 
PP 20. A reconnaissance in northern Alaska in 1901, by F. C. Schrader. 1904. 139 pp., 16 pis. 
PP 21. The geology and ore deposits of the Bisbee quadrangle, Arizona, by F. L. Ransome. 1904. 168 pp., 29 pis. 
WS 90. Geology and water resources of part of the lower James River Valley, South Dakota, by J. E. Todd and C. M. Hall. 

■ ■ 1904. 47 pp., 23 pis. 
PP 25. The copper deposits of the Encampment district, Wyoming, by A. C. Spencer. 1904. 107 pp., 2 pis. 
PP 26. Economic resources of the northern Black Hills, by J. D. Irving, with contributions by S. F. Emmons and T. A. 

Jaggar, jr. 1904. 222 pp., 20 pis. 
PP 27. Geological reconnaissance across the Bitterroot Range and Clearwater Mountains In Montana and Idsftio, by 

Waldemar Lindgren. 1904. 122 pp., 15 pis. 
PP 31. Preliminary report on the geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita mountains in Indian Territory and Oklahoma, by 

J. A. Taff, with an appendix on reported ore deposits in the Wichita Mountains, by H. F. Bain. 1904. 97 pp., 8 pis. 
B 235. A geological reconnai.ssance across the Cascade Range near the forty-ninth parallel, by G. O. Smith and F. C. Calkins. 

1904. 103 pp., 4 pis. 

B 236. The Porcupine placer district, Alaska, by C. W. Wright. 1904. 35 pp., 10 pis. 

B 237. Igneous rocks of the Highwood Mountains, Montana, by L. V. Pirsson. 1904. 208 pp., 7 pis. 

B 238. Economic geology of the lola quadrangle, Kansas, by G. I. Adams, Erasmus Haworth, and W. R. Crane. 1904. 83 

pp.,lpl. 
PP 32. Geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains, by N. H. Darton. 1905. 433 pp., 72 pis. 
WS 110. Contributions to hydrology of eastern United States, 1904; M. G. Fuller, geologist in charge. 1905. 211 pp., 5 pis. 
B 242. Geology of the Hudson Valley between .the Hoosic and the Kinderhook, by T. Nelson Dale. 1904. 63 pp., 3 pis. 
PP 34. The Delavan lobe of the Lake Michigan Glacier of the Wisconsin stage of glaciation and associated phenomena, by 

W. C. Alden. 1904. 106 pp., 15 pis. 
PP 35. Geology of the Perry Basin in southeastern Maine, by G. 0. Smith and David White. 1905. 107 pp., B pis. 
B 243. Cement materials and industry of tl;e United States, by 15. C. Eckel. 1905. 395 pp., 15 pis. 
B 246. Zinc and lead deposits of northeastern Illinois, by H. P. Bain. 1904. 56 pp., 5 pis. 
B 247. The Fairhaven gold placers of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by F. H. Moffit. 1905. 85 pp., 14 pis. 
B 249. Limestones of southwestern Pennsylvania, by F. G. Clapp. 1905. 52 pp., 7 pis. 
B 250. The petroleum fields of the Pacific coast of Alaska, with an account of the Bering River coal deposit, by G. C. Martin. 

1905. 65 pp., 7 pis. 

B 251. The gold placers of the Fortymile, Birch Creek, and Fairbanks regions, Alaska, by L. M. Prindle. 190.5, 89 pp., 16 pis. 
WS. 118. Geology and water resources of a portion of east-central Washington, by F. C. Calkins. 1905. 96 pp., 4 pis. 
B 252. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of central Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. 138 pp., 24 pis. 
PP 36. The lead, zinc, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky, by E. O. Ulrich and W. S. Tangier Smith. 1905. 218 pp., 

15 pis. 
PP38. Economic geology of the Bingham mining district of Utah, by J. M. Boutwell, with a chapter on areal geology, by 

Arthur Keith, and an introduction on general geology, by S. F. Emmons. 1905. 413 pp., 49 pis. 
PP 41. The geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1905. 
B 254. Report of progress in the geological resurvey of the Cripple Creek district. Colorado, by Waldemar Lindgren and 

F. L. Ransome. 1904. 36 pp. 
B 255. The fiuor.sparueposits of southern Illinois, by H. Foster Bain. 1905. 75 pp., 6 pis. 

B 256. Mineral resources of the Elders Ridge quadrangle, Pennsylvania, by R. W. Stone. 1905. 83 pp., 12 pis. 
B 237. Geology and paleontology of the Judith River beds, by T. W. Stanton and J. B. Hatcher, with a chapter on the 

fossil plants, by F. H. Knowlton. 1903. 174 pp., 19 pis. 
PP 42. Geology of the Tonopah mining district, Nevada, by J. E. Spur. 1905. 295 pp., 24 pis. 
WS 123. Geology and underground water conditions of the Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico, by C. R. Keyes. 1905. 

42 pp., 9 pis. 
WS 136. Underground waters of Salt River Valley, Arizona, by W. T. Lee. 1903. 196 pp., 24 pis. 
PP 43. The copper deposits of the Clifton-Morenci district, Arizona, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1905. 372 pp., 25 pis. 
B 265. Geology of the Boulder district, Colorado, by N. M. Fenneman. 1905. 101 pp., 5 pis. 
B 267. The copper deposits of Missouri, by H. Foster Bain and E. O. Ulrich. 1905. 32 pp., 1 pi. 
PP 44. Underground water resources of Long Island, New York, by A. C. Veatch, C. S. Slichter, Isaiah Bowman, W. 0. 

Crosby, and R. E. Horton. 1906. 394 pp., 34 pis. 



SERIES LIST. Ill 

SERIES 0, UNDERGROUND WATERS. 

WS 4. A reconnaissance in southeastern Washington, by I. C. Russell. 1897. 96 pp., 7 pis. (Out of stock.) 

WS 6. Underground waters of southwestern Kansas, by Erasmus Haworth. 1897. 65 pp., 12 pis. (Out of stock.) 

WS 7. Sejpnge waters of northern Utah, by Samuel Portier. 1897. 50 pp., 3 pis. (Out of stock.) 

WS 12. Underground waters of southeastern Nebraska, by N. H. Darton. 1898. 56 pp., 21 pis. (Out of stock.) 

WS 21. Wells of northern Indiana, by Prank Leverett. 1899. 82 pp., 2 pis. 

WS 26. Wells of southern Indiana (continuation of No. 21), by Frank Leverett.' 1899. 64 pp. 

WS 30. Water resources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, by A. C. Lane. 1899. 97 pp., 7 pis. (Out of stock.) 

WS 31. Lower Michigan mineral waters, by A. C. Lane. 1899. 97 pp., 4 pis. 

WS 34. Geology and water resources of a portion of southeastern South Dakota, by J. E. Todd. 1900. 34 pp., 19 pis. 

WS 53. Geology and water resources of Nez Perces County, Idaho, Pt. I. by I. C. Russell. 1901. 86 pp., 10 pis. 

WS .54, Geology and water resources of Nez Perces County, Idaho, Pt. II, by I. C. Russell. 1901. 87-141 pp. 

WS 55. Geology and water resources of a portion of Yakima County, Wash., by G. 0. Smith. 1901. 68 pp., 7 pis. 

WS 57. Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States, Pt. I, by N.H. Darton. 1902. 60 pp. (Out of stock.) 

WS 59. Development and application of water in southern California, Pt. I, by J. B. Lipplncott. 1902. 95 pp., 11 pis. (Out 

of .stock.) 
WS 60. Development and application of water in southern California, Pt. II, by J. B. Lippincott. 96-140 pp, (Out of 

stock.) 
WS 61. Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States, Pt. II, by N. H. Darton. 1902. 67 pp. (Out of stock.) 
WS 67. The motions of underground waters, by C. S. Slichter. 1902. 106 pp., 8 pis. 

B 199. Geology and water resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho, by I. C. Russell. 1902. 192 pp., 25 pis. 
WS 77. Water resources of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1903. 62 pp., 4 pis. 
WS 78. Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. 

.51 pp., 2 pis. 
WS 90. Geology and water resourcesof part of the lower James River Valley, South Dakota, by J. E. Todd and C. M. Hall. 

1904. 45 pp., 23 pis. 
WS 101. Underground waters of southern Louisiana, by G. D. Harris; with discussions of their uses for water supplies and 

for rice irrigation, by M. L. Fuller. 1904. 98 pp.. 11 pis. 
WS 102. Contributions to the hydrology of eastern United States, 1903, by M. L. Fuller. 1904. 522 pp. 
WS 104. The underground waters of Gila Valley, Arizona, by Willis T. Lee. 1904. 71 pp., 5 pis. 
WS 106. Water resources of the Philadelphia district, by Florence Bascom. 1904. 75 pp., 4 pis. 

WSllO. Contributions to the hydrology of eastern United States, 1904; M. L. Fuller, geologist in charge. 1904. 211 pp., 5 pis. 
PP 17. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian, 

by N. H. Darton. 1903. 69 pp., 43 pis. 
PP 32. Preliminary report on the geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains, by N. H. Darton. 

190.3. 433 pp., 72 pis. 
WS 111. Preliminary report on underground waters of Washington, by Henry Landes. 1905. 85 pp., 1 pi. 
WS 112. Underflow tests in the drainage basin of Los Angeles River, by Homer Hamlin. 1905. 55 pp., 7 pis. 
WS 114. Underground waters of eastern United States, by M. L. Fuller and others. 1905. 285 pp., 18 pis. 
WS 118. Geology and water resources of east-central Washington, by F. C. Calkins. 1905. 96 pp., 4 pis. 
B 252. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of central Oregon, by 1. C. Russell. 1905. 138 pp., 24 pis. 
WS 120. Bibliographic review and index of papers relating to underground waters published by the United States Geo- 
logical Survey, 1879-1904, by M. L. Fuller. 1905. 128 pp. 
WS 122. Relation of the law to underground waters, by D. W. Johnson. 1905. 55 pp. 
WS 123. Geology and underground water conditions of the Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico, by C. R. Keyes. 1905. 42 pp., 

9 pis. 
WS 136. Underground waters of Salt River Valley, Arizona, by W. T. Lee. 1905. 196 pp., 23 pis. 
B 264. Record of deep-well drilling for 1904, by M. L. Fuller, E. F. Lines, and A. C. Veatch. 1905. 106 pp. 
PP 44. Underground water resources of Long Island, New York, by A. C. Veatch, C. S. Slichter. Isaiah Bowman, W. O. 

Crosby, and R. E. Horton. 1906. 394 pp., 34 pis. 
The following papers also relate to this subject: Underground waters of Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado, by G. K. 
Gilbert, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Preliminary report on artesian waters of a portion of the Dakotas, by N. H. Darton, 
in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Water resources of Illinois, by Frank Leverett, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Water 
resources of Indiana and Ohio, by Frank Leverett, in Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV; New developments in well boring and 
irrigation in eastern South Dakota, by N. H. Darton, in Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV; Rock waters of Ohio, by Edward 
Orton, in Nineteenth .•Vnnual, Pt. IV; Artesian well prospects in the Atlantic coastal plain region, by N. H. Darton, 
Bulletin No, 138. 

Correspondence should be addressed to 

The Director, 

United States Geological Survey, 

Washington, D. C. 
February, 1906. 

o 



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